DOCSLIB.ORG

Felony Jury Sentencing in Practice: a Three-State Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Felony Jury Sentencing in Practice: a Three-State Study Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 57 Issue 3 Article 3 4-2004 Felony Jury Sentencing in Practice: A Three-State study Nancy J. King Rosevelt L. Noble Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Jurisprudence Commons Recommended Citation Nancy J. King and Rosevelt L. Noble, Felony Jury Sentencing in Practice: A Three-State study, 57 Vanderbilt Law Review 885 (2019) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol57/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Felony Jury Sentencing in Practice: A Three-State Study Nancy J. King*& Rosevelt L. Noble" I. INTRODU CTION .................................................................... 886 A. M ethodological Note ................................................ 890 B. The Legal Framework in Each State ....................... 891 II. JURY SENTENCING AS TRIAL PENALTY: THE PROSECUTOR'S BEST FRIEND ............................................... 895 A. Jury Sentencing-Why Prosecutors Stick by It .......895 B. The Plea Discount or Trial Penalty-Background.. 896 C. Jury Sentencing as a Trial Penalty in Kentucky .....898 1. Descriptions of the Jury Sentence as Bargaining Chip for Prosecution .................. 898 2. Reasons Given for High Jury Sentences ......899 3. Enforcing the Discount ................................. 901 4. Summary of Statistical Findings ................. 907 5. The Consequence: Prosecutorial Resistance to Change ................................... 908 D. Jury Sentencing as Trial Penalty in Virginia......... 910 1. Descriptions of Jury Sentencing as Trial Penalty ................................................. 910 2. Reasons Given for Higher Jury Sentences... 910 3. Enforcing the Disparity ................................ 916 4. Summary of Statistical Findings ................. 923 5. The Consequence: Prosecutors Protect Jury Sentencing ............................................ 925 * Lee S. & Charles A. Speir Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University, (J.D., Michigan) [email protected]. For their helpful suggestions on this paper in its earlier phases, we thank Professor Kevin Reitz, G. Thomas Munsterman, and all of the faculty who participated in workshops at Vanderbilt University, Northwestern University, the University of Illinois, Duke University, Stanford University, and the 2002 Law and Society Annual Meeting. We are particularly grateful to each of the many attorneys, judges, and professionals from Kentucky, Virginia, and Arkansas, who so generously provided the information that made this project possible. Excellent research assistance was provided by Dora Klein and Anne Marie Farmer. .. Senior Lecturer, Sociology, Vanderbilt University, (Ph.D. Vanderbilt), [email protected]. 886 VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW [Vol. 57:3:885 E. Jury Sentencing as Trial Penalty in Arkansas ....... 926 1. Descriptions of Jury Sentencing as Trial P en alty .......................................................... 926 2. Reasons Given for High Jury Sentences for D rug Offenses ......................................... 928 3. Maintaining the Sentencing Differential in D rug Cases ............................................... 932 4. Summary of Statistical Analysis .................. 939 5. The Consequence: Prosecutors Favor Jury Sentencing .................................................... 939 III. JURY SENTENCING AND TRIAL JUDGES ............................... 940 A . Deference .................................................................. 94 1 B . Dodg e ....................................................................... 94 1 C. Docket ....................................................................... 944 D. The Result: JudicialAcceptance of Jury as S en ten cer .................................................................. 94 5 IV. JURY SENTENCING AND DEFENDERS ................................... 946 V. LESSONS FOR SENTENCING REFORMERS ............................. 949 A. Barriersto the Substitution of Judge Sentencing for Jury Sentencing.................................................. 950 B. Strengthening the Jury as Price Setter: IncreasingJury Power and Information ................. 953 V I. C ON CLU SION ........................................................................ 