DOCSLIB.ORG

329248 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..17

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
329248 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..17 Encyclopedic Atlas of Terrestrial Impact Craters Enrico Flamini • Mario Di Martino • Alessandro Coletta Editors Encyclopedic Atlas of Terrestrial Impact Craters 123 Editors Enrico Flamini Mario Di Martino Italian Space Agency Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino—Istituto Rome, Italy Nazionale di Astrofisica Pino Torinese, Italy Alessandro Coletta Italian Space Agency Rome, Italy ISBN 978-3-030-05449-6 ISBN 978-3-030-05451-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05451-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018968390 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Radar image of the Gosses Bluff impact crater central peak (Australia) acquired in spotlight mode in right ascending geometry on 12 January 2010 by COSMO-SkyMed satellite This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Craters on the Earth are traces on the path our planet has followed to come to existence from the early nebula which was filling this corner of the galaxy. Millions of cataclysmic events were necessary about five billions of years ago to form the Earth. We do not have evidences of this part of the Earth history on the surface. However, impacts continued through the Ages and traces of the most recent craters are present over the surface of the Earth. Documenting them through satellite observations provides important information on the genesis of our planet through a very valuable, systematic observational approach. This atlas is unique in its kind. The images are provided by the Italian COSMO-SkyMed SAR constellation, likely the most advanced system in the world in the X band. Radar images were acquired under a uniform spatial resolution, illumination, and operating mode in order to maximize the quality of the resulting archive. These images, when possible, are accompanied by Sentinel optical satellites developed and operated for the European Commission by ESA, providing a most complete cross-check and additional information. Also, craters have their evolution. Their initial shape depends on the impactor kinetic energy, the structure of the ground, and other parameters. They then get slowly erased and sometimes buried by sediments with time in ways which are depending on geology and environmental conditions on a active planet as the Earth. By documenting and localizing almost two hundreds of known craters, this Atlas will be very useful to better understand crater formation and evolution and provides a new research method that may, hopefully, help new crater findings. Getting through these pages, it is then both a scientific experience and an aesthetic experience, which I hope you will fully enjoy. Trento, Italy Prof. Roberto Battiston Professor at the University of Trento v Contents Part I Chapters Impacting Bodies and Post-impact Modification Processes on Earth ........... 3 Enrico Flamini, Stelvio Staffieri, and Mario Di Martino Origin and Classification of Impacting Objects, and their Effects on the Earth Surface ......................................................... 7 Mario Di Martino, Enrico Flamini, and Stelvio Staffieri Impact Cratering .................................................. 19 Mario Di Martino, Enrico Flamini, and Stelvio Staffieri The Planet Earth: A Review of the Influence of Cratering on the Geological Evolution of our Planet ............................................. 29 Karen McBride Observation from Space: SAR Systems ................................. 41 Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Observation from Space: Optical Systems ............................... 51 Bianca Hoersch, Fabrizio Ramoino, Ferran Gascon, and Yves-Louis Desnos Part II Terrestrial Impact Craters List Amguid, Algeria .................................................. 61 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Aorounga, Chad .................................................. 65 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Aouelloul, Mauritania .............................................. 69 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli BP Structure, Libya ................................................ 73 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Bosumtwi, Ghana ................................................. 77 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gweni-Fada, Chad ................................................. 81 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kalkkop, South Africa .............................................. 85 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kamil, Egypt ..................................................... 89 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli vii viii Contents Kgagodi, Botswana ................................................ 91 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Luizi, Democratic Republic of Congo .................................. 93 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Morokweng, South Africa ........................................... 97 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Oasis, Libya ...................................................... 101 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Ouarkziz, Algeria ................................................. 105 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Roter Kamm, Namibia ............................................. 109 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Talemzane, Algeria ................................................ 