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107701- U.S. Departmtnt of JUltlce Nationallnllllute of JUllice 107706 1 This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the .. person or organization originating It. Polnle! of view or opinions stated In this dllcument are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official pOSition or policies of the Natlonallnstllule 01 Justice. \ Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by , FBI LaW Enforcem:m.t Bulletin I: to the N~'IIQnal Grlmlnal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduOtlon outside of Ihe NCJRS system requires permis­ sion oIlhe copyright owner. I' aitJ

• haA .. ~"'. ~ Ocfober 1987, Volume 56, Number 11

fiLl l1e f; L,~~l! ~~#Bglf 1 Terrorism Today 107 7 t:)1 Ci By Oliver B. Revell

167702. Domestic Terrorism In the 1980's ~ By John W. Harris, Jr. '.

I C)7 7CJ3 The FBI and Terrorism ~ By Steven L. Pomerantz

/6770,( Irish Terrorism Investigations E By J.L. Stone, Jr. ( a 770$ ~. Narco-Terrorism -- By Daniel Boyce .,.

.. [28"_ FBI's Expanding Role In International Terrorism Investigations By D.F. Martell m Law Enforcement Bulletin United States Department of Justice Published by the Office of Publlo Affairs th.COil.r: Federal Bureau of Investigation Milt Ahlerlch, Acting Assistant Director This I!lsue of the Bullelln Is a specl.1 report on Washington, DC 2Q535 terrorism. Cover design by John E. Ott. Edltor-Thom:ls J. OC:lkln JOhil E. Otto, ActIng DIrector Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski Art Dfrector-John E. Olt The Attorney,General ha8 determined that the The FBI Law enforcement Bulletin pUblication of thl' periodical 18 npce8sary In the Production Manager-Mark A. Zettler (fSSN·OO1405888) I. publf.hed monthly by the transaction of the public buslnilli j required by Reprlnts-Carolyn F. Thompson Federal Bureau of Inveallgallorl, 10th Ind Penn­ law 01 tha Department of JustIce. Use of fundS iylvanla AVe., N.W., Wa.hlngton, DO 205315. for printing this periodical has been approved Second-cl .... postage paid at Wa'hlngton, OC. • by the Director of the Office of Management P03Ima.ter: S.nd addr.n changeD 10 Federal and Budget through June 6, 1988. Bureau of fnveatlgallon, FBI Law Enforc.ment BulieUn, WUhlngton, DC 20535.

ISSN 0014-5688 USP~ 383 .. 310 • 107702..,. ..

Domestic Terrorism in the 1980's

"Symbols, such as double liqhtning bolts and swastikas, which were used by Hitler's Nazi regIme, are often worn by members of the Aryan Nations and other right.. wing neo-Nazl extremist groups."

The United Freedom Front ..• the dlviduals responsible for the post-1980 By Armed Forces of the National LIbera­ terrorism were not directly responsible JOHN W. HARRIS, JR., M.A. tion •.. the Armed Resistance Unit •.• for the violence 01 the 1960's and the EPB-Macheteros. These are some 1970's, many can trace either their Intelligence Research Speclal/st of the names that have become synon­ group's beginnings or their own Indivld- Terrorist Research and Analytical ~enter ymous with terrorist activity In the uallnvolvement in a movement to this Federal Bureau of Investtgation United States and Puerto Rico during period. WashIngton, DC the 1980's. These groups are domestic; they are not funded, directed, con­ Perspectives trolled, or supported by foreign sources. At the beginning of the 1980's They, and other groups of similar phi· there was a certain attitude among law losophies and ideologies, are respon­ enforcement about the threat of terror· sible for more than 125 terrorist Incl· Ism In the United States. This was dents and numerous other terrorist­ based upon the most recent activity, or related acts since 1980. Bombings, lack of activity, by the various domestic armed robberies, murders, and arsons terrorist factions. are some of the criminal acts that have The early·to-mld·1970's were been attributed to them. marked by the bombing attacks by such The 1980's followed 2 turbulent leftist groups as the Weathermen or decades when domestic terrorist and Weather Underground Organization extremist political activity In the United and the New World Liberation Front. By States reached levels not previously re­ the end of the decade. however, these corded In American history. The 1960'S, activities had become sporadic at best for example, were dominated by vio­ (six terrorist InCidents In 1978, one In lence generated by racial hatred, cam­ 1979, and none In 1980). Most of those pus unrest, and urban disorders. The responsible for the terrorism from these 1970's were dominated by antiwar and elements were alther In custody or they anti-Imperialist attitudes which resulted had disappeared and their locatlol18 In a wave of terrorist bombings. Many of and activities were unknown. Once re­ the Issues and values that Impacted on garded as a most serious domestic sew these times changed little and once curlty threat, the "white left," because again have become factors In the of a lack of Identifiable terrorist I.lctlVlty, 1980's. Although the majority of the In-