962 I. INTRODUCTION Today, in six states, felons convicted by juries are routinely sentenced by juries. These states form a sizeable segment of the United States, beginning with Virginia at the eastern end, and proceeding west, through Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma, following the trail of early settlers. Juries in these jurisdictions select an appropriate sentence from within a statutory range of punishment provided to them in their instructions from the judge. The use of juries to sentence felons in these states began well over a century ago,1 well before the recent United States Supreme Court decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey,2 which has generated 1. These states have practiced jury sentencing from early in their history, or, as one judge put it, "since the earth cooled." See infra note 192. For more on the origins of felony jury sentencing in Virginia and Kentucky, see Nancy J. King, The Origins of Felony Jury Sentencing in the United States, 78 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 937 (2003). 2. 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000). 2004] FELONY JURY SENTENCING IN PRACTICE 887 renewed interest in the appropriate role for juries in sentencing. 3 Roughly 4000 juries deliver felony sentences every year.4 The number of felons sentenced by juries in Texas alone exceeds the number of federal defendants convicted annually by jury, for misdemeanors or felonies, in all districts combined. 5 Despite its continuing influence, jury sentencing in noncapital cases is one of the least understood procedures in contemporary American criminal justice. While scholars and commissions have repeatedly dissected other sentencing systems and jury functions, felony jury sentencing has managed to elude systematic empirical inquiry. 6 This Article looks beyond idealized visions of jury sentencing to examine for the first time how jury sentencing in noncapital cases actually operates in three different states-Kentucky, Virginia, and Arkansas. Dozens of interviews with prosecutors, defenders, and 3 The Court's latest Apprendi-related opinion, Blakely v. Washington, No. 02-1632, 2004 U.S. LEXIS 4573 (June 24, 2004), handed down as this article was going to press, promises to have a particularly widespread impact on sentencing systems nationwide. See Susan Klein & Nancy King, Beyond Blakely (forthcoming); Sentencing Law and Policy (collecting commentary and case law updated daily), at http://sentencing.typepad.com (last visited July 11, 2004). The rule in Apprendi and Blakely, however, defines only which facts must be treated essentially as elements of the offense under the Sixth Amendment; it does not speak to whether a jury or a judge must select a sentence once those facts have been admitted or proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, some commentators have used the Apprendi rule as a platform for proposing that jurors, not judges, select punishment in felony cases. See, e.g., Morris B. Hoffman, The Case for Jury Sentencing, 52 DUKE L.J. 951 (2003); Jenia Iontcheva, Jury Sentencing as Democratic Practice, 89 VA. L. REV. 311, 314 (2003) (calling for the "reintroduction of jury sentencing" and arguing that because of "their deliberative capacity and democratic makeup, juries are better situated than other political institutions to perform the sensitive tasks of deciding between contested sentencing goals and applying the law with due regard for the individual circumstances of each offender"). 4. This very rough estimate is derived by adding the 836 sentences imposed in the year 2000 in noncapital felony cases from the Kentucky, Virginia, and Arkansas data sets discussed infra notes 11, 70, 120 & 174, the 2647 jury sentences in noncapital felony cases reported in OFFICE OF COURT ADMIN., TEX. JUDICIAL COUNCIL, ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEXAS JUDICIAL SYSTEM FOR FISCAL YEAR 2001 (2001), and estimating conservatively at least 300 felony jury sentences annually in Missouri and Oklahoma. OFFICE OF STATE COURT ADMIN. FOR Mo. 2000 ANNUAL REPORT 125 (2000) (reporting 612 total felony jury trials); NAT'L CTR FOR STATE COURTS, STATE COURT CASELOAD TABLES, EXAMINING THE WORK OF STATE COURTS (1999) (noting Oklahoma's criminal caseload is about half that of Missouri). 5. BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS, U.S. DEP'T OF JUSTICE, SOURCEBOOK OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE STATISTICS 2001 (2002) [hereinafter SOURCEBOOK], http://www.albany.edu/sourcebookl 1995/pdf/t532.pdf (Table 5.32 shows that 2035 total defendants were convicted by jury in all United States District Courts). 2284 defendants were "convicted by jury or found guilty/insane" in United States District Courts for 2002. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics Resource Center, at http://fjsrc.urban.org (last visited July 11, 2004). 6. Existing empirical studies of jury sentencing are limited to single localities or offenses, or examine sentencing data generated under now obsolete sentencing law. For a review, see Nancy J. King & Rosevelt L. Noble, Jury Sentencing in Non-Capital Cases: Comparing Severity and Variance with Judicial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Truth-In-Sentencing
