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Aureobasidium Iranianum, a New Species on Bamboo from Iran

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Aureobasidium Iranianum, a New Species on Bamboo from Iran Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/2 Aureobasidium iranianum, a new species on bamboo from Iran Arzanlou M*1, Khodaei S2 1 Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran. 2 MSc Student of Plant Pathology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran. Arzanlou M, Khodaei S 2012 – Aureobasidium iranianum, a new species on bamboo from Iran. Mycosphere 3(4), 404–408, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/3/4/2 An endophytic species of black yeasts, Aureobasidium iranianum, is described and illustrated from bamboo stem in Iran using morphological as well as sequence data from the ITS-rDNA region. The species can be distinguished from other Aureobasidium species by the abundant production of pigmented arthroconidia in culture and ITS barcode. Key words – black yeast – ITS – taxonomy Article Information Received 8 June 2012 Accepted 20 June 2012 Published online 6 July 2012 *Corresponding author: Mahdi Arzanlou – e-mail – [email protected] Introduction type species of the genus, is well known for its The genus Aureobasidium Viala & commercial significance as a producer of Boyer is a yeast-like deuteromycete that pullulan, a biodegradable extracellular polysac- accommodates species with synchronous charide (Singh et al. 2008, Zalar et al. 2008) conidium production and hyaline conidioge- and also has been considered as a potential nous cells (Hermanides-Nijhof 1977, Zalar et biocontrol agent of post harvest plant patho- al. 2008). Members of this genus produce one- gens (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium celled conidia of various shapes from hyaline expansum), by means of different antagonistic and terminal, lateral or intercalary strategies such as competing for nutrients and conidiogenous cells (Hermanides-Nijhof 1977). space and producing numerous compounds Species of the genus are ubiquitous and found including pectolytic enzymes, antimicrobial on different habitats such as plant materials metabolites and high-molecular-weight (phyllosphere, plant debris, bark, roots, fruits, polysaccharides (Castoria et al. 2001, Dugan et wood), water, marine sediments, marshland, al. 2002, Schena et al. 1999, 2003, Seibold et soil, air, skin, nails, stone, glass and in the al. 2004, Elmer & Reglinski 2006, Felice et al. clinical laboratory as a contaminant or human 2008, Zalar et al. 2008, Martini et al. 2009). pathogen (Hermanides-Nijhof 1977, de Hoog During a study of microfungi associated & Yurlova 1994, de Hoog et al. 1999, 2000, with bamboo species in southern Iran (Bushehr Urzı` et al. 1999). Members of this genus have Province) an endophytic black yeast fungus diverse life styles as saprophytes, plant was isolated from apparently healthy bamboo associated endophytes or pathogens and stems. The fungus was identified as a new opportunistic human pathogens (Andrews et al. species of the genus Aureobasidium based on 2002, Loncaric et al. 2008, Martini et al. 2009). phenotypic features and sequence data from Aureobasidum pullulans (De Bary) Arnaud, the ITS-rDNA region. 404 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/2 Methods Morphology Collection of isolates, morphological and Aureobasidium iranianum Arzanlou & S. cultural studies Khodaei sp. nov. Figs 1–8 Bamboo stems were sampled from Mycobank: MB800705 southern parts of Iran, cut into small pieces, Etymology – epithet derived from the surface sterilized with 70 % ethanol, rinsed two country of origin. times with sterilized distilled water, dried on Diagnosis - distinguished from other sterile filter paper, and plated on acidified malt known species of the genus Aureobasidium by extract agar (MEA; Himedia, India). Pure abundant production of darkly pigmented cultures were established by transferring arthroconidia and conidial dimensions. emergent hyphal tips to a fresh MEA plate. The Colonies on MEA moderately fast cultures were deposited in the living Culture growing, attaining diameter of 20 mm in 7 Collection of Tabriz University (CCTU), days, spreading, smooth, flat, rapidly turning to Tabriz, Iran. The fungus was sub-cultured on olivaceous black, with dark green, irregular MEA, and incubated at 25°C in the dark. After margins, covered with slimy masses of conidia 1 week of incubation, cultural and microscopic (Fig 1). Mycelium immersed, no aerial features were studied. Measurements and mycelium. Hyphae subhyaline, smooth, thin- microphotographs were taken from slide walled, 3-8 µm wide, septate, soon becoming mounts in lactic acid. Thirty measurements brown, thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells were made for each microscopic structure and undifferentiated, hyaline, intercalary or rarely 95th percentiles were