_____, ______~ ______October19071 IS

.'-"?tb t was considered to have all but ceased males and females, who acted in sup­ to exist as a pr')blem by 1980. This port roles. The suspects fled the scene same opinion was held of black and In a van but abandoned It nearby for a right-wing elements, neither of which U·Haul truck. Other suspects accom­ was Known to have been actively en­ panied the robbers In a tan Honda auto­ gaged in terrorist activities during the mobile. latter part of the 1970's and Into 1980. Police stopped the truck near the In contrast, violence-prone, pro­ entrance to the NeW York State Thru­ independence elements of the Puerto way In Nyack, NY, to question the Rican independence movement were driver. Several black males jumped considered the most viable domestic from the back of the truck firing auto­ security threat at the beginning of the matic weapons; two police officers were 1980's. Approximately 100 terrorist Inci­ killed and another was wounded. One dents were attributed to Puerto Rican suspect who had been In the cab of the elements in the United States and U-Haul, a white female, was arrested at Puerto Rico between 1977 and 1979, the scene. Other suspects escaped on and there were 12 such Incidents in foot or In commandeered vehicles. 1980. Also considered a threat, but less The Honda and another car sped so than the Puerto Ricans, were the away from the shooting scene and were Jewish terrorists, who were responsible pursued by police. During the chase, for 16 terrorist Incidents in 1978 and the Honda crashed and its occupants, a one in 1979. black male, a white male, and a white But appearances are not always as female, were arrested. The other car they seem. The fact is that all factions­ was later found abandoned. right and left, black and White-were The Individuals arrested on Octo" very much active during the late 1970's ber 20th were Identified as Kathy and into the 1980's, even though not all Boudin (at Nyack), and Judith Clark, were involved in Identifiable terrorist ac­ David Gilbert, and Samuel Brown (In tivities such as bombings. Left-wing the Honda). Another suspect, Samuel elements, for example, had begun to Smith, was killed In a gun battle with reorganize. Sometimes black and white New York City Police Department of­ extremists worked together committing ficers 3 days later, and a second sus­ robberies. In addition, some right-wing pect, Nathaniel Burns, was arrested. groups that became of Interest to law Several safehouses In the New YorK enforcement during the 1980's were City metropolitan area were searched organized during the late 1970's. as a result of leads generated by these It was not until late 1981, however, arrests. Weapons, bombing compo­ that law enforcement began to refocus nents, radical literature, and other Items Its thinking In domestic terrorism be­ were recovered at some of these. Oth­ cause of one event. On October 20, ers were Implicated In the robbery, in­ 1981, a Brinks Armored Car Service cluding Mutulu Shakur, Marilyn Jean truck was robbed of more than $1.5 mil­ Buck, Donald Weems, Sylvia Baraldlnl, lion at a bank In Nanuet, NY. A Brinks and Susan Rosenberg, amor.g others. guard was killed and another wounded This event changed many opinions during the robbery. Participants In this In the law enforcement community to­ crime Included black males, who actu­ ward leftist ten'orlst activity. It showed ally committed the robbery, and white that many of the radicals from the

6 I FBI Law En/orcomont Bullelin ______------~------~------

73

('Violence prone pro-independence elen'fJents of the Puerto Rican independence movement were conslrdered the most viable domestic security threat at the beginning of the 1980~s .•.. "

