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Berlin Geographical Papers 43 43 Vol. 42 KREUTZMANN, H. (ed.) (2013): Preservation of Built Environment and its Impacts on Community Utilisation and Management of Development in Gilgit-Baltistan Natural Resources in Kyrgyzstan Vol. 41 ENZNER, M. (2013): Carpenters of Chiniot, Pakistan. The Social Economy of Woodcraft and Furniture Production Vol. 40 SPIES, M. (2011): Deconstructing Flood Risks. A Livelihoods and Vulnerability Analysis in Jakarta, Dörre & Schütte (eds.) Indonesia Vol. 39 KRECZI, F. (2011): Vulnerabilities in the Eastern Pamir Vol. 38 KREUTZMANN, H. & S. SCHÜTTE (eds.) (2011): After the Flood in Pakistan. Assessing Vulnerability in Rural Sindh Vol. 37 VÖHRINGER, M. (2010): Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development. An Impact Assessment of Micro and Mini Hydel Projects in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Vol. 36 KREUTZMANN, H. & S. SCHÜTTE (eds.) (2009): Three Years After. Evaluation of the GRC/ICRC Livestock Programme in the Earthquake-affected Areas of Paksitan-administered Kashmir apers Vol. 35 KREUTZMANN, H., M. SCHMIDT & A. BENZ (eds.) (2008): The Shigar Microcosm: Socio-economic Utilisation an Management of Natural Resources in Kyrgyzstan P Investigations in a Karakoram Oasis, Northern Areas of Pakistan Vol. 34 BLANK, M. (2007): Rückkehr zur subsistenzorientierten Viehhaltung als Existenzsicherungsstrategie. Hochweidewirtschaft in Südkirgistan Vol. 33 MAIER, C. (2007): Decentralised Rural Electrification by Means of Collective Action. The Sustainability of Community Managed Micro Hydels in Chitral, Pakistan Vol. 32 SCHMIDT, M. (2006): Transformation der Livelihood Strategies im ländlichen Kirgistan. Verlorene Sicherheiten und neue Herausforderungen aphical r � Edited by Berlin Geog Andrei Dörre Stefan Schütte Centre for Development Studies (ZELF) Institute of Geographical Sciences Freie Universität Berlin 2014 ZELF ZELF Editor of Berlin Geographical Papers Prof. Dr. Hermann Kreutzmann Contact Centre for Development Studies (ZELF) Institute of Geographical Sciences Freie Universität Berlin Malteserstr. 74-100 D-12249 Berlin [email protected] Tel: +49 – 30 – 838 70223 Fax: +49 – 30 – 838 70757 ISBN 978-3-946742-07-4 (PDF) doi: 10.11588/xabooks.132.165 © 2014 Centre for Development Studies, Freie Universität Berlin Cover figure by Andrei Dörre (2014) ISSN: 1869-3377 BERLIN GEOGRAPHICAL PAPERS Vol. 43 Utilization and Management of Natural Resources in Kyrgyzstan Edited by Andrei Dörre Stefan Schütte Centre for Development Studies (ZELF) Institute of Geographical Sciences Freie Universität Berlin 2014 Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................. ii List of Boxes ..............................................................................................iii List of Tables .............................................................................................iii Andrei Dörre & Stefan Schütte Foreword .................................................................................................. 1 Clara Jütte, Petter Korte & Julia Seliger Transformation of Pasture Utilization and Management. An Example from the Bazar Korgon Rayon ........................................................... 5 Katja Voigt & Timm Walker Legal Pluralism and Social Practice. A Case Study of Kara Bulak Pasture ..................... 25 Benno Weißenbacher & Laura Winter The Social, Economic and Spatial Organisation of Rural Dairy Farming. Examples from the Torpu Kyr Pasture ............................................................... 43 Isabell Nordhausen & Tim Paul Conflict Resolution Mechanisms on the Contested Kara Art Pasture ........................... 55 Sandra Fürst & Sabine Schulz Blank Natural Landscape or Anthropogenic Environment? A Case Study on the ‘Wild’ Fruit and Walnut Forests in Southern Kyrgyzstan ................ 71 Larissa Türk & Martin Wagenhäuser From Communism to Capitalism: The Transition to a Market Economy and the Effects on the Agricultural Land Use System in Karacha, Bazar Korgon Rayon ..... 87 Philip Degenhardt & Manuel Marx About Livestock Trade and Middlemen: Understanding Socio-Economic Practices of the Livestock Market in Bazar Korgon ........................................................... 101 Yalcin Atam & Jana Göpel Migration strategies and the role of remittances in rural Kyrgyzstan ......................... 115 Annika Gerstenberg & Pia Langeheine Facilitating Development in Rural Kyrgyzstan. The Example of the Arslanbob Local Authority.................................................... 129 i List of Figures Fig. A: Distribution and location of the research sites within the Bazar Korgon Rayon ...... 2 Fig. 1.1: Sketch of Kichi Kenkol and distribution of the camps .................................. 