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Chinese Science Bulletin 2003 http://www.paper.edu.cn 622 Science in China Ser. D Earth Sciences 2005 Vol.48 No.5 622—634 Petrogenesis and dating of the Kangding complex, Sichuan Province CHEN Yuelong1, LUO Zhaohua1, ZHAO Junxiang, LI Zhihong, ZHANG Hongfei & SONG Biao3 1. Faculty of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; 3. Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China Correspondence should be addressed to Chen Yuelong (email:[email protected]) Received July 14, 2003 Abstract An analysis of major and trace element geochemistry and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks from the Mianning metamorphic complex of Si- chuan Province was conducted. One of our conclusions is that a majority of the zircons crystal- lized between 721 and 773 Ma in a magmatic regime. The complexes contain early to late Pa- leo-proterozoic relict zircons from ancient continental crust. The oldest age, 2468 Ma, may rep- resent the basement of the Yangtze block. Overgrowth zircon rims and palingenetic zircons have been observed and dated, and are believed to have formed after crystallization, during Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic-anatexis. We also conclude that depletion of Nb, Ta, HREE, in a spider-diagram normalized to primitive mantle and calc-alkaline association, implies that they formed in island-arc or under-plating settings. Keywords: Kangding complex, zircons, SHRIMP, tectonic setting. DOI: 10.1360/03yd0312 The Kangding group, also known as the Kangding evolution of the Yangtze block. It has been proposed complex, includes granulites, amphibolites, felsic that the complex was formed in the Neo-proterozoic gneisses and gneissic granites that are distributed (1200―706 Ma), primarily on the basis of a Sm-Nd along a belt from Kangding, Mianning to Panzhihua, isochron consisting of granulite, amphibolitic and to- in Sichuan Province. The complex has long been nalitic rocks from the Shaba, Mianning County, Si- thought to represent the crystalline basement of the chuan Province[5]. Xu et al. argued that granulitic Yangtze block. On the basis of U-Pb and Pb-Pb whole metamorphism took place shortly after formation of [1,2] rock ages , and of similarities in metamorphic facies the protolith, based on a Sm-Nd isochron age of 1140 and association of metamorphic rocks with typical Ma obtained from mineral separates of the Shaba Archean high grade terrains, the complex has been granulite and its initial Nd isotopic ratio[6]. Zhou et al. [3] widely believed to be Archean , although many zir- dated the Kangding complexes and some granites by con U-Pb ages from the complex are between 753― the SHRIMP U-Pb zircon method, which indicated 828 Ma[4]. Therefore, whether or not the complexes formation ages of between 796―797 Ma. They con- were formed during the Archean has become a crucial cluded that the granites and their metamorphic prod- issue in understanding the history of formation and ucts originated from island-arc magmatism[7]. There- Copyright by Science in China Press 2005 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Petrogenesis and dating of the Kangding complex, Sichuan Province 623 fore, when the complexes formed, whether there are 1 Geological setting and sample description relict zircons from a continental crust or whether they The western margin of Yangtze block connects originated in an island-arc environment, or whether the Ganzi-Songpan orogenic belt, and has been known the inconsistencies of past U-Pb ages were caused by as the Sichuan-Yunnan geo-axis. There are the Peng- the mixing of different original zircons, SHRIMP tech- guan and Micangshan complexes to the north, and the nology may provide the answers to these issues. Mianning, Mopangshan-Miyi, Tongde, Dukou (Pan- Recently, Li et al. suggested that South China (in- zhihua) complexes to the south around the Kangding cluding the Yangtze block) is the lost part of North complex, in Sichuan Province[16], with a total outcrop- America from between the Australian and Laurentian ping area of 2000 km2. The Kangding group/ complex continents in the light of: 1) contemporary Neo-pro- is thought to be the metamorphic basement in the area. terozoic mafic rocks (gabbros, mafic dykes and sheets) The group is divided into different formations, from in the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks with Australian the bottom to top, according to the earliest strati- Gairdner swarms, and 2) similarities in tectonic set- graphic correlation, such as the Zali Formation of the tings and their tectonostrata[8,9]. They concluded that lower part, which is composed of plagioclase amphi- the mafic swarms are indicators of the breakup of bolites, tonalitic-trondjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) gn- Rodinia from mantle plume activity. Li et al.