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Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission

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Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission fmars-06-00232 May 13, 2019 Time: 15:5 # 1 REVIEW published: 15 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00232 Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography With the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission Rosemary Morrow1*, Lee-Lueng Fu2, Fabrice Ardhuin3, Mounir Benkiran4, Bertrand Chapron3, Emmanuel Cosme5, Francesco d’Ovidio6, J. Thomas Farrar7, Sarah T. Gille8, Guillaume Lapeyre9, Pierre-Yves Le Traon4, Ananda Pascual10, Aurélien Ponte3, Bo Qiu11, Nicolas Rascle12, Clement Ubelmann13, Jinbo Wang2 and Edward D. Zaron14 1 Centre de Topographie des Océans et de l’Hydrosphère, Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale, CNRS, CNES, IRD, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France, 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, 3 Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Centre National de la Edited by: Recherche Scientifique – Ifremer, Plouzané, France, 4 Mercator Ocean, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France, 5 Institut des Fei Chai, Géosciences de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France, 6 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Second Institute of Oceanography, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Paris, France, State Oceanic Administration, China 7 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States, 8 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University 9 Reviewed by: of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD-IPSL), CNRS, Ecole 10 Zhongxiang Zhao, Normale Supérieure, Paris, France, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles, Spain, 11 12 University of Washington, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States, Centro de Investigación Científica y 13 United States de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico, CLS Space Oceanography, Collecte Localisation Satellites, 14 Fabien Roquet, Toulouse, France, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, University of Gothenburg, Sweden United States *Correspondence: Rosemary Morrow The future international Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission, planned [email protected] for launch in 2021, will make high-resolution 2D observations of sea-surface height Specialty section: using SAR radar interferometric techniques. SWOT will map the global and coastal This article was submitted to oceans up to 77.6◦ latitude every 21 days over a swath of 120 km (20 km nadir gap). Ocean Observation, Today’s 2D mapped altimeter data can resolve ocean scales of 150 km wavelength a section of the journal Frontiers in Marine Science whereas the SWOT measurement will extend our 2D observations down to 15–30 km, Received: 30 October 2018 depending on sea state. SWOT will offer new opportunities to observe the oceanic Accepted: 12 April 2019 dynamic processes at scales that are important in the generation and dissipation of Published: 15 May 2019 kinetic energy in the ocean, and that facilitate the exchange of energy between the Citation: Morrow R, Fu L-L, Ardhuin F, ocean interior and the upper layer. The active vertical exchanges linked to these scales Benkiran M, Chapron B, Cosme E, have impacts on the local and global budgets of heat and carbon, and on nutrients d’Ovidio F, Farrar JT, Gille ST, for biogeochemical cycles. This review paper highlights the issues being addressed by Lapeyre G, Le Traon P-Y, Pascual A, Ponte A, Qiu B, Rascle N, the SWOT science community to understand SWOT’s very precise sea surface height Ubelmann C, Wang J and Zaron ED (SSH)/surface pressure observations, and it explores how SWOT data will be combined (2019) Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface with other satellite and in situ data and models to better understand the upper ocean 4D Topography With the Surface Water circulation (x, y, z, t) over the next decade. SWOT will provide unprecedented 2D ocean and Ocean Topography (SWOT) SSH observations down to 15–30 km in wavelength, which encompasses the scales of Mission. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:232. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00232 “balanced” geostrophic eddy motions, high-frequency internal tides and internal waves. Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 May 2019 | Volume 6 | Article 232 fmars-06-00232 May 13, 2019 Time: 15:5 # 2 Morrow et al. SWOT Fine-Scale Global Ocean Topography This presents both a challenge in reconstructing the 4D upper ocean circulation, or in the assimilation of SSH in models, but also an opportunity to have global observations of the 2D structure of these phenomena, and to learn more about their interactions. At these small scales, ocean dynamics evolve rapidly, and combining SWOT 2D SSH data with other satellite or in situ data with different space-time coverage is also a challenge. SWOT’s new technology will be a forerunner for the future altimetric observing system, and so advancing on these issues today will pave the way for our future. Keywords: ocean mesoscale circulation, satellite altimetry, SAR-interferometry, tides and internal tides, calibration-validation INTRODUCTION 3-years of repeat data will allow a better estimate of the mean sea surface and marine geoid; the high latitude coverage should Over the last 25 years, satellite altimetric sea surface height (SSH) allow a better assessment of the ice caps up to 78◦N and S, and observations have greatly advanced our understanding of the may even be used for estimating sea-ice freeboard and other large-scale ocean circulation and its interaction with the larger parameters. The science objectives covering all disciplines are mesoscale dynamics (Fu and Cazenave, 2001; Morrow et al., outlined in the SWOT Mission Science Document (Fu et al., 2018b). These SSH observations reflect the ocean surface pressure 2012) and in Morrow et al. (2018a). field and give us the ability to monitor depth-integrated ocean The SWOT Science Team has been preparing for this mission dynamics. Indeed altimetric SSH is the only satellite observation and its technical and scientific challenges since 2008, and the that so clearly responds to both surface and deeper ocean mission was introduced in the OceanObs09 whitepaper (Fu et al., changes. Today, the noise of the classical along-track altimetric 2009). In the first part of this 2019 white paper, we will give a brief observations as well as the distance between groundtracks limits introduction to the SWOT science objectives and its observing our observation of the 2D SSH field to scales greater than 150– system and errors. We will highlight how SWOT observations 200 km at mid-latitudes (Chelton et al., 2011). In parallel, ocean may be used in conjunction with other observations to improve models are evolving, and global high-resolution, high-frequency our understanding of the ocean energy cascade, internal gravity models, with and without tides, are now available (e.g., HYCOM waves, and ocean fronts, and then consider the challenges in at 1/25◦ – Chassignet and Xu, 2017; Arbic et al., 2018; 1/48◦ reconstructing the fine-scale upper ocean circulation with SWOT MITgcm; 1/12◦ NEMO – Mercator Ocean). Yet the dynamics of and models. This review paper will also address how SWOT and these evolving high-resolution models cannot be validated today, the in situ observing system may be used to better understand the due to the lack of global observations at these finer scales. vertical structure associated with the fine-scale SWOT SSH. In The future SWOT SAR-interferometry wide-swath altimeter particular, the first 90 days of the mission will have a 1-day repeat mission is designed to provide global 2D SSH data, resolving phase, when the rapid evolution of these fine-scale dynamics can spatial scales down to 15–30 km depending on the local SSH be observed. The calibration and validation (CalVal) of SWOT signal levels and measurement noise, which is a function of will be discussed, as well as science validation opportunities. sea state; (Fu et al., 2012; Fu and Ubelmann, 2014, see section Plans to have a global series of fine-scale experiments based “Measurement Errors, SWOT Simulator, and Effective Spatial on regional studies during the fast sampling phase, as part of Resolution” for more details). SWOT observations will fill the the SWOT “Adopt-a-crossover” initiative, will be presented in gap in our knowledge of the 15–150 km 2D SSH dynamics, a companion OceanObs2019 paper by d’Ovidio et al. “Frontiers which are important for setting the anisotropic structure of the in fine scale in-situ studies: opportunities during the SWOT fast ocean horizontal circulation and for understanding the ocean’s sampling phase.” kinetic energy budget. Smaller-scale horizontal gradients can also be linked to energetic vertical velocities and tracer transports (Lévy et al., 2012a), and understanding the ocean stirring and SWOT OCEAN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES convergence at these finer scales is important for global tracer budgets, biogeochemical applications, and climate. Ocean Fine-Scales and the Energy As the name suggests, the Surface Water and Ocean Cascade Topography (SWOT) mission will bring together two scientific The primary oceanographic objective of the SWOT mission is to communities – oceanographers and hydrologists. For the characterize the ocean mesoscale and submesoscale circulation hydrology community, SWOT SAR interferometric data will determined from ocean surface topography, from the large scale enable the observation of
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