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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Variation in Extremist UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Variation in Extremist Political Violence on the Far-Left and Far-Right in the United States, 1980-2017 DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Sociology by Anna Elizabeth Tan Dissertation Committee: Professor David Snow, Chair Professor Yang Su Professor Peter Simi Professor Louis DeSipio 2018 © 2018 Anna Elizabeth Tan TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION .............................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2. FACILITATIVE CONDITIONS FOR DOMESTIC TERRORISM: EXTREMIST POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1980-2012 .................... 16 CHAPTER 3. VARIATION IN VIOLENCE BY EXTREMIST MOVEMENT TYPE ............. 49 CHAPTER 4. VARIATION IN VIOLENCE WITHIN MOVEMENTS: BETWEEN AND WITHIN MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS ...................................................... 84 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................. 134 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 141 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 . Radical Identities by Core Grievance ........................................................................... 8 Table 2.1 . Radical Identity Categories for Organizations ............................................................ 28 Table 2.2 . Analysis of Necessary Conditions for Property Destruction ...................................... 33 Table 2.3 . Analysis of Necessary Conditions for Violence Against Persons .............................. 34 Table 2.4 . Truth Table for Property Destruction ......................................................................... 40 Table 2.5 . Truth Table Analysis for Violence Against Persons .................................................. 41 Table 2.6 . Causal Conditions with Highest Consistency ............................................................. 46 Table 3.1 . Interviewees ................................................................................................................ 59 Table 3.2 . Radical Identities by Core Grievance ......................................................................... 61 Table 3.3 . Unprompted Admissions to Committing Acts of Violence or Destruction ................ 62 Table 3.4 . Admissions to Violence and/or Property Destruction by Far-Left vs. Far-Right ....... 62 Table 3.5 . Violence Against Persons by Movement Type ........................................................... 64 Table 3.6 . Property Destruction by Movement Type .................................................................. 64 Table 3.7 . Violence Against Persons and Property Destruction By Far-Left vs. Far-Right ........ 65 Table 4.1 . Subjects ....................................................................................................................... 95 Table 4.2 . Unprompted Admissions to Committing Acts of Violence or Destruction, Far-Left 96 Table 4.3 . Unprompted Admissions to Committing Acts of Violence or Destruction, Far-Right ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 Table 4.4 . ..................................................................................................................................... 98 Table 4.5 . ..................................................................................................................................... 98 Table 4.6 . American Terrorism Study Violence Against Persons by Far-Left Movement Type 99 Table 4.7 . American Terrorism Study Property Destruction by Far-Left Movement Type ........ 99 iii Table 4.8 . American Terrorism Study Violence Against Persons by Far-Right Movement Type ..................................................................................................................................................... 100 Table 4.9 . American Terrorism Study Property Destruction by Far-Right Movement Type .... 100 Table 4.10 . Tattoos and Markings Related to Extremist Movement Participation .................... 108 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I will remain forever grateful and deeply indebted to the mentorship, support, guidance and patience of my advisor, Dr. David Snow, who has kept his faith in me through numerous trials and tribulations through the years. Many years ago, you took a chance on an eccentric student and through some of the most trying times of my life, Dave; you stood by me, a steadfast mentor and the kind of supportive figure I could have never dreamed of having in my life. For his dedication and dogged commitment to seeing me through from the very inception of this idea of graduate school to rescuing me at the 11th hour, I am tearfully humbled by the loving support and assistance from my brother, Dr. David Tan. The journey began with my parents, Lisa and Dr. Justin Tan, who came to this country with nothing and will soon watch over their family of three PhDs. You have endured so much and suffered your share of obstacles, pain and disappointment but now find peace in so many triumphs and successes, small and large. I set out to make you proud and would not have made it this far without you by my side. My love and gratitude to you, Mom and Dad, is infinite and unyielding. I thank Dr. Peter Simi for his brave approach to research and in turn bestowing in me some sliver of that bravery to pursue my work, sometimes venturing out into those margins in order to hear the voices most would rather ignore. To Dr. Yang Su for his wisdom, beginning with a quixotic thesis on the Rape of Nanking, to the completion of this dissertation, I will remain forever grateful. To my friend and colleague, who has shared this journey with me from Day 1, Eulalie Laschever; we were attached at the hip, first unwittingly and then eagerly as we realized the strength we could provide one another. This dissertation could not have been completed without the support of the American Terrorism Project and its team, Dr. Brent Smith at the University of Arkansas. Finally, I give my love and gratitude to Edie Bouvier Beale who was ostensibly rescued in 2013 but has rescued me many times over through this arduous journey. v CURRICULUM VITAE Anna Elizabeth Tan 2011 B.A. in Political Science, York University 2018 Ph.D. in Sociology, University of California, Irvine FIELD OF STUDY Sociology vi ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Variation in Extremist Political Violence on the Far-Left and Far-Right in the United States, 1980-2017 By Anna Elizabeth Tan Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of California, Irvine 2018 Professor David Snow, Chair This dissertation is motivated by the question of why certain individuals engage in violence to accomplish their political goals while the vast majority of individuals do not. In three empirical studies, I examine a range of social movements from across the entire left-right political spectrum, considering variation not just across movements but also across individuals and organizations within the same movement. Taking an inductive, ethnographic approach, I develop a conceptualization of the process by which individuals and organizations become radicalized towards violence. The overarching insight offered by this dissertation is that political violence is not simply a product of more “extreme” individual grievances or certain political ideologies but a complex process through which individual experiences come to be aligned with elements from political ideologies in a way that legitimates violence. Comparing movements from both the far-right and the far-left, I show that violence can become legitimated across a wide spectrum of different ideologies, just in different ways vii depending on the beliefs and values of a particular ideology. Then, comparing individuals and organizations within the same movement, I show that there are important commonalities across the political spectrum in terms of what differentiates violent and non-violent adherents who share the same ideology. At a fundamental level, rationales for violence from both the far-right and far-left tend to involve some logic of preemptive self-defense against anticipated violence. At a more nuanced level, my findings point towards several social processes, including the role of identity work and stigma, which appear to be common aspects of radicalization across the political spectrum. Overall, by examining the range of ways in which violence can come to be rationalized at different ends of the political spectrum and by examining variation within as well as across movements, this dissertation contributes to the perspective that violence is the result of a general set of facilitating conditions, which can arise across the spectrum of political ideologies as opposed to being coupled to the beliefs and values of any particular ideology. [330 words] viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Among the large
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