1970's, who had disappeared and were who often view themselves as urban attempted murders of two Massachu­ thought to no longer be involved in the guerrillas, have instituted an tumed setts State policemen In February "movement" were, in fact, still very campaign against the state. Thelse phi­ 1982. The group also reportedly com­ much active. It also showed that black losophies are little different from those mitted armed bank robberies from Con­ and white elements were cooperating. espoused by the leftist groups of the necticut to Virginia to sustain them­ Members or associates of earlier 1960's and 1970's. selves. They lived under a variety of groups, such as the Weather Under­ These radicals have choser, ~ym­ false identities and usually resided in ground, the Biack Liberation Army, and bolic targets for their attacks-mill 1ry rural areas. moving regularly, Prior to a the Black Panther Party, and contem­ facilities, corporate establishment!;, the criminal act-a bombing or a robbery­ porary groups, such "s the May 19th U.S. Ca~ Itol Building. Through commu­ group members conducted lengthy and Communist Organization and the Re­ niques, New Left groups have claimed extensive surveillances of the target public of New Afrika, were associated credit for attacks, as well as provided and surrounding areas. There are no in­ with the events of October 20, 1981. reasons for them, thus delivering a dicaiions that the UFF was connected Many of the individuals associated with message to the American people: Op­ to other leftist terrorist or extremist the Brinks robbery were also connected position to South African apartheid pol­ groups, except through ideology. to other armed robberies in the "'qW icies and to American corporate and Following intense Investigation, York City metropolitan area and ': e­ governmental support of that regime, five of the UFF members were located where. opposition to American military pres­ and arrested in th~ Cleveland, OH, area ence in Latin America, opposition to during November 1984. The remaining Whit!" Leftists American corporate exploitation in two members were arre~'ted in Norfolk, During the 1980's, white leftist ter­ Southern Africa ?nd other parts of the VA, during April 1985. Automatic shoul­ rorism again became a factor after sev­ world, etc. Th(.re is little difference be­ der weapons, handguns, bombing com­ eral years of relative inactivity. Since tween these ,jemands and those of the ponents, and communiques were found 1981, leftist terrorists have been re­ 1970's. The reasons for the attacks in the group's safehouses. Trials have sponsible for 21 bombings or attempted have basically remained the same; only been held In New York and Massachu­ bombings. The most active period was the names and places have changed. setts and convictions have been during 1983 and 1984 when white left­ The New Left terrorist organization' handed down. Other trials are antici­ ists claimed 16 of the 26 terrorist acts most active during the 1980's was the pated in the future. committed in the United States. United Freedom Front (UFF). This In addition to the UFF, other New The radical left bases much of its group, which was organized In early Left groups ware actively engaged In philosophy on the teachings of such 1981, claimed responsibility for 10 bombings between January 1983, and historical reVolutionaries as Karl Marx, bombings and 1 attempted bombing February 19'00. These included the Red Lenin, and Chairman Mao. They per­ between December 1982, and Septem­ Guerrilla Resistance (four bombings), ceive that many Ills exist in the United ber 1984. The UFF was comprised of the Armed Resistance Unit (three States, both socially and politically, four white males and three white bombings), and the Revolutionary which they blame on the U.S. Govern­ females. A black male was also a mem­ Fighting Group (one bombing). Al­ ment. They also view the Government ber of the group, prior to the onset of its though the Identities of all group mem­ as being capitalistic, militaristic, and im­ bombing campaign. All of the UFF bers are not known, all three groups perialistic. members had ties to radical move­ may be one and the same. The solution, according to the radi­ ments of the 1960's and 1970's. Sev­ Several other New Left organiza­ cals, is to destroy the cause of these eral members were also engaged in tions active during the 1980's are the problems-the system-by any means armed attacks against the system dur­ Prairie Fire Organizing Committee possible. A violent popular uprising, a ing the 1970's. (PFOC) and the May 19th Communist revoiution, must occur. They realize, In addition to the bombings, UFF Organization (M19CO). The history of however, that they cannot accomplish members were implicated in and/or these groups dates back into the 1970's this alone. The New Left Movement ad­ convicted of other criminal acts, includ­ to the Weather Underground Organiza­ vocates violent revolUtion, as opposed ing the murder of a New Jersey State tion (WUO), which broke apart in 1976 to nonviolent change by working within policeman in December 1981, and the because of internal dissension. Some the system. To this end, the radicals, former WUO members wanted to con-

------______October 1987/7

,," .....__ )lf~ --T -

liThe most vit,/ent ~!ar right group active during the 1980's has been thle Ordter, an offshoot of the Aryan Nations."

