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Familia Y Desarrollo Psicologico Familia y Desarrollo Psicológico El núcleo del contenido de este libro está constituido por el y Desarrollo Psicológico Familia análisis del grupo familiar como un contexto del desarrollo psicológico; este análisis se efectúa desde las referencias Arranz científicas ofrecidas por el área de conocimiento Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Los autores son reconocidos expertos en este apasionante tema y proceden de la Universidad del País Vasco y de la Universidad de Sevilla. Han acordado ceder sus derechos de autor a la ONG Intermón Oxfam con el objeto de que los dedique a mejorar los contextos para el desarrollo psicológico de niños desfavorecidos y a lograr que la familia humana pueda cumplir su misión de potenciar el desarrollo de personas pacíficas, libres, solidarias y felices. Familia y Desarrollo Psicológico Familia Arranz Pearson Prentice Hall Coordinador: www.pearsoneducacion.com Enrique Arranz Freijo 0 LEGALES:0 LEGALES 16/02/10 16:39 Página 2 0 LEGALES:0 LEGALES 16/02/10 16:39 Página 1 FAMILIA Y DESARROLLO PSICOLÓGICO 0 LEGALES:0 LEGALES 16/02/10 16:39 Página 2 0 LEGALES:0 LEGALES 16/02/10 16:39 Página 3 FAMILIA Y DESARROLLO PSICOLÓGICO ENRIQUE ARRANZ FREIJO Catedrático de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Coautores: ALFREDO OLIVA DELGADO Profesor Titular de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla ÁGUEDA PARRA JIMÉNEZ Profesora Asociada de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Universidad de Sevilla AMAIA AZPIROZ MERINO Investigadora Dpto. Procesos Psicológicos Básicos y su Desarrollo. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea ARANTZAZU BELLIDO ITUÑO Investigadora Dpto. Procesos Psicológicos Básicos y su Desarrollo. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea RAQUEL MALLA MORA Profesora Asociada de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea AINHOA MANZANO FERNÁNDEZ Investigadora Dpto. Procesos Psicológicos Básicos y su Desarrollo. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea JUAN LUIS MARTÍN AYALA Profesor Asociado de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea FERNANDO OLABARRIETA ARTETXE Profesor Asociado de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Madrid • México • Santanfé de Bogotá • Buenos Aires • Caracas • Lima • Montevideo San Juan • San José • Santiago • São Paulo • White Plains 0 LEGALES:0 LEGALES 16/02/10 16:39 Página 4 Datos de catalogación bibliográfica ENRIQUE ARRANZ FREIJO Familia y desarrollo psicológico PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, Madrid, 2004 ISBN: 84-205-4220-2 Materia: Psicología 159.9 Formato: 170 × 240 Páginas: 252 Todos los derechos reservados. Queda prohibida, salvo excepción prevista en la ley, cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación de esta obra sin contar con autorización de los titulares de propiedad intelectual. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (arts. 270 y sigs. Código Penal). DERECHOS RESERVADOS © 2004, PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, S.A. Ribera del Loira, 28 28042 Madrid (España) PEARSON PRENTICE HALL es un sello editorial autorizado de PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, S.A. Enrique Arranz Freijo Familia y desarrollo psicológico ISBN: 84-205-4220-2 Depósito Legal: M- Equipo editorial: Editor: Juan Luis Posadas Técnico editorial: Elena Bazaco Equipo de producción: Director: José Antonio Clares Técnico: José Antonio Hernán Diseño de cubierta: equipo de diseño de PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, S.A. Composición: COMPOMAR, S.L. Impreso por: Closas-Orcoyen, S.L. IMPRESO EN ESPAÑA - PRINTED IN SPAIN Este libro ha sido impreso con papel y tintas ecológicos 00 INDICE:00 INDICE 16/02/10 16:34 Página v Í ndice Introducción . IX 1 El estudio del contexto familiar y el desarrollo psicológico . 2 1. Introducción . 3 2. Presupuestos antropológicos . 4 3. Contexto familiar y desarrollo psicológico: un área para la intervención 6 Resumen . 7 2 La crianza en el contexto familiar: perspectiva histórica . 10 1. Introducción . 11 2. La familia desde las civilizaciones antiguas hasta el Renacimiento . 12 3. Los siglos XVII, XVIII y XIX. Filosofía y Pedagogía: concepciones acerca de la interacción familiar y de la crianza . 21 4. La primera mitad del siglo XX: la influencia de la interacción familiar en el marco del psicoanálisis, del conductismo y de la pediatría . 24 5. La segunda mitad del siglo XX: los primeros estudios sistemáticos. Las aportaciones del Neopsicoanálisis, de la teoría del Aprendizaje Social y de la teoría del Apego. 26 Resumen . 30 3 Un modelo teórico para la comprensión de las relaciones entre la interacción familiar y el proceso de desarrollo psicológico: modelo contextual-ecológico, interactivo-bidireccional y sistémico . 