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Tesis Alicia Ors Ausín.Pdf � Universidad .�❖:�f/:��:•. de Alcalá COMISIÓN DE ESTUDIOS OFICIALES DE POSGRADO Y DOCTORADO ACTA DE EVALUACIÓN DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL Año académico 2016/17 DOCTORANDO: ORS AUSÍN, ALICIA D.N.1./PASAPORTE: ****2917L PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO: D333 DOCTORADO EN ESTUDIOS NORTEAMERICANOS DEPARTAMENTO DE: INST.UNIV.INV.EST.NORTEAME.BENJ.FRANKLIN TITULACIÓN DE DOCTOR EN: DOCTOR/A POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALÁ En el día de hoy 19/09/17, reunido el tribunal de evaluación nombrado por la Comisión de Estudios Oficiales de Posgrado y Doctorado de la Universidad y constituido por los miembros que suscriben la presente Acta, el aspirante defendió su Tesis Doctoral, elaborada bajo la dirección de LUISA JUÁREZ HERVÁS //. e, Sobre el siguiente tema: LA PRENSA NORTEAMERICANA ANTE EL HOLOCAUSTO: ¿TESTIGO O CÓMPLICE? < o z- Finalizada la defensa y discusión de la tesis, el tribunal acordó otorgar la CALIFICACIÓN GLOBAL3 de (no apto, aprobado, notable y sobresaliente): So� � < -' "' o 7 o Alcalá de Henares,.J�(...... de de .. z �l\.�. J:.:?.. 1 - o :::; "- <f- o. ·< -' < EL PRESIDENTE EL VOCAL u -' < w o o < o "'- " Fdo.: ................................... Fdo.: ............................................ >CJ z ::i Con fecha_ lt_de 0� dc_�la Comisión Delegada de la Comisión de Estudios Oficialesde Posgrado, a la vista de los votos emitidos de manera anónima por el tribunal que ha juzgado la tesis, resuelve: FIRMA DEL ALUMNO, � Conceder la Mención de "Cum Laude" O No conceder la Mención de "Curo Laude" La Secretaria de la Comisión Delegada Fdo ..... ���j �&-'Q� 3 La calificación podrá ser "no apto" "aprobado" "notable" y "sobresaliente". El tribunal podrá otorgar la mención de "cum laude" si la calificación global es de sobresaliente y se emite en tal sentido el voto secreto positivo por unanimidad. ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO Servicio de Estudios Oficiales de Posgrado DILIGENCIA DE DEPÓSITO DE TESIS. Comprobado que el expediente académico de D./Dª ____________________________________________ reúne los requisitos exigidos para la presentación de la Tesis, de acuerdo a la normativa vigente, y habiendo presentado la misma en formato: soporte electrónico impreso en papel, para el depósito de la misma, en el Servicio de Estudios Oficiales de Posgrado, con el nº de páginas: __________ se procede, con fecha de hoy a registrar el depósito de la tesis. Alcalá de Henares a _____ de ___________________ de 20_____ Fdo. El Funcionario Programa de Doctorado en Estudios Norteamericanos LA PRENSA NORTEAMERICANA ANTE EL HOLOCAUSTO: ¿TESTIGO O CÓMPLICE? Tesis Doctoral presentada por ALICIA ORS AUSÍN Directora: Dra. Doña Luisa Juárez Hervás Alcalá de Henares, 2017 2 3 4 “Sugirió que EEUU adoptara un tratado que impidiera la barbarie. Roosevelt le dijo que conocía el peligro que corrían esos grupos humanos […] y le solicitó paciencia. Lemkin estaba fuera de sí […] Creía que se cometía un “doble asesinato”: uno de los nazis contra los judíos y otro por parte de los Aliados, quienes estaban enterados de la campaña de exterminio de Hitler pero se resistían a publicarla o denunciarla.” Paz Mahecha, Gonzalo Rodrigo “Raphael Lemkin, Padre De La Convención Sobre Genocidio”. Raoul Wallemberg. The International Raoul Wallemberg Foundation. Web. 10 oct. 2014 < http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/es/holocausto/articulos- 65/genocidio/raphael-lemkin-padre/> “Yo culpo a los americanos. Hay muchos judíos americanos ¿Qué hacen por nosotros? La gente muere aquí. No tienen nada para comer. Los banqueros judíos deben hacer que EEUU declare la guerra a Alemania.” Padre de Wladyslaw Szpilman. El Pianista. Dir. Roman Polanski. Act. Adrien Brody, Thomas Kretschmann, Frank Finlay. Focus Features / Universal Studios, 2002. Fílmico. “For a time, the flow of information about the Holocaust had no effect on Allied policy of oficial statements, which has stirred another set of controversies about what the Western democracies might or might not have done.” Breitman, Richard. Official Secrets. What the Nazis Planned, What the British and American Knew. London: Penguin Books, 1998. Impreso. “When Hitler attacked the Jews, I was not a Jew, therefore, I was not concerned. And when Hitler attacked the Catholic, I was not a Catholic, and therefore I was not concerned. And when Hitler attacked the unions and industrialists, I was not a member of the unions and I was not concerned. Then Hitler attacked me and the Protestant church – and there was nobody left to be concerned.” Kranzler, David. The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz. George Mantello, El Salvador and Switzerland’s Finest Hour. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000. Impreso. “In this hour of deepest anguish and despair we turn to you, Mr. President. You are the symbol of humanity’s will to fight for freedom […] yours was the prophetic voice of democracy and human decency.” “President Renews Pledges to Jews”. The New York Times. 