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good john © john © good good john © john © good other good M good john good Mother Goose has become a familiar part of many of our childhoods, whether as a book of fairy tales, a john ©collection of nursery rhymes or a traditional Christmas pantomime. And yet those peoplejohn who are not familiar with the books or the shows are still confused by them, usually assuming that Mother Goose herselfgood is the lead character in the original Tales of Mother Goose, instead of being the © mythical storyteller. So how exactly did the Tales of Mother Goose come into being ©and who was Mother Goosejohn herself? Whether anyone really existed named Mother Goose,good who told stories, is unclear. Most people will say not, but there are claims that the real Mother Goose has been Who was identified. The earliest use of the phrase ‘Mother Goose’ good © dates back to 1650 in France, when a man called johnJean Loret mentioned her in a work Mother called La Muse Historique. good good

Then, in 1697, Charles Perrault used the phrase in good © a published collection of eight fairy tales entitled Histories andfrontispiecejohn Tales of ofLong this Ago, famous with book Morals. showed The ? an old woman spinning and telling stories, with a placard on the page good john bearing the words Tales of My Mother For those who don’t know, Mother Goose began the Goose. It is thanks to Perrault that the goodlife not as a character in a fairy tale, but as a mythical narrator of the many tales and rhymes ©name ‘Mother Goose’ became well known outside that were said to be by her. In other words, of France. The book was publishedjohn in England in countless folk tales, and later rhymes, invented by 1729 under the title Mother Goose’s Fairy Tales. lots of different people were for years referred to good © Charles Perrault’s book featured eight john by the phrase ‘Mother Goose stories’, because they fairy stories, most of which have gone were supposedly told by a marvellous individual on to become world-famous. They are: known onlygood as ‘Mother Goose’. ©Sleeping Beauty (in the Wood), Little Red Riding Hood, BlueThe MasterBeard, Some of these stories were set Puss in Boots (or john down in print as early as 1637 in Cat), The Fairies, Cinderella © an Italian collection of stories (or The Little Glass Slipper), john entitled The Pentamerone; Ricky with the Tuft and others can be traced back to Little Thumb. another Italian collection of 73good folk tales which were later used by Perrault didn’t invent© these stories Shakespeare as a source for some as, even in his day, they were well- john of his plays! known tales. Instead, he chose and good © recorded them with wit and style, john ensuring that they became famous and good loved around the world.© good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © © john john good © © john good © john good © john © john © So much for the Tales of Mother Goose, association with nursery rhymes? This began but what sometime about her between the 1760s and the 1780s, when an Englishman, John Newbery, now known as the ‘father of children’s books’, and his stepson John Carnan published several collections of traditional rhymes, including Sonnets for the Cradle. Mother Goose’s Melody: or So popular were these books that ‘Mother Goose’ became even more identified with nursery rhymes than with fairy tales. Since then, the term Goose has become widely used for many different collectionsMother of nursery rhymes or tales.

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We said earlier that Mother Goose was just a made-up storyteller who never really existed, and that is what most people still believe. However, Bertrada, who was very fond there are others who think that a real, historical of children, was sometimes, Mother Goose did exist and there are several known as Bertha Greatfoot, contenders for the title! or Queen Goosefoot probably because she had The most likely candidate is an large goose-like feet, and was often portrayed in 8th century French queen named Bertrada II of Laon who, in 740, married Pepin the French legends sitting at a Short, King of the Franks, and in 742 bore his son Charles, known to spinning wheel telling stories to children as she wove. us today as Charlemagne, the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.

Americans, meanwhile, believe that one Elizabeth Goose who lived in Boston, Massachusetts, during the 17th century was Another possibility the original Mother Goose, although no evidence has been was a different Queen discovered to support this claim. According to the legend, Bertha, this time the wife one of her daughters married a printer who collected all of of Robert II of France. In her stories and published them as a book. On the front he is her case it was even supposed to have put a picture of a goose-like creature with rumoured that she a long neck and wide-open gave birth to a mouth, to make fun of his child with the head mother-in-law! To this of a goose! day, nursery rhymes are known as ‘Mother Goose songs’ in America!