    Arizona State Senate Issue Brief August 3, 2018 Note to Reader: TRUTH IN SENTENCING The Senate Research Staff provides nonpartisan, objective HISTORY legislative research, policy analysis and related assistance Earned release credits were added to the Arizona Revised Statutes to the members of the Arizona by Laws 1978, Chapter 164, with inmates earning one day of release State Senate. The Research credit for every two or three days served, and establishing that release Briefs series is intended to credits earned were deducted from and reduced the term of introduce a reader to various legislatively related issues and imprisonment. Laws 1986, Chapter 200, provided that earned release provide useful resources to credits do not reduce the length of the sentence imposed, but that the assist the reader in learning Director of the Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC) may more on a given topic. Because authorize the early release of a prisoner based on the earned release of frequent legislative and credits. executive activity, topics may The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 introduced “truth-in- undergo frequent changes. Nothing in the Brief should be sentencing” to the federal justice system. The United States used to draw conclusions on Sentencing Commission sentencing guidelines take into account the the legality of an issue. gravity of the crime and the offender’s criminal record and, under the guidelines, offenders convicted of federal offenses are expected to serve a minimum of 85 percent of the court-imposed sentence. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 allowed states to establish unique sentencing guidelines, but the Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth-in-Sentencing (VOI/TIS) Incentive Grant Program was established by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 to encourage states to implement truth-in-sentencing.
    [Show full text]
  • 425 Can Alabama Handle the Truth (In Sentencing)?
    File: COLQUITT.truth in sentencing.FINAL APPROVED.docCreated on: 2/25/2009 11:10:00 AM Last Printed: 3/5/2009 10:21:00 AM ESSAY CAN ALABAMA HANDLE THE TRUTH (IN SENTENCING)? Joseph A. Colquitt* Nearly all want sentencing made more consistent, whether in the name of justice, efficiency, effectiveness, or economy.** INTRODUCTION When it comes to criminal sentencing, there are two immediate ques- tions for Alabama: Do we really want truth in sentencing? And, if so, can we handle it?1 For decades, public officials, prosecutors, law enforcement officers, and crime victims have called for truth-in-sentencing laws because they are frustrated by the image of lengthy prison sentences undercut by the reality of early release under parole or good-time laws. In support of their concerns, they have cited cases which they perceive as unjust. Consider, for example, this case: The defendant was convicted of three murders for * Jere L. Beasley Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law; retired circuit judge, State of Alabama; Chair, Alabama Sentencing Commission. The author thanks the University of Alabama Law School Foundation for its generous support. Many thanks to Lynda Flynt, Executive Director of the Alabama Sentencing Commission, for her helpful observations. Brigitte Ohlig provided valuable research assistance. Although I serve as Chair of the Alabama Sentencing Commission, the statements and opinions in this Essay are solely my own and do not necessarily represent the positions, views, or opinions of the Alabama Sentencing Commission, its staff, or its Advisory Council. Natural- ly, I alone remain responsible for any errors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Racial Antecedents to Federal Sentencing Guidelines: How Congress Judged the Judges from Brown to Booker Naomi Murakawa University of Washington
