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PRIRODNI HAZARD 2019 Udari Asteroida I Kometa

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PRIRODNI HAZARD 2019 Udari Asteroida I Kometa PRIRODNI HAZARD 2019 Udari asteroida i kometa dr Boris Vakanjac Arizona Crater, 40 000 star godina, prečnik 1200m, dubina 170m, Nastao udarcem meteorita od gvožđa, prečnika od oko 50m, težine nekoliko stotina hiljada tona, sa brzinom od 12,8 km/sec. flickr/Mouser NerdBot https://www.touropia.com/impact-craters-on-earth/ Udar asteroida, komete ili meteorida https://www.scienceabc.com/wp- https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/images/largesize content/uploads/2016/07/moon-craters.jpg /PIA13664_hires.jpg Udar asteroida, komete ili meteorida • Udar nebeskog tela je sudar između astronomskih objekata koji izazivaju merljive efekte. Imaju fizičke posledice i za njih je utvrđeno da se redovno dešavaju u planetarnim sistemima i najčešće ih uzrokuju asteroidi, komete ili meteoroidi. Kada veliki objekti udare u planete poput Zemlje, dešavaju se značajne fizičke i biosferske posledice, mada atmosfera ublažava mnoge površinske uticaje ulaskom objekta u atmosferu. Krateri i strukture udara dominantni su oblici tla na mnogim čvrstim objektima Sunčevog sistema i predstavljaju najjače empirijske dokaze za njihovu učestalost i dimenzije. Marg Gilks; Paula Fleming & Moira Allen (2003). "Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas". WritingWorld.com http://www.meteorimpactonearth.com/Images/Impact%20cratering_Figure01_v05-01-2011.JPG Udar asteroida, komete ili meteorida • Mala tela Sunčevog sistema su asteroidi (planetoidi), komete, meteoriti i meteori, sitna razdrobljena materija koja pluta međuplanetarnim prostorom. Među prirodnim (planetskim) satelitima ima i tela koja po fizičkim svojstvima pripadaju redu malih tela. Zanimanje za asteroide obnovljeno je nedavno. Saznale su se nove činjenice o njihovom fizičkom stanju i naslučene su neposredne veze s ostalim malim nebeskim telima. Znatan napor je uložen na povezivanju kometa s asteroidima, asteroida s meteorima, meteora s meteoritima. Uporedna hemijsko - mineraloška ispitivanja meteorita i asteorida, jednih u laboratoriji, drugih na razdaljini uz pomoć optičkih metoda, dovela su do zaključka da su meteoriti povezani s asteroidima. Meteoriti su direktni ostaci pojedinih asteroida. Istovremeno, meteoriti namaju ništa fizički zajedničko s meteorskim rojevima. Meteore i meteorite potrebno je pažljivo razdvojiti, ne obazirući se na jezičku sličnost i sličnost pojave na delu puta kroz atmosferu. „What is the difference between an asteroid and a comet?”. Cool Cosmos. Infrared Processing and Analysis Center. Rubin, Alan E.; Grossman, Jeffrey N. (2010). „Meteorite and meteoroid: new comprehensive definitions”. Meteoritics and Planetary Science. „What is the difference between asteroids and meteorites?”. Universe Today: Space and Astronomy News. Universe Today Asteroidi parsek.com.ua apod.nasa.gov sliceofscifi.com Asteroidi • Asteroidi ili planetoidi su mala čvrsta tela u planetarnim sistemima. U poređenju s planetama i patuljastim planetama, manji su i najčešće nepravilnog oblika. Nastali su od ostataka protoplanetarne materije koja se nije pripojila planetama za vreme formiranja sistema iz protoplanetarnog diska ili kasnije dinamičkom evolucijom kometa ili nekih drugih objekata. Najčešće kruže oko matične zvezde vlastitom putanjom ili kao sateliti većih planeta. Neke od njih nalazimo vezane gravitacionim silama uz planete, u grupama koje orbitiraju u putanji planeta, ispred ili iza. Iako se do nedavno mislilo drugačije, otkriveno je da asteroidi mogu imati vlastite satelite. • Većina asteroida u Sunčevom sistemu nalazi se u asteroidnom pojasu između Marsa i Jupitera, te u Kajperovom pojasu. Do sada ih je otkriveno preko 170.000, a preko 11.000 ih je dobilo vlastita imena, pored kataloškog broja. Procenjuje se da bi ih u našem sistemu moglo biti nekoliko miliona. • U početku su asteroidi bili podeljeni u tri grupe prema sastavu površinskog materijala, odnosno svojstvima površine: boji, albedu (koeficijentu refleksije) i spektralnom tipu. Broj grupa u ovoj podeli raste s otkrićima novih asteroida i trenutno ih ima 14. https://sites.google.com/site/suncevsistem01/home/asteroidi-1 Asteroidi • U početku su asteroidi bili podeljeni u tri grupe prema sastavu površinskog materijala, odnosno svojstvima površine: boji, albedu (koeficijentu refleksije) i spektralnom tipu. Broj grupa u ovoj podeli raste s otkrićima novih asteroida i trenutno ih ima 14. • Osnovne tri grupe su: • C-tip: karbonatni asteroidi - 75% poznatih asteroida pripada ovoj grupi. Albedo im je 0,03. • S-tip: silikatni asteroidi - 17% asteroida. Albedo im iznosi 0,1 - 0,22. • M-tip: metalni asteroidi - većina preostalih asteroida. Albedo 0,1 - 0,18. • Albedo je broj koji pokazuje koliko se svetlosti reflektuje s površine nekog tela, odnos odražene svetlosti prema svetlosti koja je pala na telo. https://sites.google.com/site/suncevsistem01/home/asteroidi-1 Prvi ili ur - minerali • Dijamant je verovatno bio prvi mineral koji se formirao. Sledili su grafit C; oksidi: rutil - TiO2, korund - Al2O3, spinel - MgAl2O4, hibonit - ((Ca,Ce)(Al,Ti,Mg)12O19); karbidi: moisanit - SiC , nitridi: osbornit – TiN silicijum nitrid i silikati: forsterit - Mg2SiO4 i silikatni perovskit (MgSiO3)). Ovi "ur-minerali" zsu postojali u molekularnim oblacima iz kojih je stvoren Sunčev sistem. Hazen, R. M. (25 November 2013). "Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: A preliminary species list". American Journal of Science. 