Jurnal Biologi Tropis Distribution and Diversity of Echinoderms in The

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Jurnal Biologi Tropis Distribution and Diversity of Echinoderms in The Jurnal Biologi Tropis Original Research Paper Distribution and Diversity of Echinoderms in the Coastal Waters of South Beach of Lombok Island Syamsul Bahri1,2, Lalu Raftha Patech1*, Zulhalifah1, Devi Ayu Septiani1, Siswadi1 1Departement of Sciences Education Postgraduate Mataram University, Indonesia 2Departement of Biological Sciences Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mataram University, Indonesia Article History Abstract: Echinoderms are benthic animals that can be found in almost all Received : December 29th, 2020 marine ecosystems but are mostly found in the intertidal coastal zone. Revised : January 01th, 2021 Echinoderms play an important role as deposit feeders. This study aims to Accepted : January 05th, 2021 look at the distribution patterns, diversity, and habitat conditions of species th Published : January 10 , 2021 in the southern coastal waters of Lombok Island, namely Kute, Awang, and Gerupuk beaches. The field survey was conducted using the quadratic *Corresponding Author: Lalu Raftha Patech, transect method and free collection in October - November 2020. Based on Departement of Sciences Education the results of the research, a total of 11 species of echinoderms were found Postgraduate Mataram University, in Lombok Island consisting of 4 classes. Diadema setosum and Indonesia Tripneusteus gratila were the most common species, whereas Synapta Email: maculate, Holothuria leucospilota, Echinotrix diadema, Holothuria atra, [email protected] and Ophiocoma scolopendrina were found in small numbers with uniform distribution (Id <1). Diadema setosum distribution pattern has the highest abundance with a clustered distribution pattern (Id> 1) in Awang and Gerupuk, and Tripneusteus gratila in Kute and Awang. The Diversity Index value is different in each habitat. The highest Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (Hꞌ) was found in Gerupuk 2.18. The largest smoothing index is found at Awang 0.96. The largest Dominance Index (D) is found in Gerupuk 0.88. Based on the value of the Echinoderm community structure on the South Coast of Lombok Island, it shows that diversity is moderate, community uniformity is unstable, and dominance is low. information regarding the distribution and diversity of Echinoderm fauna in various types of habitats around the seagrass as a first step to anticipate the decline in the Echinoderm population in the waters of the South Coast of Lombok Island. Keywords: Distribution; diversity; echinoderms; habitat. Pendahuluan J.L. et al., 2007). Echinodermata disebut sebagai kunci ekologi yang berperan dalam menjaga Echinodermata berasal dari bahasa Yunani keseimbangan ekosistem laut, termasuk Echinos artinya duri, dan derma artinya kulit. ekosistem lamun yang merupakan salah satu Secara umum echinodermata berarti hewan yang habitat bagi echinodermata (Raghunathan & berkulit duri. Echinodermata terbagi atas 5 kelas Venkataraman, 2012). Secara ekologi yaitu kelas Asteroidea, Echinoidea, echinodermata berperan sangat penting di Holothuroidea, Ophiuroidea dan Crinoidea. ekosistem lamun, terutama dalam rantai makanan Hewan ini memiliki kemampuan anatomi serta (food web) (Hermosillo-Núñez, B. B., 2020). regenerasi bagian tubuh yang hilang, putus atau Echinodermata adalah spesies yang mencolok di rusak (Jasin, 1984). Habitat echinodermata dapat ekosistem pesisir dan laut, dan dalam banyak ditemukan hampir pada semua ekosistem laut, kasus, mereka memiliki peran ekologis dalam namun paling banyak ditemukan pada zona struktur komunitas, bertindak sebagai predator pantai intertidal yang ditumbuhi oleh padang teratas dan pemakan bentik (Ortiz & Levins, lamun. 2011; Steneck et al., 2002). Selain itu, mereka Keberadaan echinodermata pada padang berkontribusi pada proses bioerosion, rekrutmen lamun sebagai habitat kompleks dan sangat dan transfer energi di ekosistem laut (Bronstein penting bahkan bagi spesies lain seperti bivalvia, & Loya, 2014), dan beberapa di antaranya crustacea, cephalopoda, siput, dan ikan (Lowery, This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 © 2021 The Author(s). This article is open access International License. Bahri, S. et al. (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 22 – 31 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2320 sebagai sumber daya yang penting secara echinodermata di perairan pantai selatan Pulau ekonomi (Claoue' et al., 1988). Lombok. Padang lamun sebagai ekosistem memiliki Bahan dan Metode fungsi ekologi diantaranya adalah pertama sumber keranekaraman genetik yang memiliki Waktu dan Lokasi pengaruh yang besar terhadap produktivitas dan Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan stabilitas ekosistem, kedua adalah fungsi kontrol Oktober sampai November 2020. Lokasi pada konsumen pada