Parliament's Role in Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Parliament’s Role in Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Case Study of Afghanistan Abstract The United Nations 2030 Agenda is a global framework, a transformative and universal agenda with an overarching imperative of ‘leaving no one behind’ for sustainable development. While requires each country to ensure financing and effective implementation by incorporating SDGs into the national policies, parliaments play an important role in the localization, implementation, and monitoring of these goals. In Afghanistan, these “Global Goals” have to be refined to fit the local context and align with the government national priorities and development frameworks, which Afghanistan’s Parliament have an opportunity, and a constitutional responsibility, to play a significant role in localizing, supporting and monitoring SDGs implementation. This paper tries to identify what important role Afghanistan’s Parliament, as the supreme law-making and oversight body of the executives, can play I) to design and implement the sustainable development policies, laws, and budgets and II) ensure effective monitoring and implementation of these global targets. Based on examples of good practice, the article also presents tangible recommendations and urges the Parliament of Afghanistan to upscale action related to improving efficiency in the achievement of the SDGs in Afghanistan. Keywords Sustainable, Development, Parliament, Constitution, Government, MPs Introduction Sustainable peace and development are crucial to the future of the planet and humanity. This vision is laid out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), which aims to to end poverty, protect the planet for current and future generations and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030 (GOPAC, UNDP & IDB, 2015). The agenda, a holistic, universal, transformative, 15-year global plan of action adopted by the United Nations member States in 2015, calls all countries to translate the ambitious and transformative Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national priorities and to engage civil society actors, the private sector, academia and science in the quest for a world in which “leaving no one behind and all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality” (ParAmericas & UNDP, 2019). As the elected representatives of the people, MPs have an important role to play in driving forward people- centred development that is reflective of and responsive to the needs of their constituents (UGMP, 2017). In recent decades, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of engaging parliamentarians in efforts to advance sustainable development (GOPAC, UNDP & IDB, 2015). The SDGs do not replace the work that the Parliament is already doing in support of national development. Instead, they provide a framework and excel the process to focus efforts at the national level on people’s prosperity and well-being (Fiji & UNDP, 2019). They are an opportunity for the Parliament to contribute to better development outcomes for the citizens. Through their constitutional mandates and their efforts to enact laws, adopt budgets, and monitor accountability,parliaments play a strategic role in ensuring that governments effectively implement global commitments at the national level (Bellorini et al, 2018). Engaging the Afghan Parliament in the implementation, follow up and review of the 2030 Agenda is critical to achieving the SDGs. The Parliament has an opportunity, and a constitutional responsibility, to play a significant role in supporting and monitoring SDG implementation in Afghanistan. By making laws and overseeing government policies including enacting the government budget and representing the views of their constituents, parliamentarians are valuable partners in ensuring the inclusive, participatory, and transparent governance which is necessary for achieving the SDGs in Afghanistan (Par Americas & UNDP, 2019). The Agenda 2030 Declaration acknowledges the “essential role of national parliaments through their enactment of legislation and adoption of budgets, and their role in ensuring accountability for the effective implementation of our commitments (UN General Assembly,2015).” Each one of these responsibilities plays an important part in parliament’s role regarding their responsibilities to the 2030 Agenda ( E. Mulholland,2017). Only through the mentioned responsivities can Afghan Parliament improve their efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda and have a chance at meeting the SDGs. The main goal of the study is to reveal the role of Afghan Parliament in SDG monitoring and their contribution to the successful implementation in Afghanistan. This paper will seek to determine what actions Parliament of Afghanistan and parliamentarians should take in order to deal with this ambitious agenda and the highly integrated and interrelated nature of the SDGs. This paper will look at the UN documents, 2030 Agenda documents and constitution of Afghanistan regarding how they see the role of the Parliament when it comes to implementation and the SDGs. Finally, based on selected existing good practices, the paper offers a series of recommendations and urges parliaments to upscale their action to support the success of SDGs in Afghanistan. Sustainable Development Goals and Parliaments Parliaments as a national independent body play an essential role in ensuring the implementation and monitoring of and compliance with international commitments at the national level. They are, in essence, the institutions formally in charge of making governments accountable for their international commitments and are at the very suitable position to ensure democratic governance as well as quality of development (GOPAC, UNDP & IDB, 2015). The role of parliaments in achieving the SDGs has been widely recognized by the United Nations. Notably, based on the Declaration of the 2030 Agenda, national parliaments have three main responsibilities when it comes to implementing the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs: 1) pass laws that will aid their country in fulfilling the SDGs; 2) approve budgets that allow their government and government agencies to carry out the actual implementation of the 2030 Agenda and SDGs; and 3) hold government agencies accountable to their implementation responsibilities by demanding and reviewing reports on implementation mechanisms, monitoring, and indicators (Fitsilis, Fotios & De Vrieze, 2019). Therefore, these responsibilities are an integral part towards successful implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Examples of Good Practices Recently, the National Assembly of Mali and the Senate of Zimbabwe set up a committee exclusively dedicated to the SDGs. The Malian committee adopted a detailed plan of action outlining the various steps that the parliament should take to oversee implementation of the SDGs. The National Assembly of Suriname organized several hearings to discuss SDGs implementation (Inter-Parliamentary Union and UNHRC, 2019). The Parliament of Pakistan has established an SDG Secretariat to provide technical assistance to the parliamentarians to effectively oversee, address the legislative gaps and ensure the rights of their respective constituents (UNDP, 2018). In addition, the Speaker of the National Assembly established parliamentary task forces at federal and provincial levels to oversee and support legislation supporting the SDGs (Arelys Bellorini et al, 2018). To enhance the legislative and oversight roles of parliamentarians on implementation of SDGs in Nigeria, two SDG select committees were established– in the Senate and in the House of Representatives. (UNDP, 2018) Parliament of Germany has established the Parliamentary Advisory Council on Sustainable Development with each legislature. With responsibilities for monitoring and supporting the Federal Government’s National Sustainability Strategy as well as monitoring and supporting the Federal Government’s sustainability policy at the European level (Datta and Rabbany, 2016). Parliamentary System in Afghanistan The 2004 Constitution defines a bicameral parliament with a Senate (Mishrano Jirga) and a House of Representatives (Wolesi Jirga). The Constitution designates this bicameral parliament as the supreme legislation organ in Afghanistan that should represent the entire nation (Pasarlay and Mallyar, 2019). Like many legislation organs in the world, the Afghan parliament has three fundamental duties: (1) to represent the views of the entire nation; (2) to draft and approve laws; and (3) to check, control and supervise the exercise of executive power (Constitution of Afghanistan, art 100). More specifically, the parliament (both the WJ and the MJ) has the power to ratify, modify, or abrogate laws and legislative decrees; approve social, cultural and economic development programs; approve the state budget, create, modify or abolish administrative units and ratify international treaties and conventions (Constitution of Afghanistan, art 90) . In addition, as part of their oversight duties, the Constitution grants both houses of the parliament the power to question any government minister about special issues, and the minister can provide written or oral responses (Pasarlay and Mallyar ,2019). SDGs and Law Making The National Assembly has three main functions. The first is the Assembly’s legislative function that gives it the power to pass legislation and control over the national budget. The legislative process is laid out in Articles 94 to 100 of the Constitution (Pasarlay and Mallyar,