9 Fig. 1.2: Camp structures in comparison ............................................................ 12 Fig. 1.3: Family tree of the Choitov family ......................................................... 15 Fig. 1.4: Annual cycle of the pastoralist households on Kichi Kenkol .......................... 20 Fig. 2.1: Kara Bulak Pasture’s lower and upper parts............................................. 26 Fig. 2.2: Pasture management institutions of the Kyrgyz Republic ............................. 29 Fig. 3.1: Research framework: rural dairy farming ................................................ 47 Fig. 3.2: Torpu Kyr Pasture: Accomodation and amounts of processed raw milk ............ 47 Fig. 3.3: Product cycles qurut, tshobogo and sary mai ........................................... 49 Fig. 3.4: Income contribution of livelihood strategies ............................................ 51 Fig. 3.5: Commodity chain of dairy farming ........................................................ 51 Fig. 3.6: Geographical dimension of the commodity chain ...................................... 52 Fig. 4.1: Overview of the investigation area, Kara Art Pasture ................................. 55 Fig. 4.2: Operation of a stakeholder in the conflict on the Kara Art Pasture ................. 56 Fig. 4.3: Cultivation systems on the Kara Art Pasture before 2007 and today ................ 60 Fig. 4.4: Stakeholder mapping of the utilization conflict on Kara Art ......................... 63 Fig. 5.1: Mapping of the settlement of Dashman .................................................. 77 Fig. 6.1: Map of Karacha ............................................................................... 93 Fig. 6.2: Crop cultivation in Karacha ................................................................ 94 ii Fig. 6.3: Primary source of cash income in Karacha ............................................... 97 Fig. 6.4: Households in Karacha: self-assessment of their financial situation ................ 97 Fig. 7.1: Impressions from the livestock market in Bazar Korgon .............................. 104 Fig. 7.2: The spatial structure of the mal bazaar ................................................ 105 Fig. 7.3: Livestock market system model .......................................................... 111 Fig. 8.1: Remittance inflows in Kyrgyzstan ........................................................ 120 Fig. 8.2: Gumkhana: Distribution of sampled migrant and non-migrant households with corresponding house building and renovation activities .................... 121 Fig. 8.3: Jaradar: Distribution of sampled migrant and non-migrant households with corresponding house building and renovation activities .................... 122 Fig. 8.4: Bel Terek: Distribution of sampled migrant and non-migrant households with corresponding house building and renovation activities .................... 123 List of Boxes Box 1.1: The death of Kashy Choitov ................................................................ 16 Box 4.1: Pasture users’ daily activities and perceptions of the conflict ....................... 64 Box 4.2: The beekeeper as a pasture user on behalf of the forestry enterprise.............. 67 Box 9.1: Example of a national governmental development actor: ARIS - The Kyrgyz agency for rural development ................................................. 133 Box 9.2: Example of a national non-governmental development actor: The Kyrgyz Community Based Tourism Association ............................................... 135 List of Tables Table 2.1: Pasture-related pluralism of legality in practice ..................................... 36 iii Table 7.1: Actor groups in the livestock marketing system ..................................... 108 Table 7.2: Institutions in livestock trade ........................................................... 110 Table 7.3: Schematic typologies of the mal bazaar .............................................. 111 Table 9.1: Actors facilitating development in the Arslanbob local authority ................ 132 iv Andrei Dörre & Stefan Schütte Foreword The training of students in the Department of Geography at the Centre for Development Studies (ZELF) of the Freie Universität Berlin includes the scientific preoccupation with theories of development, with social inequalities at multiple scales reaching from global to local arenas, and with questions of international development policies and practices aimed to ensure basic needs and sustainable development. Such theoretical and conceptual training goes along with the facilitation of methodical skills in empirical investigations. This shall help students to gather own experiences in empirical fieldwork and establish the link between development theories