DOCSLIB.ORG

Enewetak Fact Book (A Resume'of Pre-Cleanup Information)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enewetak Fact Book (A Resume'of Pre-Cleanup Information) t)/^. 103 I ^1*9- NVO-214 M^. \ ENEWETAK FACT BOOK (A RESUME'OF PRE-CLEANUP INFORMATION) COMPILED BY WAYNE BLISS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY °° "%rr "^« COMPILED 1977 PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1982 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NEVADA OPERATIONS OFFICE LAS VEGAS, NEVADA ' -> '3 i-'M'Kirta M DISCLAIMER "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favor­ ing by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof." This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161 Price: Printed Copy A10 Microfiche A01 Codes are used for pricing all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. Information pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issues of the following publications, which are generally available in most libraries: Energy Research Abstracts (ERA); Government Reports Announcements and Index (GRA and I); Scientific and Technical Abstract Reports (STAR); and publication NTIS-PR-360, available from NTIS at the above address. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. 1-170—214 NVO-214 ENEWETAK FACT BOOK (A RESUME'OF PRE-CLEANUP INFORMATION) COMPILED BY WAYNE A. BLISS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY FOR ENEWETAK RADIOLOGICAL SUPPORT PROJECT NOTICE -DISCLAIMER - PORTIOWS OF THIS REPOOT ARE ULESIBLE. It This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United Slates Goverrtment Neither the Un ted Stales Govermient nor any agency thereof nor any of their employees makes any has bsen reproduced from the best avaiiabls warrarity exoress or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy complf-eness or usefulness oi ary information apparatus product or process disclosed or represents 'hdt its use would not infringe privately owned rights Reference herein to any specific copy to permit the broadest possible avail­ commercial product process or service by trade name trademark manufacturer or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement recommendation or favoring by the United ability. States Government or any agency thereof The views and opinions of authors esoressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any aaency thereof COMPILED FOR FIELD USE 1977 PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1982 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NEVADA OPERATIONS OFFICE LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 5''S. : •y.l^-'':-l FOREWORD In 1977, soon after establishment of the Enewetak Radiological Support Project (ERSP) to provide radiological advice and assistance to the Defense Nuclear Agency, it became essential to assemble an "as is" description of the Atoll. We asked Wayne Bliss, of EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, to take on this important task. Over the ensuing months, Wayne examined records, files and notebooks and, I often think, his crystal balL He interviewed many old-timers smd became himself a true authority on this tiny coral atoll which had sustained the multiple impacts of more than a decade of earth moving, construction and nuclear testing. The record of Wayne's research became the Enewetak Fact Book. To all of the ERSP management team and to the DOD planners it became an indispensable tool. As now published, it becomes a part of the Enewetak history. Wayne Bliss has our thanks for a most valuable contribution. Roger Ray Project Manager Enewetak Radiological Support Project Las Vegas September 1982 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Foreword Prologue 1 Alice 8 Belle 10 Clara 12 Daisy 14 Edna 1^ Flora and Gene 18 Helen and Irene 20 Janet 25 Kate 52 Lucy 54 Mary 56 Nancy 58 Olive 60 Pearl 62 Percy 68 Ruby 70 Sally (also Sally's child) 72 Tilda 88 Ursula 90 Vera 92 Wilma 95 Yvonne, South 98 Yvonne, North 103 Minor Southern Islands 164 David 178 Elmer 180 Fred 194 Leroy 214 Epilogue 216 Distribution 217 PROLOGUE ENEWETAK FACT BOOK Wayne Bliss (Written in 1977 - before cleanup) "Enewetak Fact Book" is a term which has evolved to describe a group of short treatises on the preeleanup condition of the islands in Enewetak Atoll (Figure 1). These assemblages were compiled in a relatively short time in 1977 and have no formal structure nor have they been reviewed by any process normally afforded to the briefest technical note. Their purpose is to provide brief guidance to the