    Roger Williams University Law Review Volume 11 | Issue 2 Article 8 Winter 2006 The Racial Antecedents to Federal Sentencing Guidelines: How Congress Judged the Judges from Brown to Booker Naomi Murakawa University of Washington Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR Recommended Citation Murakawa, Naomi (2006) "The Racial Antecedents to Federal Sentencing Guidelines: How Congress Judged the Judges from Brown to Booker," Roger Williams University Law Review: Vol. 11: Iss. 2, Article 8. Available at: http://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR/vol11/iss2/8 This Symposia is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DOCS@RWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Roger Williams University Law Review by an authorized administrator of DOCS@RWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Racial Antecedents to Federal Sentencing Guidelines: How Congress Judged the Judges from Brown to Booker Naomi Murakawa* On January 12, 2005, the Supreme Court held in United States v. Booker that Federal Sentencing Guidelines violate the Sixth Amendment jury-trial right, and thereafter judges must only consider the Guidelines as advisory.' Booker therefore ended the eighteen-year era of mandatory Federal Sentencing Guidelines, in which judges were required to "plot" convicted criminals along an official Guideline table and then assign a sentence as specified in the appropriate "cell." The Supreme Court's gutting of legislatively-authorized mandatory sentencing guidelines - seen first in Blakely's 2004 holding against the constitutionality of Washington State's Sentencing Guidelines 2 and then in Booker's 2005 holding against Federal Sentencing * Assistant Professor, Political Science, University of Washington; Ph.D., Political Science, Yale University (2005); M.Sc., Social Policy, London School of Economics (1997); B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime and Sentencing State Enactments 1995
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov. November 1995 Vol. 20, No. 16 Crime and Sentencing State Enactments 1995 By Donna Lyons, Program Manager and Adelia Yee, Research Analyst State legislatures are again taking up crime and criminal sentencing in a big way in 1995. New sentencing enactments abound, especially those aimed at keeping violent and repeat offenders in prison longer. A new sentencing measure in Florida called "Stop Turning Out Prisoners" exemplifies the sentencing theme of more than a dozen states this year. Cracking down hard on offenders who victimize children is the other common chorus heard in new anti-crime laws in the states. New enactments will keep tabs on sex offenders, some with notification provisions that follow the much publicized "Megan's Law" adopted in New Jersey late last year. New York, with a supportive new governor, reinstated the death penalty, while a number of other states added capital crimes and aggravating circumstances to be considered New state in imposing a death sentence. laws will keep repeat "Truth" and "Three Strikes" and violent offenders in "Truth in sentencing" has been an objective in many states taking up sentencing policy prison longer. this year---even while variation is seen in how "truth" is defined as well as the numbers and types of offenders to whom it applies. By midyear, a new crop of state laws require that 85 percent of a sentence be served. Those include: Connecticut, Florida, lllinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, North Dakota, South Carolina and Tennessee. The 85 percent of sentence requirement applies broadly to those who commit serious, violent crimes in most of the states, while all prison inmates are affected in Florida and Mississippi.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Strikes" Laws: Five Years Later
    "THREE STRIKES" LAWS: FIVE YEARS LATER Executive Summary Beginning in 1993, twenty three states and the federal government adopted some form of “three strikes and you’re out” law intending to target repeat violent offenders. Washington state was the first to do so; California soon followed with a considerably broader version of the law. Although subsequently adopted versions of three strikes law vary among the states, the laws generally reduce judicial discretion by mandating severe prison sentences for third (and in some instances first and second) felony convictions. The “three strikes” bandwagon was set in motion at a time when public fear of crime was at its height and extravagant promises were made for the new laws. However, since their passage there has been no national assessment of their use. In 1996, the Campaign for an Effective Crime Policy published a report, The Impact of Three Strikes Laws: What Have We Learned?, documenting the law’s uneven application yet significant impact on costs, prison admissions and the overall functioning of the justice system in California during its first two years in operation. Now that there are several years of data available on the implementation of three strikes laws, the Campaign has produced the first national assessment of their impact five years after the first of these laws were passed. These are the key findings of the report: ! Substantial Impact in California and Georgia Despite the wide availability of three-strikes laws, their impact has been minimal in most states. California continues to have the most offenders (more than 40,000) sentenced under two and three strikes.