sistem tropik, dan ketiga penelitian ini yakni di Pantai Kute, Awang, dan membantu pergerakan aktif konsumen di antara Gerupuk. Lokasi penelitian adalah daerah habitat yang berdekatan dalam hal siklus nutrisi, tangkapan nelayan tradisional, dan masyarakat transfer tropik, produksi perikanan, dan yang melakukan aktivitas pengambilan secara keanekaragaman spesies contohnya pada langsung biota laut yang bernilai ekonomis dan keanekaragaman echinodermata sebagai biota sebagai konsumsi “madak”, serta dimanfaatkan yang hidup di sekitar lamun (Syukur, 2015; sebagai objek wisata alam pantai dan budidaya Duffy, 2006). Di Pulau Lombok Potensi ekologi laut (Syukur & Mahrus, 2016; Syukur et al., lamun nya diduga telah mengalami degradasi 2020). Lokasi penelitian adalah wilayah pesisir dari beberapa indikator organisme asosiasinya selatan Pulau Lombok (Gambar 1). seperti ikan, moluska, kepiting, sea-urchin, dan echinodermata yang sudah sangat sulit ditemukan (Syukur et al., 2017). Degradasi Lamun diduga karena Meningkatnya aktivitas nelayan lokal dan tradisi madak di sekitar pesisir pantai selatan Pulau Lombok menjadi penyebab menurunnya populasi echinodermata. Eksploitasi yang semakin intensif juga dikhawatirkan akan mengancam kelestarian fauna tersebut. Disatu sisi, aktivitas perburuan biota echinodermata memberikan dampak positif terhadap peningkatan nilai gizi dan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir Pulau Lombok. Disisi lain, penangkapan yang semakin intensif memberikan dampak negatif terhadap ekosistem. Fauna echinodermata memegang peranan penting Gambar 1. Lokasi Penelitian dalam ekosistem lamun dan terumbu karang. Apabila penangkapan terus meningkat Pengambilan data dilakukan pada saat air dikhawatirkan memberikan perubahan besar laut surut terendah menggunakan metode gabungan antara transek garis dan kuadrat dalam susunan komunitas fauna dan pada 2 akhirnya akan mengganggu keseimbangan berukuran 1 x 1 m . Jarak antar tiap kuadrat pada ekosistem (Syukur, 2013). garis transek adalah 10 meter. Pengambilan Informasi mengenai Distribusi dan sampel pada setiap kuadrat dilakukan dengan Keragaman fauna echinodermata di Pulau cara koleksi bebas (Free collection). Identifikasi Lombok khususnya di sekitaran pantai Pesisir sampel berpedoman pada buku Monograph of Selatan Pulau Lombok yakni Pantai Kute, Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms Awang, dan Gerupuk belum pernah dilaporkan. (Clark & Rowe, 1971) serta laporan hasil Beberapa informasi yang ada adalah di perairan penelitian-penelitian yang relevan. Semua Lombok Barat bagian selatan (Aziz & Sugiarto, sampel difoto untuk didokumentasikan. 1994), Lombok Barat bagian utara (Aziz, 1995), Kemudian dilakukan pula analisis statistik untuk Sekotong (Yusron, 2003) dan beberapa lokasi di menghitung kelimpahan echinodermata, dan perairan selatan Lombok Timur (Patech et al., formula dari Odum (1993) untuk Indeks 2020). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melengkapi keanekaragaman spesies dihitung berdasarkan informasi mengenai distribusi dan keragaman rumus Shannon & Wiener. Indeks Keseragaman fauna echinodermata pada berbagai tipe habitat dengan rumus Evenness, dan Indeks Dominansi di sekitar lamun sebagai langkah awal dengan rumus Simpsons. mengantisipasi penurunan populasi Analisis Data 23 Bahri, S. et al. (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 22 – 31 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2320 Distribusi Echinodermata Distribusi atau Pola penyebaran Echinodermata Dominansi Echinodermata ditentukan dengan menghitung indeks dispersi Morisita (Id) dengan persamaan: Indeks dominansi dihitung dengan menggunakan indeks dominansi Simpson 5 푛(∑푖=1푥² − 푁) dengan rumus: Id = ∑푛푖(푛푖 − 1) 푁(푁 − 1) 퐷 = 1 − Keterangan: 푁(푁 − 1) Id = Indeks dispersi Morisita Keterangan: n = Jumlah plot pengambilan contoh D = Indeks Dominansi N = Jumlah individu dalam plot ni = Jumlah individu jenis-i X = Jumlah individu pada setiap plot N = Jumlah total individu Pola dispersi Echinodermata ditentukan dengan Kondisi Lingkungan menggunakan kriteria sebagai berikut (Akhrianti, 2014): Analisis data lingkungan pada tiga lokasi Id < 1: Pola dispersi seragam penelitian dilakukan pada tiap-tiap stasiun Id = 1: Pola dispersi acak pengamatan secara langsung (insitu). Parameter Id > 1: Pola dispersi mengelompok lingkungan yang diukur adalah substrat, pH, suhu,dan salinitas. Indeks keragaman spesies Keanekaragaman Echinodermata Hasil dan Pembahasan Indeks keanekaragaman spesies dihitung berdasarkan rumus Shannon & Wiener Jenis Echinodermata (Akhrianti, 2014): Hasil penelitian di Pesisir Pantai Selatan H’ = -∑ Pi ln Pi diperoleh 11 jenis spesies dari filum 푛푖 Pi = 푁 echinodermata yang terdiri dari 4 kelas seperti Keterangan: disajikan pada Tabel 1. Spesies Diadema H’ = Indeks keanekaragaman jenis setosum dan Tripneusteus gratila adalah spesies ni = Jumlah individu dari speies ke-i
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