radiological history and radiological condition of the islands for use in cleanup of the Atoll, i.e. cleaning up physical and radiological hazards which resulted from nuclear test operations conducted there from 1948 through 1958. The information presented in the Fact Book has been gleaned from numerous sources which include formal reports, old and new; files, both agency and personal; and many interviews and discussions. Therefore, some of the information is popular opinion, some is inferential, but most of it can be substantiated by formal reports and experts from the testing program. The principal report for determining radiological conditions for cleanup is NVO-140, Enewetak Radiological Survey, Oct. 1973. Many of the figures herein are reproduced directly from that report. Other important reports are the Engineering Study for a Cleanup Plan (1972), and the Environmental Impact Statement (1975), both prepared for the Defense Nuclear Agency by Holmes & Narver, Inc. Brevity has been a key factor in the composition of this Fact Book as one who must conduct a field operation cannot efficiently perform while carrying a reference library. Therefore, much of the information is presented very concisely and on map figures. It is necessary for the user of the Fact Book to be familiar with the test program at the Enewetak Proving Ground and be able to make logical inductions or refer to an appropriate reference for more detailed information. The first nuclear test at the Enewetak Proving Ground was conducted on April 14, 1948 (Greenwich time). OPERATION CROSSROADS conducted at Bikini Atoll in 1946 consisted of two experiments to determine the effects of nuclear explosions on military hardware. OPERATION SANDSTONE conducted at Enewetak in 1948 was the pioneering attempt to scientifically evaluate nuclear explosion phenomena. All nuclear experiments at Enewetak were weapons related; however, they included various studies related to understanding the explosion phenomenon and blast effects. Many additional studies were conducted such as measuring biological exposure and responses, evaluating detection instruments, comparing nuclear yield determination methods and so on. A typical operation at Enewetak consisted of facility construction by a contractor (Holmes (5c Narver, Inc.), conduct of the operation by a joint AEC-DOD task force, and an interim roll-up and preparation of the following operation by the contractor. Table 1 is a list of the nuclear operations and nuclear tests conducted at Enewetak. MO' '«o- u^IT N WAKE ISLANDS ' -m MARIANAS ^ •^•ISLANDS ENIWETOK ATOLL] GUAM- V .BIKINI ATOLL * •>• • MARSHALL TRUK • • '. ISLANDS . KWAJALEIN^ > CAROLINE ISLANDS CANTON ISLAND • GILBERT CHRISTMAS « ISLAND \ ISLANDS , • SOLOMON ISLANDS '^•••*' REGIONAL MAP SOO 0 300 COO ORAPHIC SCALE IN NAUTICAL MILES AIRLINE DISTANCES MAP NO SCALE FIGURE la. ENEWETAK ATOLL LOCATION MAPS T ~T-z—] r- + + o + c 30 m < m h ; H 888 S I " > > H += O is ii O o > > 1 J CO ff T T- C_ _I ' 1 T TABLE 1 ENEWETAK PROVING GROUND Operation/Event Name Date e& Height Yield Location (GCT) (ft) of Burst SANDSTONE X-RAY 4/14/48 Tower 200 37 KTl Janet, west tip YOKE 4/30/48 Tower 200 49 KT Sally, west tip ZEBRA 5/14/48 Tower 200 18 KT Yvonne, north end GREENHOUSE DOG 4/7/51 Tower 300 - Yvonne,.north end EASY 4/20/51 Tower 300 47 KT Janet, west tip GEORGE 5/8/51 Tower 200 - Ruby ITEM 5/24/51 Tower 200 - Janet, north tip IVY MIKE 10/31/52 Surface 10.4 MT2 Flora (thermonuclear) KING 11/15/52 Airdrop, 1500 500 KT Yvonne, 2000' north CASTLE NECTAR 5/13/54 Barge 1.69 MT Mike Event Crater REDWING LACROSSE 5/4/56 Surface 40 KT Yvonne, north end YUMA 5/27/56 Tower 200 Sally, west tip ERIE 5/30/56 Tower 300 Yvonne, near runway SEMINOLE 6/6/56 Surface 13.7 KT Irene BLACKFOOT 6/11/56 Tower 200 Yvonne, middle KICKAPOO 6/13/56 Tower 300 SaUy, north tip OSAGE 6/16/56 Airdrop 670 Yvonne, middle INCA 6/21/56 Tower 200 Pearl 1- KT = Kiloton defines energy equivalent to 1000 tons of TNT.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Congressional Record—Senate S652