113 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tenoumer, Mauritania .............................................. 117 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tin Bider, Algeria ................................................. 121 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Tswaing, South Africa .............................................. 125 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Vredefort, South Africa ............................................. 129 Mario Di Martino, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Beyenchime-Salaatin, Russia ......................................... 133 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Bigach, Kazakhstan ................................................ 135 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Chiyli, Kazakhstan ................................................ 137 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Chukcha, Russia .................................................. 139 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Dhala, India ...................................................... 141 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli El’gygytgyn, Russia ................................................ 145 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Gusev, Russia .................................................... 149 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, Jordan ....................................... 151 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Jänisjärvi, Russia .................................................. 153 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Kaluga, Russia .................................................... 155 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere, and Maria Virelli Contents ix Kamensk, Russia .................................................. 157 Goro Komatsu, Alessandro Coletta, Maria Libera Battagliere,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Terrestrial Impact Structures Provide the Only Ground Truth Against Which Computational and Experimental Results Can Be Com­ Pared
    Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1987. 15:245-70 Copyright([;; /987 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved TERRESTRIAL IMI!ACT STRUCTURES ··- Richard A. F. Grieve Geophysics Division, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OY3, Canada INTRODUCTION Impact structures are the dominant landform on planets that have retained portions of their earliest crust. The present surface of the Earth, however, has comparatively few recognized impact structures. This is due to its relative youthfulness and the dynamic nature of the terrestrial geosphere, both of which serve to obscure and remove the impact record. Although not generally viewed as an important terrestrial (as opposed to planetary) geologic process, the role of impact in Earth evolution is now receiving mounting consideration. For example, large-scale impact events may hav~~ been responsible for such phenomena as the formation of the Earth's moon and certain mass extinctions in the biologic record. The importance of the terrestrial impact record is greater than the relatively small number of known structures would indicate. Impact is a highly transient, high-energy event. It is inherently difficult to study through experimentation because of the problem of scale. In addition, sophisticated finite-element code calculations of impact cratering are gen­ erally limited to relatively early-time phenomena as a result of high com­ putational costs. Terrestrial impact structures provide the only ground truth against which computational and experimental results can be com­ pared. These structures provide information on aspects of the third dimen­ sion, the pre- and postimpact distribution of target lithologies, and the nature of the lithologic and mineralogic changes produced by the passage of a shock wave.
    [Show full text]
  • Adventists and Genesis
    Adventists And Genesis The Primary Time Theory Refuted By Paul Nethercott 2008 Three Angels Website www.CreationismOnline.com 1 Biblical Creationism Genesis 1:1 Genesis 2:3 The Literal Week 168 Hours 4,000 BC 4,000 BC 2 SDA Bible Commentary, Volume 1, Page 218, 1978. The Primary Time Theory Genesis 1:1 Genesis 1:3 Genesis 2:3 Primary Time Creation Week 4,500 Million Years 168 Hours? 4,500,000,000 BC 4,000 BC 4,000 BC Invented By Jehovah’s Witnesses The New Creation, 1904, Pastor Charles Russell, page 18,19. “Creation,” 1927, Judge Rutherford, Page 14, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 45 Evolution Or By Creation?, Chapter 3, 1985 Edition Evolution Or Creation, 1985, Page 26 All Scripture Inspired, 1990, Page 14 Aid To Bible Understanding, Page 476 Reasoning From The Scriptures, 1989, Page 88 3 Awake!, May 8, 1997, page 12 The Watchtower, April 1, 1986, pages 12-13 Awake!, March 22, 1983, pages 12-13 Awake, September 2006, Pages 3, 18, 19, 20, 28 4 Primary Time Diagram G Geological Creation Biological Creation Rest Days Rest Days Light Day And Night Plants Snow, Continental Drift, Rivers Dry Land, Volcanoes, Glaciers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mountains, Erosion, Rain Volcanic Ash, Meteor Craters Sun, Work Days Solar System 4,500,000,000 BC 4,0005 BC 4,000 BC Invented By Jehovah’s Witnesses The Creation Week Genesis 1:1 Genesis 1:3 Genesis 2:3 5,000 Million Years Ago 6,000 Years Ago Geological Creation Biological Creation Light Land Day 1 Day And Night Plants Snow, Continental Drift, Rivers Dry Land, Volcanoes, Glaciers Day 3 Day 2 Day 3 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Mountains,