tinue the struggle alone and adopted target list and surveillance notes for 1980, planning an armored truck rob­ the PFOC name, which had been the possible bombings. bery. An FALN leader. Oscar Lopez, name of an aboveground WUO support Neither the M19CO nor the PFOC was arrested In Glenview, IL. during organization. These individuals resided has claimed credit f()r a terrorist act. May 1981. He was subsequently con­ principally on the west coast. Other for­ During the 1980's, members of these victed of seditious conspiracy, armed mer WUO members wanted to inleract groups have participated In legal politi­ robbery, and weapons violations. Four with other radical elements in the strug­ c,al activities, such as attending rallies other FALN members were arrested gle and adopted the M19CO name. and demonstrations and supporting during June 1983, in connection with a These Individuals were generally lo­ captured leftist terrorists. plan to free Oscar Lopez from jail. Fol· cated on the east coast. Neither group lowing these arrests, several FALN was more radical than the other, as F'uerto Rican Leftists safehouses were located and both were stili deeply committed to the The actions of Puerto Rican terror­ searched. Dynamite, weapons, bomb­ cause. Each had aboveground mem­ Ists revolve around attempts to gain In­ Ing materials, and bulletproof vests bers whose activities generally were dependence for PUerto Rico through vi­ were seized. A second plot to free nonviolent, and underground members olence. They consider their activities to Lopez during 1995 was Interdicted and whose identities and activities were not be acts of war, and when captured, they resulted In indictments of several per­ known to law enforcement. Other for­ consider themselves to be prisoners of sons, Including Donna Jean Willmott mer Weathermen, including Bernardlne war. and Claude Marks, who are Top Ten Dohrn, Kathy Wilkerson, and Bill Ayers, The wave of attacks by Puerto RI­ fugitives. resurfaced to face charges. can groups during the 1970's has car­ Another Puerto Rican organization At the beginning of the 1980's, nei­ ried over Into the 1980's. Since i 980, that has been aotlve In the United ther the M19CO nor PFOC were known Puerto Rican terrorists in the United States during the 1980's Is the National to be Involved in criminal activities, but States and Puerto Rico have been re­ liberation Movement, or MLN, This Is it soon became apparent that somel sponsible for more than 70 terrorist Inci­ an aboveground support group for the reputed members were Involved In dents. Included In these are bombings, FALN. MLN members have been In­ criminal conduct. Susan Rosenberg, fOlr assassinations, armed robberies, and volved In legitimate political activities, example, was a participant in the Octo­ rocket attacks. Targets have been mili­ such as staging and attending pro-inde­ ber20, 1981, Brlnks robbery, durlng tary facilities and personnel (especially pendence Puerto Rican rallies and which she and her associates aclled In a In Puerto Rico), U.S. Government facili­ demonstrations and showing support support role. A fugitive, sh,e and ties, and corporate interests. Seven­ for jailed FALN members. They have M19CO member Timothy Blun~t were teen of these attacks occurred in the not been Involved in known terrorist re­ arrested In New Jersey during N()Vem­ continental United States. lated activities. ber 1984, In possession of weapons The Puerto Rican group most ac­ Terrorist groups In puerto Rico, In and explosives. Although the e)(plo­ tive in the continental United States contrast, have been far more active slves were linked to dynamite used by a during the 1980's has been the Armed committing violent acts than have those Puerto Rican group in bombings during Forces of the National Liberation, or In the continental United States. Be­ December 1982, an exact connection FALN. Since 1974, this group has been tween 1968 and 1978, for example, between the two factions has not been responsible for more than 100 terrorist slightly more than 200 attacks occurred determined. Blunk and Rosenberg attacks In the United States; however, In Puerto Rico. Since 1980, 56 of the were convicted on charges of violating ~he group has claimed only 10 bomb­ more than 70 terrorist acts committed Federal weapons statutes during May Ings since 1980. All of these occurred in by Puerto Rican groups occurred In 1985. 1982, when the last FALN-clalmed acts PUerto Rico, approximately 75 percent Also during May 1985, M19CO as­ occurred. The FALN was also respon­ of the total number of Puerto Rican ter­ sociates Marilyn Buck, Linda Evans, sible for takeovers at campaign offices rorist Incidents since 1980. and Laura Whitehorn were arrested in of former President Jimmy Carter and Of these 56 terrorist acts com­ New York City and Baltimore, MD. Ma­ Vice President George Bush during mitted In Puerto Rico since 1980, nearly terials seized at a safehouse in Bal­ March 1980. 40 have been credited to two groups­ timore Included bombing components, Eleven FALN members were ar­ the EPB-Macheteros and the Organlza­ weapons, false Identifications, and a rested in Evanston, IL, during April Uon of Volunteers for the PUerto Rican

