Encyclopedic Atlas of Terrestrial Impact Craters Enrico Flamini • Mario Di Martino • Alessandro Coletta Editors

Encyclopedic Atlas of Terrestrial Impact Craters

123 Editors Enrico Flamini Mario Di Martino Italian Space Agency Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino—Istituto Rome, Italy Nazionale di Astrofisica Pino Torinese, Italy Alessandro Coletta Italian Space Agency Rome, Italy

ISBN 978-3-030-05449-6 ISBN 978-3-030-05451-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05451-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018968390

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Radar image of the Gosses Bluff impact crater central peak (Australia) acquired in spotlight mode in right ascending geometry on 12 January 2010 by COSMO-SkyMed satellite

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword

Craters on the Earth are traces on the path our planet has followed to come to existence from the early nebula which was filling this corner of the galaxy. Millions of cataclysmic events were necessary about five billions of years ago to form the Earth. We do not have evidences of this part of the Earth history on the surface. However, impacts continued through the Ages and traces of the most recent craters are present over the surface of the Earth. Documenting them through satellite observations provides important information on the genesis of our planet through a very valuable, systematic observational approach. This atlas is unique in its kind. The images are provided by the Italian COSMO-SkyMed SAR constellation, likely the most advanced system in the world in the X band. Radar images were acquired under a uniform spatial resolution, illumination, and operating mode in order to maximize the quality of the resulting archive. These images, when possible, are accompanied by Sentinel optical satellites developed and operated for the European Commission by ESA, providing a most complete cross-check and additional information. Also, craters have their evolution. Their initial shape depends on the impactor kinetic energy, the structure of the ground, and other parameters. They then get slowly erased and sometimes buried by sediments with time in ways which are depending on geology and environmental conditions on a active planet as the Earth. By documenting and localizing almost two hundreds of known craters, this Atlas will be very useful to better understand crater formation and evolution and provides a new research method that may, hopefully, help new crater findings. Getting through these pages, it is then both a scientific experience and an aesthetic experience, which I hope you will fully enjoy.

Trento, Italy Prof. Roberto Battiston Professor at the University of Trento

v Contents

Part I Chapters

Impacting Bodies and Post-impact Modification Processes on Earth ...... 3 Enrico Flamini, Stelvio Staffieri, and Mario Di Martino Origin and Classification of Impacting Objects, and their Effects on the Earth Surface ...... 7 Mario Di Martino, Enrico Flamini, and Stelvio Staffieri Impact Cratering ...... 19 Mario Di Martino, Enrico Flamini, and Stelvio Staffieri The Planet Earth: A Review of the Influence of Cratering on the Geological Evolution of our Planet ...... 29 Karen McBride Observation from Space: SAR Systems ...... 41 Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Observation from Space: Optical Systems ...... 51 Bianca Hoersch, Fabrizio Ramoino, Ferran Gascon, and Yves-Louis Desnos

Part II Terrestrial Impact Craters List

Amguid, Algeria ...... 61 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Aorounga, Chad ...... 65 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Aouelloul, Mauritania ...... 69 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli BP Structure, Libya ...... 73 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Bosumtwi, Ghana ...... 77 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gweni-Fada, Chad ...... 81 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kalkkop, South Africa ...... 85 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kamil, Egypt ...... 89 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli

vii viii Contents

Kgagodi, Botswana ...... 91 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Luizi, Democratic Republic of Congo ...... 93 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Morokweng, South Africa ...... 97 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Oasis, Libya ...... 101 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ouarkziz, Algeria ...... 105 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Roter Kamm, Namibia ...... 109 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Talemzane, Algeria ...... 113 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tenoumer, Mauritania ...... 117 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tin Bider, Algeria ...... 121 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tswaing, South Africa ...... 125 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Vredefort, South Africa ...... 129 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Beyenchime-Salaatin, Russia ...... 133 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Bigach, Kazakhstan ...... 135 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Chiyli, Kazakhstan ...... 137 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Chukcha, Russia ...... 139 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Dhala, India ...... 141 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli El’gygytgyn, Russia ...... 145 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gusev, Russia ...... 149 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, Jordan ...... 151 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Jänisjärvi, Russia ...... 153 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kaluga, Russia ...... 155 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Contents ix