    [Show full text]
  • A PROTEROZOIC 40Ar/39Ar AGE for the SUVASVESI SOUTH STRUCTURE (FINLAND)
    72nd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2009) 5076.pdf A PROTEROZOIC 40Ar/39Ar AGE FOR THE SUVASVESI SOUTH STRUCTURE (FINLAND). E. Buchner1, M. Schmieder1, W. H. Schwarz2, M. Trieloff2, J. Moilanen3, T. Öhman4 and H. Stehlik5. 1Institut für Planetologie, Universität Stuttgart, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany. Email: [email protected]. 2Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg. 3Pinkelikatu 6 B 48, FI-90520 Oulu, Finland. 4Department of Geosciences, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. 5Hagedornweg 2/2/12, A-1220 Vienna, Austria Introduction: The Suvasvesi North (diameter ~3.5 km) and South (diameter ~4.0 km) structures [1-3] in Finland are thought to represent a double impact crater system, similar to the Clearwater lakes in Canada [4]. As no isotopic data have so far been available, only the age of the ~1.88 Ga Paleoproterozoic (and some ~2.7 Ga Archean) crystalline target rocks of the Baltic Shield [1] is cited as the maximum impact age. Paleomagnetic data suggested either a Permo-Triassic (~230-280 Ma) or a Neoproterozoic (770-790 Ma) age for the Suvasvesi North impact structure [4,5]. We here present the first 40Ar/39Ar age for the Suvasvesi South structure. Samples and analytical procedure: Clast-poor particles of impact melt rock (87.1 mg) recovered by one of the authors (J. M.) from the Mannamäki area were chosen for 40Ar/39Ar dat- ing at the University of Heidelberg [6,7]. Results and interpretation: 40Ar/39Ar step-heating analysis yielded no plateau within a perturbed, hump-shaped [8] age spectrum with younger apparent ages (~100-450 Ma) within the low-temperature (T) heating steps (~13% of 39Ar released), older apparent ages (~820 Ma) in the mid-T fractions (~47% of 39Ar), and intermediate apparent ages (~715-710) Ma in the four final high-T steps (~40% of 39Ar).
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Page
    Contents Page Adventists and Genesis The Primary Time Theory Refuted By Paul Nethercott 2008 Contents Introduction Jehovah Witness Viewpoint Seventh Day Adventist Viewpoint The Age Of the Earth Is the Age Of Mankind Scientific Contradictions To The Book Of Genesis No Gap Between Genesis 1:1 and 1:3 Radioactive Dating Is Whole Rock Dating Radioactive Dating And Fossil Ages Radioactive Dating Of ‘Pre‐Cambrian’ Rocks Genesis Versus Radio‐Active Dating Chronology Controversy Over Radiometric Dating Methods The Days Of Creation Are Literal 24 Hour Days Ellen G. Whites Comments Gunter Faure Brent Dalrymple History Of Modern Creationism The Biblical Account Of Origins In the Beginning Where Did the Light on the First Day Come From? Light On The First Day Of Creation Loma Linda University Conclusions References www.CreationOnTheWeb.org Adventists And Genesis 1 Introduction The Men Behind The Idea The Founders Of The Primary Time Theory Pastor Russell Judge Rutherford Nathan Homer Knorr Jehovah’s Witnesses The Bible does not say how long a period elapsed between the beginning when God created the heaven and the earth, and the Jehovah’s Witnesses beginning of the creative week used in perfecting it for man: nor do Long before the beginning of those Jehovah’s Witnesses geologists agree amongst seven days the molten mass had “In the beginning God created the heavens and the themselves as to the period of this thrown off great quantities of mineral interval‐‐a few extremists indulge in Earth.” (Genesis 1:1) Just how long ago the starry substances in vapor form, and these heavens and the earth were created is not stated In wild speculations of millions of had formed into rings around the years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tennessee Meteorite Impact Sites and Changing Perspectives on Impact Cratering
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND THE TENNESSEE METEORITE IMPACT SITES AND CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON IMPACT CRATERING A dissertation submitted by Janaruth Harling Ford B.A. Cum Laude (Vanderbilt University), M. Astron. (University of Western Sydney) For the award of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ABSTRACT Terrestrial impact structures offer astronomers and geologists opportunities to study the impact cratering process. Tennessee has four structures of interest. Information gained over the last century and a half concerning these sites is scattered throughout astronomical, geological and other specialized scientific journals, books, and literature, some of which are elusive. Gathering and compiling this widely- spread information into one historical document benefits the scientific community in general. The Wells Creek Structure is a proven impact site, and has been referred to as the ‘syntype’ cryptoexplosion structure for the United State. It was the first impact structure in the United States in which shatter cones were identified and was probably the subject of the first detailed geological report on a cryptoexplosive structure in the United States. The Wells Creek Structure displays bilateral symmetry, and three smaller ‘craters’ lie to the north of the main Wells Creek structure along its axis of symmetry. The question remains as to whether or not these structures have a common origin with the Wells Creek structure. The Flynn Creek Structure, another proven impact site, was first mentioned as a site of disturbance in Safford’s 1869 report on the geology of Tennessee. It has been noted as the terrestrial feature that bears the closest resemblance to a typical lunar crater, even though it is the probable result of a shallow marine impact.
