Assessment of Colorado's Wilderness Areas
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Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2011 Assessment of Colorado’s Wilderness Areas: Manager Perceptions and Remoteness Modeling Gary D. Vaughn Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Vaughn, Gary D., "Assessment of Colorado’s Wilderness Areas: Manager Perceptions and Remoteness Modeling" (2011). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1096. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1096 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ASSESSMENT OF COLORADO’S WILDERNESS AREAS: MANAGER PERCEPTIONS AND REMOTENESS MODELING by Gary D. Vaughn A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Recreation Resource Management Approved: ________________________ ________________________ Dr. Christopher A. Monz Dr. Mark W. Brunson Major Professor Committee Member ________________________ ________________________ Dr. Christopher M. U. Neale Dr. Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2011 ii Copyright © Gary D. Vaughn 2011 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Assessment of Colorado’s Wilderness Areas: Manager Perceptions and Remoteness Modeling by Gary D. Vaughn, Master of Science Utah State University, 2011 Major Professor: Dr. Christopher Monz Department: Environment & Society This study assessed visitor use levels and resource and social conditions in wilderness areas across the State of Colorado using existing and collected spatial data. This is the first attempt to spatially assess wilderness conditions at the state level. A state- wide assessment of wilderness conditions allows local and regional managers to make informed regional decisions and to prioritize and direct their time and energy efficiently. This assessment clarifies the recreational use and impacts across the state. This study consists of two projects: 1) managers’ perceptions of the location and extent of resource and social condition problems; and 2) a geographic information system (GIS) model of remoteness across the State of Colorado and for each wilderness area. (186 pages) iv PUBLIC ABSTRACT Assessment of Colorado’s Wilderness Areas: Manager Perceptions and Remoteness Modeling by Gary D. Vaughn, Master of Science Utah State University, 2011 Major Professor: Dr. Christopher Monz Department: Environment & Society This study assessed visitor use levels and resource and social conditions in wilderness areas across the State of Colorado using existing and collected spatial data. This is the first attempt to spatially assess wilderness conditions at the state level. A state- wide assessment of wilderness conditions allows local and regional managers to make informed regional decisions and to prioritize and direct their time and energy efficiently. This assessment clarifies the recreational use and impacts across the state. This study consists of two projects: 1) managers’ perceptions of the location and extent of resource and social condition problems; and 2) a geographic information system (GIS) model of remoteness across the State of Colorado and for each wilderness area. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. David Cole of the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute and Ralph Swain of the USDA Forest Service for providing funding for this project. I would especially like to thank the USDA Forest Service wilderness managers, rangers, and geographic information systems specialists that took time out of their busy summer schedules to contribute to the success of this project. The remoteness model portion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support of the Utah State University Remote Sensing/Geographic Information Systems Laboratory. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Christopher Monz, Mark Brunson, and Christopher Neale, for their support and assistance throughout the entire process. I give special thanks to my major professor, Dr. Christopher Monz, my family, friends, and colleagues for their encouragement, moral support, and patience as I worked my way from the initial proposal writing to this final document. I could not have completed my thesis dissertation without all of you. Gary D. Vaughn vi CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND WILDERNESS RECREATION ...............1 1.2 WILDERNESS ..................................................................................................2 1.3 WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT ....................................................................3 1.4 SPATIAL ASPECTS OF WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT ...........................4 1.4.1 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum ...............................................................4 1.4.2 Wilderness Perception Mapping ..................................................................6 1.4.3 Recreation Terrain Suitability Index ............................................................9 1.4.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................11 1.5 REGIONAL WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT .............................................13 1.6 SPATIAL ASPECTS OF REGIONAL WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT ...15 1.6.1 Participatory Mapping ...............................................................................16 1.6.2 Remoteness Modeling ................................................................................17 1.7 PROJECT GOALS ..........................................................................................20 1.8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................22 2 ASSESSMENT OF COLORADO’S WILDERNESS AREAS USING USDA FOREST SERVICE MANAGER PERCEPTIONS ....................................................28 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................28 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .....................................................................31 2.2.1 Identification of locations where standards are exceeded ..........................31 vii 2.2.2 Peak daily summer on-trail visitor use levels ............................................34 2.2.3 Spatial Data Integration .............................................................................35 2.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................36 2.3.1 Identification of locations where standards are exceeded ..........................36 2.3.2 Peak daily summer on-trail visitor use levels ............................................38 2.3.3 Spatial data integration ..............................................................................42 2.4 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS .........................................................44 2.5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................47 3 ASSESSMENT OF COLORADO’S WILDERNESS AREAS USING REMOTENESS MODELING .....................................................................................50 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................50 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY .........................................................54 3.2.1 Determination and Calculation of Distance Decay Weights for Features .54 3.2.2 Calculation of Time to Travel Across Digital Elevation Model ................54 3.2.3 Development of Remoteness Model ..........................................................57 3.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................57 3.4 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS .........................................................60 3.5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................61 4 OVERALL DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................64 4.1 CONNECTING VISITOR USE TO REMOTENESS .....................................64 4.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR LOCAL WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT ..............64 4.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT .......67 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................68 APPENDIX A: Campsite Monitoring Inventory ........................................................69 APPENDIX B: Identified Locations where Standards are Exceeded .........................79