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Downloaded 10/05/21 09:28 AM UTC MAY 2015 T O M I K a W a E T a L 1804 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 143 Vertical Wind Disturbances during a Strong Wind Event Observed by the PANSY Radar at Syowa Station, Antarctica YOSHIHIRO TOMIKAWA National Institute of Polar Research and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tokyo, Japan MASAHIRO NOMOTO AND HIROAKI MIURA The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan MASAKI TSUTSUMI,KOJI NISHIMURA,TAKUJI NAKAMURA,HISAO YAMAGISHI, AND TAKASHI YAMANOUCHI National Institute of Polar Research and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tokyo, Japan TORU SATO Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan KAORU SATO The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Manuscript received 5 September 2014, in final form 30 January 2015) ABSTRACT 2 Characteristically strong vertical wind disturbances (VWDs) with magnitudes larger than 1 m s 1 were ob- served in the Antarctic troposphere using a new mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar called the Program of the Antarctic Syowa MST/incoherent scatter (IS) Radar (PANSY) during 15–19 June 2012 at Syowa Station (69.08S, 39.68E). In the same period, two synoptic-scale cyclones approached Syowa Station and caused a strong wind event (SWE) at the surface. The VWDs observed during the SWE at Syowa Station had a nearly standing (i.e., no phase tilt with height) phase structure up to the tropopause and a power spectrum proportional to the 25/3 power of frequency. On the other hand, the observed VWDs were not associated with systematic horizontal momentum fluxes. Meteorological fields around Syowa Station during the SWE were successfully simulated using the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). A strong VWD was also simulated at the model grid of 70.08S, 40.08E in NICAM, which had a standing phase structure similar to the observed ones. An analysis based on the Froude number showed that the simulated VWD was likely due to a hydraulic jump leeward of the coastal mountain ridge. The Scorer parameter analysis indicated that the observed VWDs at Syowa Station during 16–17 June 2012 were likely due to the hydraulic jump similar to that in NICAM. On the other hand, a possibility of lee waves was also suggested for the VWD observed on 18 June 2012. 1. Introduction to the Antarctic topography (Parish and Bromwich 1987) and partially by synoptic-scale cyclones arriving The Antarctic coastal region is characterized by from the Southern Ocean storm track (Trenberth 1991). strong surface winds throughout the year. These strong The surface wind induced by the katabatic forcing is winds are primarily induced by the katabatic forcing due called ‘‘katabatic wind’’ and characterized by a nearly constant wind direction (King and Turner 1997). Among them, cases with strong surface winds, which are classi- Corresponding author address: Yoshihiro Tomikawa, National 21 Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo fied as gale winds (i.e., 17.2–20.7 m s ) or higher classes 190-8518, Japan. in the Beaufort Wind Force Levels are called strong E-mail: [email protected] wind events (SWEs) and have been intensively studied DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00289.1 Ó 2015 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 09:28 AM UTC MAY 2015 T O M I K A W A E T A L . 1805 FIG. 1. (a) Antarctic topography with contour intervals of 500 m. (b) Inset of (a) showing the coastal region around Syowa Station with contour intervals of 100 m. (Turner et al. 2009). Turner et al. (2001) examined an the troposphere and lower stratosphere at Finnish/ extreme wind event at Casey Station (66.278S, 110.538E) Swedish Aboa/Wasa Station (73.08S, 13.48W) with the and concluded that key factors forcing the extreme wind Moveable Atmospheric Radar for Antarctica (MARA). were a synoptic-scale strong pressure gradient, entrain- They simulated the VWDs with the Weather Research ment of radiatively cooled air, topographically induced and Forecasting (WRF) Model and demonstrated that downslope wind, and sources of negative buoyancy. the VWDs were induced by topographically forced Steinhoff et al. (2008) examined a severe wind event at gravity waves (i.e., mountain waves). It is also shown McMurdo Station (77.858S, 166.678E) and demonstrated that those gravity waves propagated up to the lower that a barrier effect due to the Transantarctic Mountains stratosphere under a condition of weak zonal wind played a significant role in forcing the strong surface shear. However, these observations of mesoscale phe- wind in addition to the factors proposed by Turner et al. nomena in the Antarctic troposphere and lower strato- (2001). sphere are still limited. These strong surface winds during SWEs cause sev- Syowa Station (69.08S, 39.68E) is a primary station of eral kinds of mesoscale phenomena such as hydraulic the Japanese Antarctic activity and located on East On- jumps, downslope windstorms, and lee waves by inter- gul Island in the Antarctic coastal region (Fig. 1). Japa- acting with local topography in the Antarctic coastal nese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JAREs) have region. Adams (2004) simulated an extreme wind event been performing operational meteorological observa- at Casey Station and suggested an occurrence of a tions at Syowa Station since 1957 (e.g., Sato and Hirasawa hydraulic jump on the upslope from Casey Station. 