    S652 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE January 30, 2014 the Senate by Mr. Pate, one of his sec- Whereas, on October 31, 1952, Operation Ivy Guam, separated by a scant 30 miles, and retaries. was conducted on Elugelab Island (‘‘Flora’’) both are affected by the same win, weather in the Enewetak Atoll, in which the first and ocean current patterns, it logically fol- f true thermonuclear hydrogen bomb (a 10.4 lows that radiation which affects the Terri- EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED megaton device) code name Mike was deto- tory of Guam necessarily affects the Com- nated, destroying the entire island leaving monwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; As in executive session the Presiding behind a 6,240 feet across and 164 feet deep and Officer laid before the Senate messages crater in its aftermath; and Whereas, as a result, the Nuclear and Radi- from the President of the United Whereas, in 90 seconds the mushroom cloud ation Studies Board (‘‘NSRB’’) published in States submitting sundry nominations climbed to 57,000 feet into the atmosphere 2005 its report entitled ‘‘Assessment of the and two withdrawals which were re- and within 30 minutes had stretched 60 miles Scientific information for the Radiation Ex- in diameter with the base of the mushroom posure Screening and Education Program’’; ferred to the appropriate committees. head joining the stem of 45,000 feet; and and (The messages received today are Whereas, radioactive fallout is the after ef- Whereas, because fallout may have been printed at the end of the Senate pro- fect of the detonation
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—Senate S652
    S652 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE January 30, 2014 the Senate by Mr. Pate, one of his sec- Whereas, on October 31, 1952, Operation Ivy Guam, separated by a scant 30 miles, and retaries. was conducted on Elugelab Island (‘‘Flora’’) both are affected by the same win, weather in the Enewetak Atoll, in which the first and ocean current patterns, it logically fol- f true thermonuclear hydrogen bomb (a 10.4 lows that radiation which affects the Terri- EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED megaton device) code name Mike was deto- tory of Guam necessarily affects the Com- nated, destroying the entire island leaving monwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; As in executive session the Presiding behind a 6,240 feet across and 164 feet deep and Officer laid before the Senate messages crater in its aftermath; and Whereas, as a result, the Nuclear and Radi- from the President of the United Whereas, in 90 seconds the mushroom cloud ation Studies Board (‘‘NSRB’’) published in States submitting sundry nominations climbed to 57,000 feet into the atmosphere 2005 its report entitled ‘‘Assessment of the and two withdrawals which were re- and within 30 minutes had stretched 60 miles Scientific information for the Radiation Ex- in diameter with the base of the mushroom posure Screening and Education Program’’; ferred to the appropriate committees. head joining the stem of 45,000 feet; and and (The messages received today are Whereas, radioactive fallout is the after ef- Whereas, because fallout may have been printed at the end of the Senate pro- fect of the detonation
    [Show full text]
  • The Views and Issues America's Atomic Veterans
    THE VIEWS AND ISSUES OF AMERICA’S ATOMIC VETERANS N-001 TRINITY SITE - NEW MEXICO THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB TEST JULY 16, 1945 ATOMIC BOMB DROPPED OVER HIROSHIMA, JAPAN AUGUST 6, 1945 ATOMIC BOMB DROPPED OVER NAGASAKI, JAPAN AUGUST 9, 1945 N-002 TRINITY TEST - 07-16-45 - 19 KILOTONS N-003 HIROSHIMA 2 MILES FROM THE CENTER OF BLAST 08-07-45 N-004 HIROSHIMA 1.5 MILES FROM THE CENTER OF BLAST 08-07-45 N-005 “ FAT MAN “ DETONATION OVER CITY OF NAGASAKI PHOTO TAKEN BY A JAPANESE RAIL LINE SURVEYOR N-006 NAGASAKI 2.5 MILES FROM CENTER OF BLAST 08-10-45 N-007 NAGASAKI 1.5 MILES FROM CENTER OF BLAST 08-10-45 N-008 BIKINI ATOLL ( MARSHALL ISLANDS ) “ CROSSROADS “ 2 WEAPONS EFFECTS TESTS INVOLVING 42,000 MILITARY PERSONNEL N-009 38 MILES TEST ABLE TEST BAKER THERE WERE 23 ATOMIC WEAPONS TESTED ON BIKINI ATOLL N-010 CROSSROADS “ ABLE “ PHOTO FROM ISLAND CAMERA N-011 CROSSROADS “ BAKER “ PHOTO FROM AIRCRAFT N-012 CROSSROADS “ BAKER “ PHOTO FROM ISLAND CAMERA N-013 BIKINI ATOLL “ SANDSTONE “ 3 TESTS 10,000 + MILITARY PERSONNEL N-014 SANDSTONE “ X-RAY “ - 04-14-48 - BIKINI ATOLL TOWER SHOT 37 KILOTONS N-015 B-29 “ OVEREXPOSED “ AIR CREW BEING CHECKED FOR RADIATION AFTER RETURNING FROM ATOMIC CLOUD SAMPLING MISSION OVER BIKINI ATOLL N-016 NEVADA TEST SITE “ RANGER “ & “ BUSTER- JANGLE “ ( 11 TESTS ) 7,000 + MILITARY PESONNEL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ENEWETAK ATOLL “ GREENHOUSE “ ( 5 TESTS ) 7,500 + MILITARY PERSONNEL N-017 CAMP DESERT ROCK MILITARY PERSONNEL ASSEMBLED FOR ATOMIC WEAPONS TEST BRIEFINGS N-018 GROUND OBSERVATION TROOPS ON WAY TO THEIR
    [Show full text]
  • CA-HPO Workshop with Edit Comments Sept20 Nm
