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Kalmar Högskola Hängbensteklar i Svenska Malaisefälleprojektet (Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae) Pelle Magnusson Examensarbete i Biologi Nr: xxxx Högskolan i Kalmar Naturvetenskapliga institutionen 2008 Examensarbeten gjorda vid Högskolan i Kalmar, Naturvetenskapliga institutionen, och lista över dessa kan beställas via; www.hik.se/student eller: Högskolan i Kalmar Naturvetenskapliga institutionen 391 82 KALMAR Tel 0480-44 73 00 Fax 0480-44 73 05 e-post: [email protected] Examensarbeten gjorda på Högskolan i Kalmar finns på: www.hik.se/student Detta är ett examensarbete och studenten svarar själv för de framlagda resultaten och slutsatserna i rapporten. 2 Hängbensteklar i Svenska malaisefälleprojektet (Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae) Pelle Magnusson Biologiprogrammet 160 p Examensarbete, (Biologi,): 15 högskolepoäng för Filosofie Kandidatexamen Handledare: Dave Karlsson Uppsala Universitets Ekologiska forskningsstation Fil. Dr. Per-Eric Betzholtz Högskolan i Kalmar Examinator: Fil. Dr. Geoffrey Lemdahl Högskolan i Kalmar Abstrakt I denna studie har 104 utsorterade prover av brokparasitsteklar (Ichneumonidae) från Svenska Malaisefälleprojektet bearbetats. I 26 av dessa prover påträffades sammanlagt 68 exemplar av hängbensteklar (Anomaloninae) tillhörande tolv olika arter. Minst nio nya landskapsfynd redovisas. Typiska karaktärer beskrivs för de sju släkten och tolv arterna. En sammanställning över vilka arter som påträffades samt gamla och nya landskapsfynd presenteras i tabellform. Abstract Within the Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP) 104 samples were studied for ichneumonid wasps. In 26 of these samples, 68 specimens of the subfamily Anomaloninae were found, representing 12 different species. In this report 9 new Swedish provincial findings is presented. Typical characters for each genus and species of the Anomaloninae wasps found in this study are described. Species found in this study, including old and new province findings is presented in tabular form. 3 Innehållsförteckning Abstrakt ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduktion..................................................................................................................................... 5 Syfte ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Material och metoder .................................................................................................................... 6 Resultat.............................................................................................................................................. 7 Diskussion...................................................................................................................................... 14 Tack ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Referenser....................................................................................................................................... 15 Appendix 1...................................................................................................................................... 17 Appendix 2...................................................................................................................................... 18 Appendix 3...................................................................................................................................... 20 Appendix 4...................................................................................................................................... 24 4 Introduktion Malaisefälleprojektet Denna studie av hängbensteklar (Anomaloninae) insamlade inom Svenska malaisefälleprojektet (SMTP) har gjorts möjlig tack vare tillgången på material från det nationella insektsinventeringsprojektet SMTP. Huvudintresset för SMTP i sin helhet är inriktat på ordningarna tvåvingar (Diptera) och steklar (Hymenoptera) för vilka det sedan tidigare är känt att det finns stora kunskapsluckor (Douwes m.fl. 2004). SMTP drivs av Naturhistoriska riksmuseet men är förlagt till Uppsala Universitets Ekologiska forskningsstation i Öland Skogsby och finansieras av Svenska artprojektet (ArtDatabanken). Inventeringsprojektet startade 2003 och 75 malaisefällor har använts utspridda över hela Sverige. Under tre års tid (sammanlagt nästan 200 fällår) har ca 40 miljoner insekter fångats, från Abisko i norr till Sandhammaren i söder. Detta gör projektet till ett av de största insektsinventerings- projekten genom tiderna, även i en internationell jämförelse. En karta över fällornas lokalisering kan ses i Appendix 1. Hängbensteklar Hängbensteklar tillhör familjen brokparasitsteklar (Ichneumonidae) (Townes 1971). Brokparasitsteklar finns representerade över hela världen med mer än 60 000 arter (Goulet & Huber 1993). Hängbensteklar är väldigt vanliga över hela världen i alla typer av terrestra biotoper, med ca 730 kända arter indelade i 38 släkten (Broad 2008 muntligen). De tolv i Sverige förekommande släktena är; Agrypon Förster 1860, Anomalon Panzer 1804, Aphanistes Förster 1869, Barylypa Förster 1869, Erigorgus Förster 1869, Habrocampulum Gauld 1976, Habronyx Förster 1869, Heteropelma Wesmael 1849, Parania Morley 1913, Perisphincter Townes 1961, Therion Curtis 1830 och Trichomma Wesmael 1849. Där Agrypon och Erigorgus är de artrikaste (Forshage 2007). De flesta parasitsteklar är svåra att bestämma i fält, men underfamiljen hängbensteklar har i flykten karaktäristiska hängande ben, vilket gör att de är relativt lätta att känna igen. Förutom sina långa ben karaktäriseras hängbensteklarna av en kort mesosoma (mellankropp) och en långsmal metasoma (bakkropp). Petiole (bakkroppsskaftet) är väldigt lång och smal och spiraklerna (andningshålen) sitter apicalt. Oftast är hängbensteklarnas clypeus (munsköld) sammansmält med övriga ansiktet, vilket ger dem en väldigt rund och mjuk huvudform. Storleken på dessa steklars kroppslängd varierar från ca 0,6 cm upp till ca 4 cm (Gauld & Mitchell 1977). De morfologiska karaktärerna hos hängbensteklarna är förhållandevis stabila (Goulet & Huber 1993) och det kan på goda grunder antas att gruppen är monofyletisk. Många hängbensteklar är koinobionta endoparasitoider på fjärils- och skalbaggslarver. Det innebär att de parasiterar sina värdar i ett tidigt larvstadium, växer och utvecklas parallellt inuti sin värd för att slutligen kläckas ur dess puppa (Goulet & Huber 1993). En viktig detalj i sammanhanget är att hanarna är haploida, det vill säga att de har endast en enkel uppsättning kromosomer till skillnad från honorna som är diploida, det vill säga en dubbel uppsättning av kromosomer. Hanarna är haploida eftersom de kommer från obefruktade ägg. I och med hanens enkla genuppsättning så evolveras inte defekter eller nackdelar bort, utan kan komma att uttryckas. Detta gör att hanarna varierar alltför mycket för att utgöra en lämplig grund för (ny)beskrivningar. Därför beskriver man heller aldrig en art utifrån en hane (Quicke 1997). Hittills har 41 arter av hängbensteklar rapporterats från Sverige, men två av dessa har inte kunnat verifieras (Forshage 2007). Dessa två ej verifierade arter är Therion brevicorne Gravenhorst 1829 och Agrypon gracilipes Curtis 1839. En lista över kända svenska fynd med landskapsangivelser presenteras i Appendix 2. 5 Syfte Syftet med detta arbete är att öka kunskapen om hängbensteklar, genom att undersöka de arter av hängbensteklar som påträffats i Svenska Malaisefälleprojektet (SMTP). Vidare presenteras en sammanställning av nyckelkaraktärer för de påträffade släktena och arterna. Material och Metoder Steklarna i undersökningen bevaras i 96 % etanol och har insamlats i Malaisefälleprojektet åren 2003-2006. För att kunna studera dem användes en stereolupp med 10-40 ggr förstoring. Vid artbestämningen samt för beskrivningar av nyckelkaraktärer användes Gauld & Mitchell (1977), Gauld (1976a) och Gauld (1976b). De första dagarna studerades ett tiotal arter som redan var artbestämda av specialister. Detta gjordes för att få en känsla för karaktärerna på de olika arterna. Efter noggranna undersökningar av dessa steklar, påbörjades artbestämningen av de obestämda hängbenssteklar som påträffats i SMTP:s prover. Material från Lunds Zoologiska museum och Naturhistoriska riksmuseet i Stockholm har studerats och använts som referensmaterial. Det fanns inte möjlighet att välja ut prover efter något visst system, utan alla prover som fanns tillgängliga studerades. Brokparasitstekelproverna har sorterats till underfamiljsnivå och hängbensteklarna har sedan sorterats ner till släkte och art (Broad 2007; Landin 1971; Magnusson 2007; Townes 1969-1971). Hittills har bara en bråkdel av SMTP:s brokparasitsteklar underfamiljsorterats och detta är också anledningen till att endast 104 brokparasitstekelprover från åtta olika landskap undersökts i detta arbete. Det motsvarar ca 5 % av SMTP: s ca 2 000 insamlade prover. I Appendix 1 finns en karta över alla SMTP: s fällor i Sverige. Här kan man även se från vilka lokaler/fällor proven i studien kommer (gul och rödmarkerade) och i vilka av dessa hängbensteklar har påträffats (rödmarkerade). Malaisefällan (Fig. 1) är en tältliknande konstruktion som framförallt är lämpad till att fånga flygande insekter i. Fällan konstruerades på 1930-talet av insektsforskaren René Malaise och påminner om ett tält gjort av myggnät
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