2007). In addition, the first mesosphere–stratosphere– Steinhoff et al. (2008) indicated that a downslope troposphere (MST)/incoherent scatter (IS) radar in the windstorm also contributed to the enhancement of Antarctic has been installed at Syowa Station (Sato et al. surface winds at McMurdo Station in the severe wind 2014), which is called the Program of the Antarctic Syowa event. On the other hand, it is difficult to directly ob- MST/IS Radar (PANSY). The PANSY radar has the serve these mesoscale phenomena in the Antarctic be- ability to make continuous measurements of vertical pro- cause meteorological observations in the Antarctic are files of zonal, meridional, and vertical winds with fine sparse compared to other areas. vertical and temporal resolutions regardless of the weather Valkonen et al. (2010) and Arnault and Kirkwood conditions. The radar has started its continuous observa- (2012) observed vertical wind disturbances (VWDs) in tion of the troposphere and stratosphere on 30 April 2012. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 09:28 AM UTC 1806 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 143 In June 2012 when an SWE occurred at Syowa Station, Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications intense vertical wind disturbances in the troposphere (MERRA; Rienecker et al. 2011) are used. AVHRR were observed by the PANSY radar. data were received at Syowa Station and provided by the The primary purpose of this study is to examine what National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR). Cyclone mechanism caused the observed VWDs using observa- tracks are determined as series of the locations of sea tional data and performing a model simulation. Data level pressure (SLP) minima. and model settings used in this study are given in section 2. b. Numerical simulation Synoptic-scale meteorological fields during the SWE around Syowa Station are shown in section 3.The We carried out a numerical simulation to examine the characteristics of the VWDs observed by the PANSY atmospheric fields around Syowa Station during the radar are described in section 4. Simulated VWDs and SWE. The Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric their characteristics are compared with observed ones Model (NICAM; Satoh et al. 2008) was used to simulate in section 5. A mechanism causing the simulated and the synoptic-scale cyclones over the ocean and strong observed VWDs is examined in section 6.Thesum- VWDs in the Antarctic coastal region. mary and conclusions are given in section 7. This model employs nonhydrostatic dynamical cores as the governing equations, and icosahedral grids over the sphere. The finite-volume method is used for nu- 2. Observation and model configuration merical discretization to conserve total mass, momentum, and energy over the domain. Horizontal resolutions are a. Observational data represented by ‘‘glevel-n’’ (grid division level n). Glevel- The PANSY radar is a VHF clear-air Doppler radar 0 means the original icosahedron. By recursively dividing operating at its central frequency of 47.0 MHz. The each triangle into four small triangles, we obtain one- PANSY radar measurements were made by using five level higher resolution. Moreover, NICAM can define beams pointing vertically and to the north, east, south, grids that are finer in the target region by using the grid and west with a zenith angle of 108 in the troposphere and transformation method proposed by Tomita (2008a).The lower stratosphere. Line-of-sight wind velocities are es- stretching factor b represents the ratio between maxi- timated from Doppler frequency shifts in the echoes with mum and minimum grid intervals. Stretched grids involve 2 a high accuracy of 0.1 m s 1. The radar has an advantage less computational cost than quasi-uniform grids for re- in directly being able to measure vertical winds, which are gional climates or weather studies. Note that this model important to examine secondary circulations of weather does not have lateral boundaries and, hence, it is free systems and vertical fluxes of horizontal momentum. The from the artificial wave reflection from the boundaries vertical resolution is 150 m for the troposphere and unlike regional models. stratosphere. A continuous observation using a reduced Most previous studies using NICAM have focused on radar system composed of 228 crossed Yagi antennas has atmospheric phenomena in the tropics. Miura et al. (2007) started on 30 April 2012. The time resolution is 1 min simulated the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) with before 25 June 2012 and 2 min after that. See Sato et al. glevel-11 (Dx 5 3.5 km) on the Earth Simulator. Fudeyasu (2014) for details of the PANSY radar system.
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