[10] also eisses. Next is the Lengzuguan Formation of the in- concluded that the Precambrian tectonics of East Asia, termediate-upper part, characterized by associations of and its relevance to super-continent evolution, i.e., biotite-plagioclase gneisses, gneissic kali-granites[1]. Rodinia, occurred during late Meso-proterozoic to The Kangding group, from Mianning in the north to Neo-proterozoic (>900 Ma), while the breakup of Dukou in the south, was metamorphosed to a granu- Rodinia started as early as 850 Ma to ca. 750―700 litic facies[17]. During recent geological mapping, at a Ma. scale of 1:50000, the complexes were treated as gneissic plutons in Mianning1), for instance, the Ze- Geochronologic studies have shown that main yuan gneiss and the Langhuan gneiss, corresponding metamorphic basement outcroppings, in the eastern to the Zali and Lengzuguan formations, respectively. margin of the Yangtze block (Zhejiang and Fujian Amphibolite and granulite are lenticules at different provinces), formed in 1.6 to 2.8 Ga[11]. Nd model ages scales in TTG gneisses at Shaba, Mianning County. of a clastic sedimentary profile, from Sinian to Juras- The numbers of amphibolitic lenticules decrease in sic at Guangyuan, Sichuan Province, indicate that the biotite-plagioclase gneisses of the intermediate-upper main part of the Yangtze block should have formed at part. The samples used in this study include granitic [12] about 2.1Ga . Recent Sm-Nd and zircon SHRIMP gneiss (98922-5-3), amphibolite (98921-4-1), and U-Pb geochronological studies indicate that the rocks fine-grained granulite (98922-4-1). The granitic gneiss of the Kongling group, from the middle segment of the shows a mylonitic texture, which is composed mainly northern Yangtze block, formed between 1.99 and 3.28 of plagioclases, microclines, and quartzs, with minor [13 ― 15] Ga . This suggests that the basement of the biotites, and displays significant orientation. The fine- Yangtze block may have a rather complicated history. grained granulite, with an equigranular texture, is a The Kangding complexes should not represent the lenticule in the granitic gneiss, and consists of horn- basement of the Yangtze block, whose formation age blendes, plagioclases with minor components of garnet, and tectonic environment are key to understanding the hypersthene, biotite, microcline and magnetite. The history of formation and evolution of the Yangtze amphibolite, with a medium-grained subhedral, granu- block as a whole. lar texture, is composed of plagioclases, hornblendes, 1) The Panxi Geological Survey Team of Sichuan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Geological Map and Notation of the People’s Republic of China, Scale of 1:50000, the Lugu, Salian Breadths, 1995. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 624 Science in China Ser. D Earth Sciences and biotites. The latitudes, longitudes and Nd model tra-standard solution. The sample solutions were di- ages of the samples are listed in Table 1. Fig. 1 shows luted to ca. 40 g and oscillated. The analyses were the sample localities and a geological sketch of the conducted by PQ2 Turbo ICP―MS of VG, British. studied area. Dynamic linear range of the instrument is 8 orders of 2 Samples preparation and analytical methods magnitude. Reference material used in this study is GSR-1 of the National Standard Reference Materials. The samples were powdered into less than 200 Deviations of the measured values from the recom- meshes by a cleaned vibration crusher, or agate mortar, mended values are less than 4% for most elements and using purified ethanol. Major and trace element com- less than 12% for other elements. positions were analyzed at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, by X-ray For zircon separation, the samples were crushed at fluorescence spectrum and ICP-MS, respectively. the Langfang Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration, Relative errors estimated from duplicate samples are Geological Exploration Bureau of Hebei Province, less than 4% for major compositions of the samples. Ministry of Land and Mineral Resources. After being For trace element measurements, sample powders of elutriated by an oscillation bed, or panned out, zircon ca. 100 mg were digested in a Teflon bomb at 200℃ grains were hand-picked under a binocular microscope for dating. for 48 h with purified HNO3+HF. After complete di- gestion, the sample solutions were dried twice with The zircons from both samples and standards (TEM, −1 purified HClO4. Then, the samples were extracted, 417Ma; SL13, 572 Ma with 238 µg · g of U) were using purified HNO3 and H2O in closed bombs for cast in an epoxy mount, which was then polished ac- over 12 h at 200℃. The sample solution cooled down cording to the method described by Song et al.[18] Zir- to room temperature, weighed, and then transferred cons were examined for morphology and internal into Teflon bottles with 1 mL of 1 µg · g−1 In in- structure using optical microscopy and cathodelumi- Table 1 The Coordinates and Nd model ages of samplesa) No./Lithology Longitude/(°E) Latitude/(°N) εNd/(770 Ma) tDM/Ga 98922-4-1/grey-black fine-grained granulite 102.0402 28.2355 −0.95 1.56 98921-4-1/amphibole leptite 102.0633 28.4439 1.33 1.33 98922-5-3/granitic gneiss 102.0301 28.2438 1.21 1.29 a) Data are from Chen, Luo, Liu[5].
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