32 1. Introducción . 33 2. Modelo contextual-ecológico. Hacia una psicología cultural . 33 3. Modelo interactivo-bidireccional y sistémico . 47 4. La influencia del contexto familiar a debate: las críticas de la teoría de la socialización grupal y de la genética de la conducta . 55 5. Conclusiones: la familia como espacio interactivo multiinfluenciado. Las limitaciones en la influencia de los padres. Reivindicación de la familia como contexto educativo y optimizador del desarrollo psicológico . 63 Resumen . 67 00 INDICE:00 INDICE 16/02/10 16:34 Página vi VI ÍNDICE 4 Contexto familiar y desarrollo psicológico durante la infancia . 70 1. Introducción . 71 2. Contexto familiar y desarrollo cognitivo . 71 3. Contexto familiar y desarrollo socioemocional . 78 4. Valoración de los datos desde la perspectiva educativa . 87 Resumen . 94 5 Contexto familiar y desarrollo psicológico durante la adolescencia . 96 1. Las relaciones familiares y sus cambios durante la adolescencia . 97 2. Contexto socio-cultural y relaciones familiares durante la adolescencia 101 3. Comunicación y conflicto parento-filial. 104 4. Influencias familiares sobre el ajuste y desarrollo adolescente: los enfoques dimensional y tipológico, las ideas de los padres y las influencias genéticas . 107 5. Implicaciones educativas para el fomento del desarrollo adolescente . 118 Resumen . 122 6 Contexto familiar y desarrollo psicológico durante la adultez y la tercera edad . 124 1. Introducción . 125 2. El contexto familiar de las personas adultas . 125 3. Relaciones intrasubsistema: la relación de pareja en la adultez y vejez . 129 4. Relaciones intersubsistemas: entre padres mayores e hijos adultos . 132 5. La familia de tres subsistemas: la abuelidad . 137 6. Intervenciones para mejorar el contexto familiar durante la adultez y vejez . 141 Resumen . 144 7 Investigación en contextos familiares y desarrollo psicológico: cuestiones metodológicas . 146 1. Introducción . 147 2. Diseños de investigación . 151 3. Métodos de obtención de datos: fiabilidad y validez . 156 4. Hacia una metodología consistente con el modelo teórico . 163 5. El futuro de la investigación: los nuevos tipos de validez . 167 Resumen . 169 00 INDICE:00 INDICE 16/02/10 16:34 Página vii ÍNDICE VII 8 Contexto familiar facilitador del desarrollo psicológico: descripción, evaluación e intervención . 170 1. Introducción . 171 2. Contexto familiar: variables optimizadoras del desarrollo psicológico. 172 3. Evaluación del contexto familiar: una propuesta preliminar . 215 Referencias bibliográficas . 221 0 LEGALES:0 LEGALES 16/02/10 16:39 Página 2 00 INTRODUCCION:00 INTRODUCCION 16/02/10 16:35 Página ix I ntroducción El núcleo del contenido de este trabajo viene constituido por el análisis del grupo familiar como un contexto del desarrollo psicológico humano. Este análisis se efectúa desde las referencias científicas ofrecidas por el área de conocimiento Psicología Evolu- tiva y de la Educación. En el primer capítulo de esta obra se ofrece una acotación y de- finición muy sintética del campo de estudio de las relaciones entre el contexto familiar y el desarrollo psicológico; se define su objeto y se subrayan sus raíces antropológicas y sus implicaciones para la intervención preventiva, educativa y optimizadora. En el se- gundo capítulo se efectúa un análisis histórico que se centra en la exposición de datos referentes a la crianza infantil y al trato recibido por los niños en el ámbito familiar a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad. También se hace referencia a los primeros estudios que empiezan a consolidar este campo de estudio. Por otra parte, se analiza la posición de la familia en el amplio marco del entramado social y se comprueba la evolución de la estructura familiar desde las civilizaciones antiguas, donde la familia tiene una im- portante presencia en el poder político, hasta la familia de las sociedades occidentales actuales, centrada en el ámbito de lo privado y de lo emocional. En el capítulo tercero se muestra cómo un análisis complejo del contexto familiar obli- ga a recurrir a diferentes disciplinas científicas. El análisis de la influencia del contexto fa- miliar en el proceso de desarrollo psicológico supone apelar a disciplinas como la Antro- pología Cultural o la Sociología y a teorías de carácter supra o inter disciplinar, como la Teoría de Sistemas o la Teoría Ecológica. En dicho capítulo se acaba construyendo un mo- delo ecológico, sistémico, interactivo y bidireccional, que se encuentra muy lejano de aquel modelo unidireccional que pretendía identificar influencias directas del comporta- miento de los padres en el desarrollo de rasgos psicológicos
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