defined for all terminal. Conidia blastic, produced measurements with the extremes given in simultaneously in dense clusters from small parentheses. denticles, (5-)7-9(-14) × 3-6 µm, hyaline to dark brown, smooth, one-celled, thin-walled, DNA extraction, amplifcation and with several guttules, variable in shape and phylogenetic analysis size, ellipsoidal to spherical to ovoid, straight, Fungal isolates were cultured on MEA rarely slightly curved, with rounded to at 25ºC in dark. After 7 days, genomic DNA subtruncate base and a flat basal hilum. was extracted using the method of Moller et al. Secondary conidia produced by terminal or (1992). The primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et sub-terminal, mono- or bipolar budding of al. 1990) were used to amplify part (ITS) of the primary conidia. Arthroconidia frequently nuclear rRNA operon spanning the 3’ end of formed, dark, 1- to 2- or rarely 4-celled, (5-)10- the 18S rRNA gene, the first internal 12(-19) × (4-)6-7 (-11) µm. Conidia and transcribed spacer (ITS1), the 5.8S rRNA gene, secondary conidia cicatrized at detachment. No the second ITS region and the 5’ end of the 28S endoconidia observed (Figs 2-8). rRNA gene. The reaction mixture and PCR Material examined – IRAN, Bushehr conditions were the same as Arzanlou & Province, Kangan, Assaluyeh, stems of Khodaei (2012a, b) and Arzanlou et al. (2012). Bambusa sp. ( Poaceae), 10 June, 2009 dried Sequences were compared with the sequences culture preserved as CCTU H- 268 holotype available in NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide (nr) (culture ex-type = CCTU 268). database using a megablast search. Discussion Results The genus Aureobasidium belongs to the family Dothioraceae (order Dothideales, DNA Phylogeny class Dothidiomycetes, Ascomycota) (Schoch Based on megablast search of ITS et al. 2006, Zalar et al. 2008). The genus is sequence against GenBank nucleotide characterized by holoblastic and synchronous database, the closest hits were for conidium formation. There are several other Aureobasidium pullulans isolates with 97 % mitosporic fungi with phylogenetic affinity to maximal identity. the order Dothideales viz., Kabatiella Bubák, 405 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/2 Figs 1–8 – Aureobasidium iranianum 1 7-day-old colony on MEA 2 Conidia 3, 4 Conidiogenous cells and conidia 5 Dark hyphae 6, 7, 8 Arthroconidia – Bars = 10 µm. Hormonema Lagerb. & Melin and morphologically distinct from Aureobasidium. Selenophoma Maire (Yurlova et al. 1996, 1999, Most of the species in the genus Kabatiella Zalar et al. 2008). The genus Kabatiella is a have sickle-shaped conidia, a feature which can plant pathogen causing spot on specific plant be used to make a distinction between the two species. Species of this genus are considered to genera (Zalar et al. 2008). More isolates are have a narrow host range. The members of this needed to explore phylogeny of these genus are characterized by their sporodochial morphologically similar genera. conidiomata on host plant leaves. However, in Aureobasidium iranianum was identi- culture it is very difficult to distinguish fied as a member of the genus Aureobasidium Kabatiella from Aureobasidium as sporodochia by morphological characteristics of are usually not formed or fall apart and conidiogenous cell and conidia. Conidiogenous micromorphology is similar to Aureobasidium cells are undifferentiated from vegetative (Zalar et al. 2008). Many Kabatiella species hyphae, hyaline, intercalary or rarely terminal are known only from the sporodochial (Yurlova et al. 1996, 1999, Zalar et al. 2008). anamorph on the host plant and there is no Conidia are produced simultaneously in dense living culture available for these species to clusters from small denticles. A. iranianum determine their phylogeny. Kabatiella has been produces 1-celled conidia which are hyaline or considered as a synonym of Aureobasidium by brown. The formation of brown conidia have Hermanides-Nijhof (1977) who classified all been also observed in A. pullulans var. Kabatiella species in Aureobasidium (Zalar et melanogenum isolates, originating either by al. 2008). A phylogeny inferred from LSU transfer of hyaline conidia or disarticulating sequence data of A. pullulans and its varieties dark brown hyphae (arthroconidia). Formation revealed phylogenetic affinity of Kabatiella of brown conidia occurred in A. iranianum; the spp. with A. pullulans (Zalar et al. 2008). first type of brown conidia (transfer of hyaline However, Kabatiella has been listed as a conidia) were always 1-celled, the second type separate genus by Seifert et al. (2011); (arthroconidia) were 1- to 2- or rarely 4-celled according to them Kabatiella is cells produced in abundance. 406 Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/2 A. iranianum can be easily distin- spicifera isolates with unusual conidial
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