    [Show full text]
  • The Uweinat Area Contains Three Different
    Chapter 8 CRATER FORMS IN THE UWEINAT REGION FAROUK EL-BAZ National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 29560 BAHAY ISSAWI Geological Survey of Egypt Abbasia, Cairo Egypt ABSTRACT The Uweinat area contains three different varieties of avater forms^ rtamely: 1} two, mutti-ringed impact structures in southeast Libya, including the Oasis astrobleme and the BP structure, and two other aimters of possible impact origin; 2} simple, breached, and complex volcanic craters northeast .of Gebel Uweinat^ some of which nay he maars and other aryptoexptosion structures; and 3) a complex of large ciraular, shallow depressions east of Gebel Kissu in north- west Sudan, Because the number and variety of crater forms in the Uweinat area is unique, additional photogeot ogic interpretations are required based on computer-enhanced Landeat images or high resolution photographs from the Shuttle. These interpretations will allow detailed correla- tions of crater forms in this region with similar features on planetary bodies such as the Moon, Mars and Mercury. INTRODUCTION The eastern part of the Sahara where the borders of Egypt, Libya and Sudan meet is underlain by a Précambrien complex of metamorphlc and intrusive rocks (Sandford, 1935c; Said, 1962 ; and Pesce, 1968). This complex is one of many that cropout in the middle of the Sahara, separating it into northern and southern parts. This "Oweinat series" (Hume, 1934, p. 55) of metamorphics is intruded by granites with subordinate rhyolites, which are believed to be of post- Carboniferous age (Pesce, 1968, p, 62). Four major intrusions average approximately 20 km in diameter including the mountains known as Gebel Babein, El-Bahri, Arkenu, and Uweinat (Fig, 8.1), The Precambrian rocks are surrounded by hard quartzitic sand- stones with highly consolidated conglomerate and syenite porphyry sheets, which are Interbedded with sandstones, phonolites and trachyte sills, all of Paleozoic age (Issawi, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Influence of Meteorite Impact Events on Global Potassium Feldspar Availability to the Atmosphere Since 600 Ma
    Research article Journal of the Geological Society Published online November 27, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-084 | Vol. 176 | 2019 | pp. 209–224 Evaluating the influence of meteorite impact events on global potassium feldspar availability to the atmosphere since 600 Ma B. C. Coldwell1,2 & M. J. Pankhurst1,2,3,4,5* 1 Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain 2 Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), Calle Álvaro Martín Díaz 1, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain 3 School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PJ, UK 4 Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK 5 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK B.C.C., 0000-0001-9240-6240; M.J.P., 0000-0001-6844-9822 * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Potassium feldspar present in global mineral aerosol (<5%) plays a disproportionate role in modulating the microphysics of mixed-phase cloud. Via exceptional ice nucleation properties, it is capable of changing cloud properties and behaviour. Here we identify times of substantial and abrupt change in the global availability of potassium feldspar since 600 Ma. Normally, weathering and vegetation cover contribute to low availability, with clay dominating mineral aerosol. Periods of maximum availability are reasoned to follow the emplacement and remobilization of ejecta blankets from major meteorite impact events, before returning to background after some hundreds to thousands of years. We review the 44 largest confirmed craters and evaluate the potassium feldspar content of their target rocks, which range from c.