8 I FBII.aw Enforcement Bulletin ______---~~-.------

Revolution (OVRP). Both of these years latar, during August 1985, 17 per­ during December 1984, this group Is groups emerged during 1978, when sons were Indicted for their role in the currently considered the most signlfl· they claimed joint credit for a theft of ex· robbery. All were leaders or members cant terrorist threat In Puerto Rico. ploslv,.es from a public works ware­ of the Macheteros or they were associ· house in Puerto Rico. ated with the group In some other way. Black Groups Most of the attacks attributed to the On August 30, 1985, 14 of those In­ There have been three terrorist In· Macheteros and the OVRP were con­ dicted were arrested In Puerto Rico, cldents attributed to domestic black ducted alone; however, several acts Mexico, Massachusetts, and Texas; 18 groups In the United States d~rlng the were committed together or with other Macheteros safehouses in Puerto Rico 1980's. All of these 1983 acts were the groups. A majority of the attacks were were also raided and 37 searches were result of a religious rivalry. In addition, bombings or attempted bombings; oth· conducted of houses, automobiles, etc. as least one other terrorist Incident was ers !ncluded shootings, robberies, and Numerous documents, weapons, and prevented by arrests In 1984, and a two light antitank weapon (LAW rocket) bombing paraphernalia were found. possible terrorist plot was prevented attacks. While Puerto Rican interests Until the August arrests, the EPB· during August 1986. Some black have been targeted In most of these In­ Macheteros was considered the most groups, however, have been Involved In cidents, U.S. Government facilities and significant terrorist threat In Puerto criminal activities, such as murder and military facilities and personnel have Rico. The group's ability to operate was armed robbery. been attacked with greater frequency severely disrupted because of the ar· The three terrorist Incidents were slnc91983. rests, but it was not completely br{Ji\en. attributed to the group Fuqra, a black Possibly the most spectacular at­ The group has been credited with eight Islamic religiOUS sect headquartered In tack to occur in Puerto Rico during the terrorist attacks In 1966. All but one was Detroit, MI. In order to further its reo 1980's took place on January 12, 1981. jOintly claimed with the OVRP and the IIglous goals, Fuqra seeks to purify Is­ The EPB- Macheteros destroyed nine Armed Forces of National Revolution lam by eliminating rival religious sects, A·7D Corsair Attack jet fIghters at the (FARP); however, the Macheteros' such as the Ahmaddlya Movement in Puerto Rican Air National Guard base name may have been Included In these Islam (AMI). During Aug'Jst 1983. sev· In San Juan. Damage was estimated at as a statement of solidarity. These at­ eral terrorist acts occurred against ihe approximately $50 million. The Ma­ tacks occurred on October 28, 1986, at AMlin Detroit: The AMI secretary was cheteros claimed credit for the attack In various military Installations and faclll· killed; firebombs were thrown at the a communique, and they sent a video ties throughout Puerto Rico. Two home of the AMI treasurer but the tape, rhowlng members constructing bombs detonated and three other live bombs did not Ignite; and an AMI tem· the explosive devices, to a local televi­ devices were rendered safe. Five addi­ pie was burned. Fuqra was Implicated sion station. tional devices had functioned but did In these attacks because the bodies of Two other attacks by the Ma· , not detonate, due to Inadequate main the arsonists, Fuqra members, were cheteros used a light antitank weapon. charges. The Macheteros Initially found at the temple. They had become During October 1983, the group claimed credit for the attacks In a tele· trapped setting the blaze and died. The claimed credit for an attack against the phone call and provided Instructions to gun used to kill the AMI secretary was Federal building in Puerto Rico, In sup· locate a communique which attributed found on one of the bodies. port of the people of Grenada. During the attacks to the FARP/OVRP/Ma­ In addition, a possible terrorist plot January 1985, the Macheteros and the chetems. On November 4, 1986, the Involving a black street gang was pre­ OVRP claimed joint credit for a similar Macheteros also provided authorities vented In August 1986, when several attac,\( against the U.S. courthouse in with the location of a device that was members of the street gang, the EI Old San Juan. found and rendered safe. Rukns, were arrested In Chicago. Dmlng September 1983, a $7.2 Bec.ause the OVRP jOintly claimed Group members had In their posses· million robbery occurred at the Wells credit for the October 28th attacks, for sion numerous weapons, Including an Fargo terminal In West Hartford, CT. An two other attacks In 1986, for two at· Inert light antitank weapon that had employee at the terminal, Victor tacks In 1985 (one jointly claimed with been sold to them during an undercover Gerena, eluded capture and reportedly the Macheteros), and for five attacks operation. This group, which has loose was granted asylum In Cuba. Gerena Is ties to blac~; Islam, is a violent criminal currently a Top Ten fugitive. Nearly 2 organization Involved In narcotics traf·