9 dic. 1942. 1:20. Impreso. 5 “"There can be no doubt," said His Excellency, "that the Nazi government has adopted an oficial policy calling for the extermination of the Jews in Germany and in all Nazi dominated countries. Thus the question now before United States and the United Nations is: How best can we prevent the murder of additional men, women and children, people condemned to death for no other reason than that they are Jews?"” “Invasion Only Way to Save Oppressed Jews, Berle Says”. Daily Boston Globe. 3 mayo. 1943. 1:1. Impreso. “Me encuentro entre las muchas personas que durante esta guerra recibió con sospecha y escepticismo la mayoría de esas atrocidades. Ya no. El catálogo de crímenes no deja ninguna duda […] El verdadero acusador en este tribunal es la humanidad.” Nuremberg. Dir. Yves Simoneau. Act. Alec Baldwin, Brian Cox y Christoper Plummer. 2000. Fílmico. “Era fácil para los nazis matar judíos, porque lo hicieron. Los Aliados consideraron imposible y demasiado costoso acudir en rescate de los judíos, porque no lo hicieron. Los judíos fueron abandonados por todos los Gobiernos, jerarquías eclesiásticas y sociedades, pero miles de judíos sobrevivieron porque miles de individuos en Polonia, Francia, Bélgica, Dinamarca y Holanda ayudaron a salvar judíos. Ahora todos los Gobiernos e Iglesias dicen "Intentamos ayudar a los judíos", porque están avergonzados y quieren conservar su reputación. No ayudaron, porque seis millones perecieron, pero quienes estaban en los Gobiernos y en las Iglesias sobrevivieron. Nadie hizo lo suficiente.” Rosen, Hannah. “Interview with Jan Karski”. Remember Org. A People’s History of the Holocaust & Genocide. 9 feb. 1995. Web. 1 julio 2015 < http://remember.org/educate/hrintrvu> “Claude Lanzmann: ¿Cuándo supo exactamente? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Bueno… cuando… fue divulgado… divulgado, cuchicheado. Nunca dicho abiertamente ¡Dios mío, no! ¡Hubieran venido inmediatamente a buscarnos! Rumores… Claude Lanzmann: ¿Rumores? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Rumores, eso es… Claude Lanzmann: ¿Durante la guerra? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Hacia el final de la guerra. Claude Lanzmann: ¿No en el 42? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: ¡No, ay Dios! ¡Ningún indicio! Era, veamos, finales del 44, quizás. Claude Lanzmann: ¿Finales del 44? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Antes no. Claude Lanzmann: ¿Y usted qué…? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Se contaba que la gente era enviada a campos de concentración y que los menos fuertes sin duda no sobrevivirían. Claude Lanzmann: ¿El exterminio fue una sorpresa para usted? 6 Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Total, sí Claude Lanzmann: ¿Ni idea de ello? Ex SS Franz Suchomel: Ni idea.” Shoah. Dir. Claude Lanzmann. New Yorker Films, 1985. Fílmico. “I had tried to visualize the interior of a concentration camp, but I had not imagined it like this […] During the next few days the news about the horrors of Belsen were flashed all over the world, hundreds of newspapermen visited the camp and a few weeks later the official British gazette in the occupied zone wrote: “The story of that greatest of all exhibitions of ‘man’s inhumanity to man’ which was Belsen Concentration Camp is known throughout the world.” Laqueur, Walter. The Terrible Secret. Supression of the Truth about Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’. New York: Henry Holt and Compan, Inc., 1998. Impreso. 7 ÍNDICE 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN 12 1.1.- El Holocausto: el secreto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial 17 1.2.- Holocausto: definición y estado de la cuestión 24 1.3.- Holocausto, Genocidio, Shoah y Jurbn: una aproximación semántica 32 1.4.- El Genocidio y su matiz legal 35 1.5.- El exterminio de los judíos en la prensa norteamericana: la motivación de mi tesis 43 1.6.- El contexto de “No-Conflicto”, la base del silencio sobre el exterminio 47 2.- HIPÓTESIS 60 3.- METODOLOGÍA 64 4.- GENOCIDIO: NACIMIENTO Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL CONCEPTO COMO DELITO 71 4.1.- El Genocidio en un contexto no bélico: el caso de los judíos en Alemania 73 4.2.- Genocidio, un crimen de nuestros días 80 5.- QUIÉNES SON HITLER Y LOS JUDÍOS PARA LA PRENSA NORTEAMERICANA EN TRES FASES 83 8 5.1.- Entre el 30 de enero de 1933 y el 11 de septiembre de 1941 91 5.1.1.- The Dearborn Independent 92 5.1.2.- The New York Times 93 5.1.3.- Daily Boston Globe 99 5.1.4.- Los Angeles Times 105 5.1.5.- Jewish Telegraphic Agency 106 5.2.- Entre el 11 de septiembre de 1941 y el 20 de enero de 1942 126 5.2.1.- Free World 127 5.2.1.1.- “Collective Neurosis of Germany”, Raymond de Saussure 127 5.2.1.2.- “The third front: Report from the German Underground”, Alfred Kantorowicz 129 5.2.2.- The New York Times 132 5.2.3.- Daily Boston Globe 132 5.2.4.- Jewish Telegraphic Agency 133 5.3.- A partir del 20 de enero de 1942 y hasta el 27 de enero
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