    [Show full text]
  • Shatter Cone and Microscopic Shock-Alteration Evidence for a Post-Paleoproterozoic Terrestrial Impact Structure Near Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 270 (2008) 290–299 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Shatter cone and microscopic shock-alteration evidence for a post-Paleoproterozoic terrestrial impact structure near Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA Siobhan P. Fackelman a, Jared R. Morrow b,⁎, Christian Koeberl c, Thornton H. McElvain d a Earth Sciences Department, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA b Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA c Department of Lithospheric Studies, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria d 111 Lovato Lane, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Field mapping, morphologic description, and petrographic analysis of recently discovered shatter cones Received 7 January 2008 within Paleoproterozoic crystalline rocks exposed over an area N5km2, located ∼8 km northeast of Santa Fe, Received in revised form 19 March 2008 New Mexico, USA, give robust evidence of a previously unrecognized terrestrial impact structure. Herein, we Accepted 20 March 2008 provisionally name this the “Santa Fe impact structure”. The shatter cones are composed of nested sub- Available online 7 April 2008 conical, curviplanar, and flat joint surfaces bearing abundant curved and bifurcating striations that strongly Editor: R.W. Carlson resemble the multiply striated joint surfaces (MSJS) documented from shatter cones at Vredefort dome. The cones occur as a penetrative feature in intrusive igneous and supracrustal metamorphic rocks, are unusually Keywords: large (up to 2 m long and 0.5 m wide at the base), display upward-pointing apices, and have subvertical, shatter cones northeastward-plunging axes that crosscut regional host-rock fabrics.
    [Show full text]
  • IMPACTS II: TERRESTRIAL CRATERS 6:00 P.M
    42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011) sess321.pdf Tuesday, March 8, 2011 POSTER SESSION I: IMPACTS II: TERRESTRIAL CRATERS 6:00 p.m. Town Center Exhibit Area Watt N. Bouchet R. Lee C.-T. A. Exploration of Tektite Formation Processes Through Water and Metal Content Measurements [#1109] To better explore the effects of impacts on surface materials, we measured the compositions of tektites from Vietnam. While zinc/lead ratios were linearly correlated, there was no correlation between water content and zinc or lead contents. Craig M. A. Osinski G. R. Flemming R. L. Cloutis E. A. Spectral Identification of Impact Glasses Via NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy [#2411] Impact glasses from Haughton and other known impact sites possess what appears to be a unique NIR spectral feature that may be indicative of their impact origin. As such, it is possible that impact glasses may be identified via the use of reflectance spectroscopy alone. Osinski G. R. Tornabene L. L. Grieve R. A. F. Impact Ejecta Emplacement on Terrestrial Planets [#1866] Current models of ejecta emplacement do not account for several important observations of planetary ejecta deposits; in particular, the presence of double or multiple layers of ejecta. Here, we present a new working model in which ejecta is emplaced in a multi-stage process. Chanou A. Osinski G. R. Grieve R. A. F. Ames D. E. Quantitative Digital Image Analysis of Impact Melt-Bearing Breccias (“Suevites”) [#2164] Preliminary quantitative digital image analysis of ‘suevites’ with minimal manual intervention. Parameters including modal abundances of ‘suevite’ components were measured after particles of interest were segmented and analyzed using ImageJ software.