Nick Hobbes © John Good

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good john © john © good good john © john © good good good The widespread belief that geese are just big ducks is partly true, as the two types of bird are closely related biologically. However, there is a lot more to geesejohn than meets the eye, making them one of the most interesting of all birds and a groupgood with a very rich history! ome fascinating Every year, geese lose their flying feathers john S when they moult. This means they are stuck © on the ground for a while. Unlike other birds, facts aboutjohn geese lose all their flight feathers at once! They can fly again approximately six weeks after moulting (usually by early August).good During moulting, geese need to be near water to © © john... escape from their predators. Geese are among the few good creatures whose group name changes depending on whether good they are flying or on the ground.© A group of geese is called a gaggle on the ground but a skein when in the air. john Geese have been domesticated good good for almost 5,000 years. Many varieties of geese were bred goodChina. Over the years, geese have beenin ancient raised India, for food, Egypt eggs, and uard feathers (for quill pens) and their down (for quilts ©and pillows). G john Domesticated geese make good watchdogs, hissing and honking john loudly when strangers come around! good Geese, with their exceptional eyesight, wide field of good © vision and strident voices, make excellent guards against approaching strangers or predators, since outsiders cannot calmjohn them into silence. This Geese can be very aggressive was reputedly shown in 390 BC, when Rome was when protecting their young. good © attacked by Gallic troops. It was the alertness of the john All geese eggs in a single clutch holy geese housed in the temple of the city’s fort hatch on approximately the same day. that allowed the defenders to wake in time to good resist the attacking enemy. The baby geese are called goslings. © Today, in the high Andes,john Geese are devoted parents Southeast Asia and and never leave their many other places, © geese replace guard goslings unguarded. john dogs. In Europe, they good have been used to guard whiskey© warehouses and even sensitive military installations! john Geese have many natural predators good © including foxes, raccoons, owls and even snapping turtles, but they are strong, john aggressive, and quick to defend themselves.good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © © john john good © © john good © john good © john © john © good

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Long-distancegood in history good Migrating geese, with their spectacular ‘V’ formations, are one of the wonders of the natural world. But why do they do it? good Apparently, by flying in a ‘V’ group formation, the whole Throughout their history, geese have inspired artists skein find it easier to fly than if they were on their own. and writers, and appear in many fairy tales, such as As each bird flaps its wings, it creates an uplift for the The Goose Girl, The Golden Goose, The Goose Girl at birdjohn following. ‘V’ formation flying means a group can the Well, The Fox and the Geese and The Goose that travel 71 per cent further than they could if flying alone Laid the Golden Egg, as well as the nursery rhyme or in a normal flock! Goosey Gooseygood Gander. If a goose falls out of the ‘V’ formation, it suddenly feels the extra drag and resistance of flying alone, and john quickly gets back into formation to take advantage of © the lifting power of the bird immediately in front. When Archaeological excavations in ancient the lead goose gets tired,john it rotates back into formation Egypt have proved that geese and another goose flies at the point position. were kept as early as the goodthird millennium BC. Why do flying geese honk all the time? Apparently, it’s Romans dedicated geese to Juno, © to encourage those up front to keep their speed up! their highest goddess, and authors When a goose gets sick, wounded or shot down, two such as Plinius and Horace described © goose husbandry techniques and geese drop out of formation and follow it down to help and protect it. They stay with it until it fliesjohn again delicious goose recipes. or dies; afterwards, they catch up The Chinese were familiar with with their original flock or join goose husbandry at the time of goodthe Tai another group. dynasty in the 14th century. Charlemagne encouraged goose husbandry good Migrating geese in Canada have in his empire, and it became common been known to allow hitchhikers© practice all over Europe during – smaller birds have been john found on their backs! the ensuing centuries. good good good © john good In Egyptian mythology, the earth-god Geb (also john Seb, or Keb) was sometimes depicted mythology called goodwith a goose surmounting his head. He was also described as a goose called © The Celts associated the The Great Cackler, whose john goose with war, possibly female laid an egg every because of its watchful day, from which the Sun good © nature and aggressive hatched each morning. john temperament. Warrior gods were sometimes good depicted with geese as© companions. Remains john of geese have been In ancient Egypt, as well as found in warriors’ © in ancient China, the goose was graves. The ancient john considered a messenger Britons kept geese, between Heaven and Earth. but did not eat them. In China, geese are still a good They were, however, © symbol of marriage, because they sometimes used as john bond for life with one mate. sacrificial offerings. good In the Roman empire, the goose © was the sacred animal of Juno, a goddess of light, marriage johnand childbirth, who was later considered adviser and Nick Hobbes protector of the Roman people. good© John Good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © © john john good © © john good © john good © john © john © good

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good john © john © good good john © john © good good good john Priscilla the goose has laid lots of golden eggs and Mothergood Goose has quite a few left over—so she has decided to set you a sudoku john puzzle to solve! © She has writtenjohn numbers on the sides of the eggs and drawn a grid made up of 16 squares, divided into four smaller boxes of four squares each. The idea is to fill it so that every row and column of the large grid and every smaller 2 x 2 box contains each number.good Can you solve it? © © john good good © john good good good © Now try this harder one! Mother Goose has added another twojohn eggs and made the grid john bigger, so that each row, column and box has six squares. See if you can do this one! good good © john © john good good © john © john good © john good © john good © John Good© good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © good © john john good © good © john good john good © © john good john good © © john john good © © john john good © © john good © john good © john © john © good

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