    [Show full text]
  • Rules for Sentencing Revolutions
    Book Review Rules for Sentencing Revolutions Ronald F. Wrightt Fear of Judging: Sentencing Guidelines in the Federal Courts. By Kate Stith* and Jos6 A. Cabranes.** Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Pp. 276. $44.00 (cloth), $17.00 (paper). Federal sentencing experienced a revolution fifteen years ago, and many are now convinced that this revolution has become a Reign of Terror. The Thomas Paine of this sentencing revolution-the enthusiastic advocate of a revolution to replace traditional injustice with a new order based on human reason-was a federal judge, Marvin Frankel. In his 1973 book, Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order,2 Frankel delivered a persuasive indictment of criminal sentencing at that time, which gave great discretion to the sentencing judge: "[Tjhe almost wholly unchecked and sweeping powers we give to judges in the fashioning of sentences are terrifying and t Professor of Law, Wake Forest University. Lafayette S. Foster Professor of Law, Yale Law School. ** Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. 1. Paine's Rights of Man offers a classic defense of principles over tradition: "[A]s government is for the living, and not for the dead, it is the living only that has any right in it. That which may be thought right and found convenient in one age, may be thought wrong and found inconvenient in another." THOMAS PAINE, Rights of Man, Being an Answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the French Revolution, in COLLECTED WRrrINGs 433, 441 (Eric Foner ed., Library of Am. 1995) (1791); see generally JOHN KEANE, TOM PAINE: A POLITICAL LIFE 282-333 (1995) (describing the development of the Rights of Man and its reception in America and in Britain).
    [Show full text]
  • 3.1A Sentencing Guidelines Around the World
    SSC1/20151214 PAPER 3.1A SENTENCING GUIDELINES AROUND THE WORLD Introduction 1. This paper provides a summary of sentencing practices in jurisdictions around the world and has been prepared to assist the Sentencing Commission for Scotland in its consideration of the question of how to improve consistency in sentencing. The jurisdictions covered in the paper are those in Western Europe, where penal codes predominate, the Commonwealth Countries, where narrative sentencing guidelines systems have been developed and a number of American states, where a mixture of numerical grid and narrative guideline systems exist. 2. Sentencing frameworks can be regarded as lying along a continuum that ranges from, at one extreme, highly prescriptive systems that afford individual sentencers very little discretion in sentencing individual cases to, at the other extreme, systems that impose very few constraints on sentencers’ decision making and allow them to exercise wide discretion in sentencing individual cases. The sentencing systems examined in this paper cover a very wide spectrum, ranging from the highly prescriptive system in place at federal level in the United States of America, to the almost entirely discretionary system in place in Scotland. All of the other systems examined lie somewhere between these two extremes. The paper begins by examining those systems at the more prescriptive end of the spectrum, which are predominantly the determinate sentencing and guideline systems in operation in the United States and the mandatory sentencing regimes operating in parts of Australia. The review then moves through systems that afford increasing degrees of discretion, including a look at a number of Western European jurisdictions that predominantly operate Penal or Criminal Codes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandatory Sentences of Imprisonment in Common Law Jurisdictions: Some Representative Models
    SERVING CANADIANS RESEARCH AND STATISTICS DIVISION MANDATORY SENTENCES OF IMPRISONMENT IN COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS: SOME REPRESENTATIVE MODELS Table of Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii Highlights.............................................................................................................................v Executive Summary............................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Mandatory Sentencing and Public Opinion ........................................................ 5 1.2 Attitudes to mandatory sentencing in the U.S., Australia and Britain................ 5 1.3 Trends in Mandatory Sentencing Legislation..................................................... 6 1.4 The Future of Mandatory Sentencing ................................................................. 7 1.5 References and Further Reading......................................................................... 7 2.0 Canada..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Summary............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Overview of Sentencing Framework .................................................................. 9 2.3 Mandatory
    [Show full text]
  • Three Strikes and You’Re Out’ on Crime Trends in California and Throughout the United States Elsa Y
    Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Political Science College of Arts & Sciences 11-2008 Impacts of ‘Three Strikes and You’re Out’ on Crime Trends in California and throughout the United States Elsa Y. Chen Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/poli_sci Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Chen, Elsa Y. “Impacts of ‘Three Strikes and You’re Out’ on Crime Trends in California and throughout the United States.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Volume 24, Number 4 (November 2008), p. 345-370. DOI: 10.1177/1043986208319456 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Impacts of “Three Strikes and You’re Out” on Crime Trends in California and throughout the United States Please direct all correspondence to: Elsa Y. Chen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Santa Clara University 500 El Camino Real Santa Clara, CA 95053 (408) 551-7055 [email protected] Keywords: Three Strikes, mandatory sentencing, California Brief author biography: Elsa Y. Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science and Director of the Public Sector Studies Program at Santa Clara University. Her current research interests include racial and ethnic disparities in felony sentencing, and the effects of prosecutorial discretion on the implementation and impacts of Three Strikes. Impacts of “Three Strikes and You’re Out” on Crime Trends in California and throughout the United States Abstract The impacts of Three Strikes on crime in California and throughout the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mostly Unintended Effects of Mandatory Penalties: Two Centuries of Consistent Findings
    Scholarship Repository University of Minnesota Law School Articles Faculty Scholarship 2009 The Mostly Unintended Effects of Mandatory Penalties: Two Centuries of Consistent Findings Michael Tonry University of Minnesota Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Michael Tonry, The Mostly Unintended Effects of Mandatory Penalties: Two Centuries of Consistent Findings, 38 CRIME & JUST. 65 (2009), available at https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/501. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Minnesota Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in the Faculty Scholarship collection by an authorized administrator of the Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Michael Tonry The Mostly Unintended Effects of Mandatory Penalties: Two Centuries of Consistent Findings ABSTRACT Policy and knowledge concerning mandatory minimum sentences have long marched in different directions in the United States. There is no credible evidence that the enactment or implementation of such sentences has significant deterrent effects, but there is massive evidence, which has accumulated for two centuries, that mandatory minimums foster circum- vention by judges, juries, and prosecutors; reduce accountability and trans- parency; produce injustices in many cases; and result in wide unwarranted disparities in the handling of similar cases. No country besides the United States has adopted many mandatory penalty laws, and none has adopted laws as severe as those in the United States. If policy makers took account of research evidence (and informed practitioners' views), existing laws would be repealed and no new ones would be enacted.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Strikes and Truth in Sentencing Laws Are Empirically Estimated In
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Impact of Three Strikes and Truth in Sentencing on the Volume and Composition of Correctional Populations Author(s): Elsa Chen Document No.: 187109 Date Received: March 6, 2001 Award Number: 98-IJ-CX-0082 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. - Impacts of Three Strikes and Truth in Sentencing on The Volume and Composition of Correctional Popula tions Elsa Chen Department of Political Science University of California, Los Angeles Report Submitted to: U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant # 98-IJCX-0082 March Approved By: Date: i / This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The author of this report wishes to thank the following members of her dissertation committee for their valuable guidance, advice, and support: Committee Co-Chairs: -- Dr. James Q. Wilson and Dr. James DeNardo Committee Members: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth-In-Sentencing in Virginia
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Truth-in-Sentencing in Virginia Author(s): Brian J. Ostrom, Fred Cheesman, Ann M. Jones, Meredith Peterson, Neal B. Kauder Document No.: 187677 Date Received: April 5, 2001 Award Number: 96-CE-VX-0005 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice Authored by Brian J. Ostrom, Project Director Fred Cheesman Ann M. Jones . Meredith Peterson Nationd Center for State Courts This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Funded by the National Institute of Justice Copyright 1999 N] National Center for State Courts -ma NCSC ISBN 0-89656-2034 ,t+ This report was developed under a grant from the National Institute of Justice (Grant 96-CE-VX-0005).The opinions and points ofview in chis report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice or the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission.
    [Show full text]