    [Show full text]
  • African Meteorite Impact Craters: Characteristics and Geological Importance
    Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 263-295, 1994 Pergamon Copyright © 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0899-5362/94 $7.00 + 0.00 0899-5362(94)00044-1 African meteorite impact craters: characteristics and geological importance CHRISTIAN KOEBERLt~ 1Institute of Geochemistry, University of Vienna, Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring 1, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. 2Economic Geology Research Unit, Depa~ i.ment of Geology, University of the Witwatemmnd,Johannesburg 2050, South Africa. (Received 26 October 1993 : accepted 12 May 1994) Abslzact - Geologists have realized that impact cratering is the single most important surface-forming and modifying process for the other terrestrial planets and the satellites of all planets. The recognition of impact cratering as an important geological process on earth has been rather slow. However, geologists are now realizing that giant impacts have had a determining influence on the geological and biological evolution of our planet. The study of impact craters allows important conclusions, not only about the origin mid history of our solar system and its planets, but also about a fundamentally important geological process. In addition, impact craters may have a definite economic importance as some craters have been shown to contain important mineral or oil deposits. F'dtesn meteorite impact craters have so far been identified on the African continent:. Amguid (Algeria), Aomunga (Chad), Aouelloul (Mauritania), B.P. (Libya), Bosumtwi (Ghana), Highbury (Zimbabwe), Kalkkop (South Africa), Oasis (Libya), Ouarkziz (Algeria), Roter Kamm (Namibia), Saitpan (South Africa), Talemzane (Algeria), Tenoumer (Mauritania), T'm Bider (Algeria), and V~:lefort (South Africa).
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Contradictions to the Book of Genesis
    Scientific Contradictions To The Book Of Genesis www.CreationismOnline.com How Old Are Moon Rocks? According to Genesis 1:14-19 the Moon was made on day 4 of the creation week. According to radiometric dating methods the Moon is: Thorium - Lead Dating = 4.87 to 28.14 Billion Years Old. Uranium-Lead Dating = 5.06 to 10.28 Billion Years Old. Lead - Lead Dating = 5 Billion Years Old. Potassium-Argon Dating = 2.1 to 17 Billion Years Old. Earth And Planetary Science Letters, Volume 14, 1972, Page 281 – 304 The Moon was made on day 4 of the creation week. According to current consensus the Moon is about 5 Thousand Million years old. Science, Volume 167, January 30th, 1970, Page 461-483. Earth And Planetary Science Letters, Volume 14, 1972, Page 169-175, 281 - 304. Clyde Webster states that the Solar System is 4,500 million years old: “Is it possible that the beginning for the consolidation of our Solar System within the universe could have been 4,500 million years ago? Does that impact on scripture? If I understand scripture properly, I have to come back and say NO.”. Record, “A Scientist Talks About Creation”, March 11, 1995, Page 6-9. In an earlier book he states that the Solar System is only 6,000 years old: “These objections can be overcome if we interpret the fourth day of the creation week as addressing only our Solar System and not the entire Universe.” The Earth: Origins And Early History, Dr. Clyde Webster, North American Division Press, 1981, Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geological Record of Meteorite Impacts
    THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD OF METEORITE IMPACTS Gordon R. Osinski Canadian Space Agency, 6767 Route de l'Aeroport, St-Hubert, QC J3Y 8Y9 Canada, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT 2. FORMATION OF METEORITE IMPACT STRUCTURES Meteorite impact structures are found on all planetary bodies in the Solar System with a solid The formation of hypervelocity impact craters has surface. On the Moon, Mercury, and much of Mars, been divided, somewhat arbitrarily, into three main impact craters are the dominant landform. On Earth, stages [3] (Fig. 2): (1) contact and compression, (2) 174 impact sites have been recognized, with several excavation, and (3) modification. A further stage of more new craters being discovered each year. The “hydrothermal and chemical alteration” is also terrestrial impact cratering record is critical for our considered as a separate, final stage in the cratering understanding of impacts as it currently provides the process (e.g., [4]), and is also described below. only ground-truth data on which to base interpretations of the cratering record of other planets and moons. In this contribution, I summarize the processes and products of impact cratering and provide and an up-to-date assessment of the geological record of meteorite impacts. 1. INTRODUCTION It is now widely recognized that impact cratering is a ubiquitous geological process that affects all planetary objects with a solid surface (e.g., [1]). One only has to look up on a clear night to see that impact structures are the dominant landform on the Moon. The same can be said of all the rocky and icy bodies in the solar system that have retained portions of their earliest crust.
    [Show full text]