------______October 1987 I 9 UAnother far right-wing faction of interest to law enforcement during the 1980's are the tax protest and antigovernment groups." flcking and other Illegal enterprises. violence. There have been no terrorist during the 1980's. Although belief in the Some group members allegedly have acts claimed by the RNA. white supremacist and antigovernment met with operatives of the Libyan Gov­ A militant group with views similar views of the far right is not Illegal, the ernment. The EI Rukns apparently were to those of the RNA is the New Afrikan commission of violent acts to further seeking to commit a terrorist act In re­ Freedom Fighters. During October these views Is criminal. Thes'~lacts turn for money. No act, however, has 1984, nine persons associated with this have Included bombings, armed rob­ yet occurred. group were arrested In New York City. beries, assaults, and murder. Much of Black religious cult-type groups, They had been planning to blow up po­ the rhetoric of the extreme right Is par­ such as the Yahweh Church or Black lice cars and then kill poUce officers as ticularly volatile and corrosive and Is a Hebrews, have also been active in they ran out of a nearby police station. motivating factor In this Violence. criminal activity during the 1980's. The This was to be a diversion to effect the Unlike leftist terrorists. the terror­ Yahweh Church is a national organiza­ escape of Nathaniel Burns, a parUci~ ists of the far right do I'1Ot leave commu­ tion headquartered In Miami, FL. Its pant in the October 1981, Brinks rob­ niques to claim credit or provide expla­ leader Is Hulon Mitchell, Jr., also known bery. Searches of their safehouses nations. Therefore, an ac't that initially as "God" and "Moses Israel. n This is a yielded weapons, ammunltlon, and ex­ appears to be criminal may, in fact, be Violent, black supremacist organization plosives. During August 1985, eight of terrorist related. Although numerous vi­ that claims that whites are devils and the nine were convicted of various fire­ olent acts have been committed by right that a race war will occur In the near fu­ arms violations and other charges. extremists, the total number of terrorist ture. The group advocates the violent Another militant faction with views incidents directly attributed to this fac­ elimination of all forms of government In similar to the RNA is the New Afrlkan tion has been few-two shootings the United States, as well as white so­ People's Organization (NAPO). The (1981 and 1983) and four bombings ciety. Mitchel! has stated that all who stated objective of this group Is to win and an attempted bombing (1986). speak out or act against the church Independence for New Afrika and es­ A basic belief of many right-wing should be beheaded. tablish a socialist republic. This, ac­ extremists is the superiority of the white Much of the activity of the group Is cording to the organization, can be ac­ race. According to this view, blacks, directed toward fundralslng, distributing complished thrnugh a people's war. other nonWhites, and Jews are inferior propaganda, etc. Some members, Several RNA leaders and key members racially, mentally, physically, and spir­ however, have reportedly been in­ are NAPO national leaders. itually. Much of this is based upon a ra­ volved in murders, beatings, and arson Some members and/or associates cist, anti-Semitic religion, the C~,ristlan attacks. Arrests have been made in of black leftist groups were involved In Identity Movement. This religIon connection with some of these crimes. the October 1981, Brinks robbery. Mar­ teaches that the white race Is God's In contrast are other black groups Ilyn Jean Buck, for example, the only chosen race and that whites, not Jews, which are politically oriented, such as white Black LIberation Army member. are the true descendants of Israel. the Republic of New.Afrika (RNA). The was a participant. Chokwe Lumumba, Jews, Instead, are of Satan's blood­ RNA calls for the creation of an int:e­ the RNA minister of justice, has been line. According to Identtty doctrine. the pendent black nation out of Alabama, the defense attorney for several de­ Bible is a history and guidebook of the Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and fendants in the Brinks robbery case. white race that began with Adam. The South Carolina. The group itself is set Jeral Wayne Williams, also known as appearance of the white race on earth up as a shadow government with a Mutulu Shakur, who reportedly directed (some 7,400 j'ears ago) postdated president, a vice president, a minister of the robbery, was an RNA member. An black, AsiatiC, and all other race$. defense, a minister of justice, etc. An­ FBI Top Ten fugitive, Shakur was cap­ One of th<'lieaders of this phlloso· other RNA goal Is that the U.S. Govern­ tured during February 1986. Another phy Is the Rev. Richard Bu~ler of the ment pay all black citizens $10,000 for RNA member, Cheri Dalton, b~ currently Aryan Nations, Church of Jesus ChrIst their ancestors' slave labor. The RNA a fugitive wanted In connection with the Christian, which Is headquartered near publicly espouses the peaceful attain­ October 1981, robbery. Hayden Lake, 10. His sermons, Identity ment of these goals; however, RNA propaganda. and other white hate and leaders also publicly adVocate support Right Wing neo-Naziliterature and materials are of revolutionary groups which preach Rlght·wlng terrorism has become an area of focus for law enforcement