Kamensk, Russia ...... 157 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kara and Ust-Kara, Russia ...... 161 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Karakul, Tajikistan ...... 165 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Karla, Russia ...... 167 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kursk, Russia ...... 169 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Logancha, Russia ...... 171 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Lonar, India ...... 175 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Macha, Russia ...... 179 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Mishina Gora, Russia ...... 183 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Popigai, Russia ...... 185 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Puchezh-Katunki, Russia ...... 189 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ragozinka, Russia ...... 193 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Shunak, Kazakhstan ...... 195 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Sikhote Alin, Russia ...... 199 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Sobolev, Russia ...... 201 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Sterlitamak, Russia ...... 203 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Suavjärvi, Russia ...... 205 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tabun-Khara-Obo, Mongolia ...... 207 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Wabar, Saudi Arabia...... 209 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Xiuyan, China ...... 211 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Zhamanshin, Kazakhstan ...... 215 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli x Contents

Acraman, Australia ...... 219 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Amelia Creek, Australia ...... 225 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Boxhole, Australia ...... 229 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Connolly Basin, Australia ...... 233 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Crawford, Australia ...... 239 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Dalgaranga, Australia ...... 243 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Flaxman, Australia ...... 247 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Foelsche, Australia ...... 251 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Glikson, Australia ...... 255 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Goat Paddock, Australia ...... 259 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gosses Bluff, Australia ...... 261 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Goyder, Australia ...... 265 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Henbury Craters, Australia ...... 267 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kelly West, Australia ...... 273 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Lawn Hill, Australia ...... 277 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Liverpool, Australia ...... 281 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Matt Wilson, Australia ...... 283 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Mount Toondina, Australia ...... 287 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Piccaninny, Australia ...... 291 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Shoemaker, Australia ...... 297 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Spider, Australia ...... 301 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Contents xi

Strangways, Australia ...... 305 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tookoonooka, Australia ...... 309 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Veevers, Australia ...... 311 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Wolfe Creek, Australia ...... 315 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Woodleigh, Australia ...... 319 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Yarrabubba, Australia ...... 323 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Boltysh, Ukraine ...... 325 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Dellen, Sweden ...... 329 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria L. Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Dobele, Latvia ...... 333 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gardnos, Norway ...... 335 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Granby, Sweden ...... 339 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ilumetsä, Estonia ...... 341 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ilyinets, Ukraine ...... 343 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Iso-Naakkima, Finland ...... 347 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kaalijärvi, Estonia ...... 351 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kärdla, Estonia ...... 355 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Karikkoselkä, Finland ...... 359 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Keurusselkä, Finland ...... 365 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Lappajärvi, Finland ...... 369 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Lockne, Sweden ...... 373 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Logoisk, Belarus ...... 375 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli xii Contents

Lumparn, Finland ...... 379 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Mien, Sweden ...... 381 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Mizarai, Lithuania ...... 385 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Mjølnir, Norway ...... 387 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Morasko, Poland ...... 389 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Neugrund, Estonia ...... 393 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Obolon’, Ukraine ...... 395 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Paasselkä, Finland ...... 399 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ries, Germany ...... 403 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ritland, Norway ...... 409 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Rochechouart, France ...... 413 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Rotmistrovka, Ukraine ...... 415 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Sääksjärvi, Finland ...... 417 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Saarijärvi, Finland ...... 419 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Siljan, Sweden ...... 421 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Söderfjärden, Finland ...... 423 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Steinheim, Germany ...... 427 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Suvasvesi N and S, Finland ...... 429 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ternovka, Russia ...... 431 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tvären, Sweden ...... 435 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Vepriaj, Lithuania ...... 439 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Contents xiii

Zapadnaya, Ukraine ...... 441 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Zeleny Gai, Ukraine ...... 445 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ames, USA ...... 447 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Avak, USA ...... 451 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Barringer, USA ...... 455 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Beaverhead, USA ...... 459 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Brent, Canada ...... 461 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Calvin, USA ...... 463 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Carswell, Canada...... 465 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Charlevoix, Canada ...... 469 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Chesapeake Bay, USA ...... 473 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Chicxulub, Mexico ...... 477 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Clearwater Lakes (East and West), Canada ...... 481 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Cloud Creek, USA ...... 485 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Couture, Canada ...... 487 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Crooked Creek, USA ...... 491 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Decaturville, USA ...... 495 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Deep Bay, Canada ...... 499 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Des Plaines, USA ...... 501 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Eagle Butte, Canada ...... 503 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Elbow, Canada ...... 507 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli xiv Contents