313 (9): 807–843. Bibcode:2013AmJS..313..807H. doi:10.2475/09.2013.01. Wei-Haas, Maya. "Life and Rocks May Have Co-Evolved on Earth". Smithsonian. Retrieved 26 September 2017. Prvi ili ur - minerali Cometary-type interplanetary dust particle collected by NASA aircraft. Image credit: Hope Ishii, University of Hawaii at Manoa http://www.sci-news.com/space/interplanetary-particles-presolar-dust-06094.html Prvi ili ur - minerali This energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry map of tiny glassy grains (blue with green specks) inside a cometary-type interplanetary dust particle was produced using the FEI TitanX microscope at Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry; carbonaceous material (red) holds these objects together. Image credit: Hope Ishii / University of Hawaii at Manoa / Berkeley Lab. http://www.sci-news.com/space/interplanetary-particles-presolar-dust-06094.html Asteroidi NASA/JPL-Caltech - https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/asteroid/20180723/main-animation-16.gif Known Near-Earth objects – as of January 2018 Video (0:55; July 23, 2018) Komete • Kometa je nebesko telo koje se nalazi u putanji oko Sunca. Komete se sastoje od prašine, smrznutih gasova, kamena i leda. Orbite kometa se stalno menjaju: originalno su bile u spoljnom Sunčevom sistemu i sklone su poremećajima prilikom bliskih prolazaka pored velikih planeta. Neke od njih prilaze blizu Suncu i isparavaju, dok neke bivaju zauvek izbačene iz njega. Karakteriše ih iznenadna pojava na nebu i rep koji višestruko nadmašuje dimenzije samog jezgra komete. • Reč “kometa” je nastala od latinske reči cometes. Od grčke reči komē, koja znači “kosa na glavi”, Aristotel je prvi izveo comētēs da opiše komete kao zvezde sa kosom. • Komete su jedan od mogućih izvora vode na Zemlji. • Jezgra kometa su među najtamnijim poznatim objektima u Sunčevom sistemu. Na primer, jezgro Halejeve komete ima albedo od oko 4% (kao komparacija, albedo asfalta je 7%). 1996. godine se otkrilo da komete emituju X-zrake, što je bilo iznenađujuće jer x-zraci imaju veliku energiju. Veruje se da X-zraci na kometama nastaju usled interakcije između komete i solarnog vetra: kada visoko naelektrisani joni lete kroz kometinu atmosferu, sudaraju se sa atomima i molekulima iz komete. Prilikom ovih sudara joni će apsorbovati jedan ili više elektrona što dovodi do emitovanja X-zraka i ultraljubičastog zračenja. https://sites.google.com/site/suncevsistem01/home/komete Compass and Scale Image for Comet Komete C/2013 A1 Siding Spring (3 Epochs) https://hubblesite.org/uploads/image_file/image_attachment/25618/compass_large_web.jpg Komete • Od Halejevog vremena astronomi su komete podelili u dve grupe prema periodu orbite, vremenu potrebnom da kometa pređe celu orbitu oko Sunca (što je direktno povezano sa srednjim rastojanjem od Sunca). Dugoperiodične komete, kao recimo Hjakutake ili Hejl-Bop, imaju orbitalne periode duže od 200 godina. Nasuprot njima, kratkoperiodične komete, imaju periode orbita kraće od 200 godina. U prošloj deceniji astronomi su kratkoperiodične komete podelili u dve podgrupe: komete Jupiterove familije, kao recimo Enkeova kometa ili Tempel 2, koje imaju periode kraće od 20 godina, i komete Halejevog tipa, ili srednje-periodične komete, sa periodima od 20 do 200 godina. • Kao rezultat oticanja gasova i prašine sa površine, kometa ostavlja veliki broj malih meteorida (najčešće veličine čestice prašine) za sobom. Ako putanja komete preseca Zemljinu putanju, tada se u preseku putanja javlja meteorski roj kako Zemlja prolazi kroz kometin meteoridski potok. Perseidi se javljaju u avgustu kada Zemlja preseca putanju komete Svift-Tatl. Halejeva kometa je izvor Orionida u oktobru i Eta Akvarida u maju. https://sites.google.com/site/suncevsistem01/home/komete Komete -1-Unutrašnja (molekularna, hemijska i fotohemijska) koma. Ovde se odvijaju najintenzivniji fizikohemijski procesi. -2-Vidljiva koma (koma radikala). -3-ultraljubičasta (atomska) koma. U svetlim kometama formira se rep pri približavanju Suncu - ovo je slaba svetlosna traka, koja je posledica solarnog vetra najčešće usmerena u suprotnom smeru od Sunca. https://infuture.ru/article/11674https://infuture.ru/article/11674 Komete • Za dugoperiodične komete se veruje da potiču iz Ortovog oblaka
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