10 I FBI Law Enforcement 8ullelln ______distributed nationally from Hayden Lake Order, an offshoot of the Aryan Nations. Sword, the Arm of the Lord (CSA). Be­ by members of the group. Aryan Na­ Another name for the group is Bruders ginning in 1980, some CSA members tions members maintain contacts with Schweigen or Silent Brotherhood. This were involved in bombings, arsons, other far right groups. Symbols, such as group was founded by Robert robberies, and the murder of a black double lightning bolts and swastil(as, Mathews, who was an Aryan Nations Arkansas State policeman. During April which were used by Hitler's Nazi re­ member. Order members were also 1985, the CSA compound was raided gime, are often worn by members of the members of other right-wing organiza­ by Federal authorities. Military surplus Aryan Nations and other right-wing tions and had become disenchanted equipment, shoulder weapons, a heavy neo-Nazi extremist groups. with their respective groups' lack of ac­ machine gun, money, handguns, and Many followers of the Identity re­ tion to further the cause. Among the grenades and other explosives were ligion live on compounds In isolated groups represented in the Order were found in a search of the compound. A areas. Bible readings are conducted the National Alliance; various chapters total of five persons were arrested, in­ and religious Instructions are held. Par­ of the Ku Klux Klan; and the Covenant, cluding four Order members, two of amilitary and survivalist training also the Sword, the Arm of the Lord. whom were fugitives, and CSA leader occurs, however, and weapons and The Order was loosely based on a James Ellison. Other CSA members foodstuffs are often stored in prepara­ book, The Turner Diaries, Written by Na­ were arrested at a later time. Of the tion for the racial and social upheavals tional Alliance leader William Pierce un­ CSA and Order members arrested, all that, according to Identity doctrine, will der the pseudonym Andrew Mac­ either pled guilty to charges or were precede the Second Coming of Christ. donald. It is a futuristic account of racial convicted in Federal or State courts. As Some of the groups that are located on warfare In the United States. In the a result, the threat posed by these two compounds include the Aryan Nations book, an elite and clandestine force, the groups has signlficantiy decreased. in Idaho; the Covenant, the Sword, the Order, spearheads efforts to destroy Another far right-wing faction of in­ Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; and the U.S. Government to replace it with terest to law enforcement during the Elohim City in Oklahoma. Another one based on white supremacy. 1980's are the tax protest and anti­ group, the National Alliance, a less re­ Members of the Order have been government groups. Organizations ligious-oriented organization than the involved in numerous criminal activities such as the Sheriff's Posse Comitatus others, is also located on a compound since 1983, mostly in the northwestern (SPC) and Arizona Patriots view Fed­ in West Virginia. A several-day Aryan United States. Included among these eral and/or State authority with suspi­ Nations Congress has been held at the acts are counterfeiting; armed robber­ cion. They espouse parochial as op­ Aryan Nations compound for all but one Ies with proceeds totaling more than $4 posed to national interests, and they of the past several years. It is attended million; assaults on Federal officers; desire that there be as little government by members of a number of far right bombings, including those against a involvement as possible in their lives. groups. Jewish synagogue and a Catholic They advocate nonpayment of taxes In addition to racist views, many priest; and the murders of a suspected and regard Federal and State laws as right-wing groups also espouse anti­ informant, a Missouri State patrol of­ unconstitutional. The SPC, for exam­ government sentiments. They refer to ficer, and a Denver, CO, talk show host. ple, views the local sheriff as the only the Government as the Zionist Occupa­ Between October 1984, and March legitimate law enforcement authority tion Government or ZOG because they 1986, 38 members of the Order were and the only legal elected authority, and view it as being controlled by Jewish in­ arrested. On December 7, 1984, Robert It regards the justice of the peace as the terests. Members of these groups en­ Mathews was killed on Whidbey Island, highest court in the country. gage in paramilitary and survivalist WA, resisting arrest. Shoulder The SPC, however, is the only tax training, believing that the United weapons, handguns, hand grenades protest group to which a terrorist Inci­ States is headed toward a moral or and other explosives, money, ammuni­ dent has bElen attributed. This occurred economic collapse or a communist tion, and possible target lists were re­ during Febl'uary 1983, in North Dakota takeover. covered at various safehouses and when SPC: members fired upon au­ The most violent far right group ac­ other locations. thorities attempting to arrest Gordon tive during the 1980's has been the Another group that was involved in Kahl, an SPC leader, for tax evasion. A criminal activity is the Covenant, the U.S. marshal and a deputy U.S. mar-

------______. _____ October 1987/11 "During the 1980's, approximately 20 terrorist incidents and nu­ merous other acts of violence, including extortion and threats, have either been claimed by or attributed to militant Jewish terrorists. " shal were killed. Kahl himself was kilied active during the 1980's include the WPP was dissolved but some members during June 1983, by authorities trying White Patriot Party, the National Al­ reformed it as the Southern National to arrest him In Arkansas. A county liance, the National Socialist White Front. sheriff was also killed at this time. Other People's Party, the Christian Patriots A number of arrests involving right· SPC members have been arrested for Defense League, the Ku Klux Klan, and wing extremists occurred in the spring weapons violations and assault. This others. These groups hold many of the of 1987. During April, Federal indict­ group, which has autonomous chapters same racist and antigovernment values ments were returned against Richard or adherents throughout the country, as the Posse Comitatus groups and the Butler of the Aryan Nations, Robert continues to be a threat because of its Aryan Nations, Including the desire to Miles of the Mountain Church of Michi­ penchant for violence. create a separate nation out of five gan, and 13 others, representing such A favorite target of these anti­ Northwestern States. They are en· organizations as the Order, the SPC, government groups is the Internal Rev­ gaged largely in demonstrating and dis· various factions of the Ku Klux Klan, enue Service (IRS). The leader and tributlng propaganda and they partlci· and the CSA. Among the charges In the several members of the group Commit­ pate in paramilitary and survivalist Indictments were seditious conspiracy, tee of States were arrested during Oc­ training. Members, however, have been interstate transportation of stolan tober 1986, in Arizona, California, and known to engage in destroying property money, and attempted murder of a Fed­ Nevada by IRS agents for threats made and making threats against blacks, eral official. Seven of the Individuals against IRS personnel. On December Jews, and others they regard as in­ listed in the Indictments were already In 15, 1986, eight members/associates of ferior. The leader of the North Carollna­ prison on other charges; seven others, the Arizona Patriots, including its based White Patriot Party, Frazier Including Butler and Miles, were ar· leader, were arrested in connection Glenn Miller, Jr., and his second-in­ rested on April 24, 1987; and one other with a proposed armored truck robbery command were convicted of criminal Individual, Louis Beam, remains at and other offenses. contempt charges in July 1986, for en­ large, a Top Ten fugitive. Other white supremacist groups gaging in paramilitary training. The In addition to these arrests, on Terrorists on the FBI's Top Ten

Claude Marks Donna Willmolt Victor Gerena

12 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______._._------" ..