Flynn Creek, USA ...... 509 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Glasford, USA ...... 513 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Glover Bluff, USA ...... 515 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gow, Canada ...... 517 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Haughton, Canada ...... 521 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Haviland, USA ...... 525 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Holleford, Canada ...... 527 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ile Rouleau, Canada ...... 531 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kentland, USA ...... 535 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli La Moinerie, Canada ...... 539 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Manicouagan, Canada ...... 543 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Manson, USA ...... 547 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Maple Creek, Canada ...... 551 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Marquez, USA ...... 553 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Middlesboro, USA ...... 557 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Mistastin, Canada ...... 561 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Montagnais, Canada ...... 565 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli New Quebec, Canada ...... 567 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Newporte, USA ...... 571 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Nicholson, Canada ...... 575 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Odessa, USA ...... 579 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Contents xv

Pilot, Canada ...... 583 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Presqu’ile, Canada ...... 587 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Red Wing, USA ...... 591 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Rock Elm, USA ...... 595 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Saint Martin, Canada ...... 599 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Santa Fe, USA ...... 601 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Serpent Mound, USA ...... 605 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Sierra Madera, USA ...... 609 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Slate Islands, Canada ...... 613 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Steen River, Canada ...... 617 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Sudbury, Canada ...... 621 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tunnunik, Canada ...... 625 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Upheaval Dome, USA ...... 629 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Viewfield, Canada ...... 633 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Wanapitei, Canada ...... 635 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Wells Creek, USA ...... 639 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli West Hawk, Canada ...... 643 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Wetumpka, USA ...... 645 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Whitecourt, Canada ...... 649 Enrico Flamini, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Araguainha, Brazil ...... 655 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Campo del Cielo, Argentina ...... 657 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli xvi Contents

Carancas, Perù ...... 659 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Colonia, Brazil ...... 663 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Monturaqui, Chile ...... 665 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Riachao Ring, Brazil ...... 671 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Rio Cuarto, Argentina ...... 677 Stelvio Staffieri, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Serra Da Cangalha, Brazil ...... 681 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Vargeão Dome, Brazil ...... 685 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Vista Alegre, Brazil ...... 689 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli About the Editors

Enrico Flamini graduated in Physics at Sapienza University of Rome in 1977 and after worked as a researcher at CNR and as ESA Research Fellow at the University of Sussex (UK) on hypervelocity impacts applied to planetary cratering. Since 1985 he had a position at the Italian Space Agency (ASI), with different roles including Director of the Observation of the Universe Department and ASI Chief Scientist. He has been Program Manager for the Italian participation in the Cassini-Huygens, Rosetta-Philae, Mars Express, MRO, Dawn, and Juno missions; Chairman of the lander Philae Steering Committee; Mission Science Director for LARES on the Vega maiden flight; and Hemeritus Principal Investigator of the SIMBIO-SYS experiment on BepiColombo. He has also served as Vice-Chair and Chair of the ESA Science Programme Committee. Presently he is Professor of Solar System Exploration at G. D’Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy: Has been awarded with the title of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France and has received the NASA Exceptional Public Service Gold Medal. The International Astronomical Union named an asteroid “18099 Flamini” in recog- nition of his work in Planetary sciences.

Mario Di Martino is an astronomer at the INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Turin. His principal research field is the physical study of asteroids, and he has conducted hypervelocity impact experiments at national facilities and the NASA-AMES Research Center with the aim of studying the craterization of the solid bodies of the Solar System and of simulating the catastrophic impacts that occur among asteroids in the main belt. More recently, his interests have focused on impact phenomena on Earth and on the systematic observation of bright meteors (bolides) to determine the orbits of meteoroids that cause them and to define with precision the fall area of meteorites possibly delivered by the observed bolide. He has orga- nized several scientific expeditions in North Africa, Australia, South America, and Siberia devoted to the study of and search for impact craters. He has published more than 200 articles in international scientific journals. He is a member of the International Astronomical Union, which dedicated the name “Di Martino” to the asteroid 3247.

Alessandro Coletta received his M.Sci. in Physics at University La Sapienza in Rome. He has been the Operative Scientific Manager of the Italian High Energy Astrophysics Mission BeppoSAX (X-ray and Gamma-ray astronomy) and currently he is the Head of Earth Observation at the Italian Space Agency and the Mission Director of the Italian X-band SAR Satellites Constellation COSMO-SkyMed. He was awarded (co-winner) by the American Astronomical Society with the Bruno Rossi Prize 1998 for the Beppo SAX discovery of the X-ray and optical afterglow of the Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) phenomenon, a discovery which made possible the solution of the more than 30 years long-lasting problem of GRB sources distances. He is the author of the first popular book on Gamma-Ray Bursts “Il Secondo Big-Bang” (CUEN, 2000).

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