April 15, 1987, Glenn Miller, formerly of the performance of a Soviet dance there were two instances of multiple the WPP, mailed copies of a letter that troupe in New York City in September bombings that accounted for 11 of the he had written to other right-wing extre­ 1986, and an arson at Avery Fisher Hall 17 total incidents. mists. In this letter, he declared war on in New York City prior 10 a performance Much of this decreased domestic ZOG and stated that he had gone un­ by a Soviet symphony orchestra in Oc­ terrorist activity is the result of arrests derground. On April 30, 1987, Miller tober 1986. Most of the attacks by the made by Federal authorities, often co­ and three others were arrested In Jewish terror1rts have occurred in the ordinated with State and local officials Ozark, MO; Miller was charged with vio­ New York City metropolitan area; through joint terrorism task forces. lating terms of his parole. Among the however, attacks have also occurred in Nearly 100 fugitive terrorists, including materials recovered were weapons, in­ California, Washington, DC, and several FBI Top Ten fugitives, have cluding rifles, shotguns, and cross­ elsewhere. been apprehended during the 1980's: • bows; pipebombs; homemade military­ A major pro-Jewish group in the many have received lengthy prison type hand grenades; ammunition; gas United States is the Jewish Defense senl~r:oes. This success has greatly di­ masks; money; and bombing parapher­ League (JDL). The slogan "Never minished the operations of some terror­ nalia. Again" is the slogan of the JDL. This is ist organizations. In at least one in­ a national organization with chapters in stance, the entire group was arrested Jewish Extremists numerous American cities. Leaders of (the United Freedom Fror..t). In other in­ During the 1980's, approximately the organization have publicly advo­ stances, the leadership structure and/or 20 terrorist incidents and numerous cated, encouraged, and applauded the membership of a grou!"' was removed; other acts of violence, including extor­ use of violence against the enemies of many groups have had to reconstruct tion and threats, have either been the Jewish people. Although terrorist at­ membership or leadership elements as claimed by or attributed to militant Jew­ tacks have been claimed on behalf of a result. ish terrorists. Groups claiming credit for the JDL, the violence appears to have The groups that commit terrorism, these attacks have been the United been committed by a few of the more however, are far from being eliminated. Jewish Underground, the Jewish De­ militant and hardcore members; the en­ Many support elements exist which, If fense League, the Jewish Defenders, tire JDL organization should not be con­ given the proper circumstances, could and the Jewish Direct Action. Included strued as being involved in these crimi­ become more deeply committed to their in these attacks were smoke bombings, nal acts. cause. Certainly, the issues that have fire bombings, and pipe bombings. As a generated terrorist activity remain. So result of these acts, three persons were Conclusion long as these issues exist, terrorism, In killed and many more were injured. During the 1980's, there have been the form of violent criminal acts to Persons, organizations, or other approximately 125 terrorist acts at­ achieve these goals, will remain. The elements deemed anti-Semitic, or tributed to domestic groups in the desire for Puerto Rican independence overly supportive of Arab efforts deter­ United States; of these, more than 50 will surely generate future criminal acts mined not to be in the interests of Israel, occurred in Puerto Rico. Most of the ac­ by a fanatical few; the values of the left are targets of the Jewish terrorists. In tivity took place early in the decade. For will largely continue unaltered, although the past, Soviet Government interests example, 74 terrorist incidents occurred specific issues may change; t;lnd the in the United States have been at­ between 1980 and 1982 but only 51 white supremacist attitudes of the far tacked in protest of the U.S.S.R.'s treat­ have taken place since. Puerto Rican right will not likely fade. ment of Soviet Jews, Arab interests groups accounted for 41 incidents dur­ Terrorism is cyclic in nature. Ac­ have been attacked because of the ing 1981 and 11182 but only 20 thereaf­ tivities occur because of certain issues; anti-Israeli pOlicies of various Arab ter. White leftist groups accounted for when the issues fade or the terrorists states, and alleged ex-Nazi's have 16 of their 21 incidents during 1983 and are arrested, the activities will generally been attacked because of their re­ 1984 but none since. BAtween 1982 subside. But different Issues will arise ported participation in atrocities against and 1985, the total number of incidents and different terrorists will come forth to the Jewish people during World War II. by domestic groups decreased from 35 commit new acts. And so thel cycle con­ The two most recent incidents at­ to 7. During 1986 this figure rose to 17; tinues. lF~n tributed to Jewish terrorists involved the however, it can be explained in that throwing of a tear gas canister during

______October1987 I 13