    REPORT OF MEETING CONSULTATION WORKSHOP of the REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE: HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 2015 (MAJURO, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 21–23 October 2015) Republic of the Marshall Islands Ministry of Internal Affairs Historic Preservation Office P.O. Box 1454, Majuro, MH 96960 Phone/Fax (692) 625-4476, email: [email protected] Website: www.rmihpo.com CONSULTATION WORKSHOP of the REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE: HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN 2015 (MAJURO, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 21–23 October 2015, Sandy’s Cafe) Prepared by: Mabel Peter & Steve Titiml of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Historic Preservation Office Contents Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 Workshop Details, Agenda & Participant list.................................................................. 1 Day 1: Wednesday 21 October........................................................................................2 Opening................................................................................................................................ 2 Session 1: RMI Historic Preservation Office: Program Overview......................................... 2 Organizational Chart..................................................................................... 3 Other Activities............................................................................................. 4 Projects........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic Veterans' View Regarding VBDR
    The Atomic Veterans' View Regarding VBDR, Dose Reconstruction and the V. A. Claim Compensation Programs By: R. J. Ritter – C.E.M. Director - National Commander National Association of Atomic Veterans, Inc. February 16, 2007 1. Slide N001 On behalf of America’s atomic veteran community, I am pleased to offer their views, issues, comments and suggestions to the Veteran’s Advisory Board on Dose Re-construction, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, the Department of Veteran’s Affairs, and those interested parties who are with us today. When first asked to prepare this presentation, I found it impossible to adequately convey, those views, concerns and opinions in 30 short minutes. It is well to note that America’s atomic veterans have been attempting, for the last 50+ years, to tell the stories of their experiences to those who have little or no interest in these events. With this in mind, I have selected a series of slides from a ( 90 minute ) public awareness program developed by NAAV, Inc., that will address their core issues within the allotted 30 minute period. This approach will adequately convey the depth, magnitude and importance of those radiation exposure events that were a critical part of their life experiences, and bring to the forefront the root cause for our presence here today. Slide N002 The year 1945 marked the dawn of the age of nuclear weapons, as the Manhattan Project proof tested the world’s first atomic bomb, and the decision by United States to used these atomic weapons to shorten the war in the Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Yearbook, 2017
    REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK 2017 Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO) Office of the President Republic of the Marshall Islands RMI Statistical Yearbook, 2017 Statistical Yearbook 2017 Published by: Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO), Office of the President, Republic of the Marshall Islands Publication Year: June, 2018 Technical support was provided by Inclusive Growth Thematic cluster, UNDP, Pacific Office, Suva, Fiji Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP or EPPSO. The pictures used in this publication are mostly taken from the Google search and some from the respective organization’s websites. EPPSO is not responsible if there is any violation of “copy right” issue related with any of them. 1 RMI Statistical Yearbook, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 5 FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 7 SUGGESTED NOTES PRIOR TO READING THIS PUBLICATION .......................................................... 10 BRIEF HISTORY OF REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ............................................................. 12 REPUBLIC
    [Show full text]
  • The Shallow-Water Crinoid Fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: Ecological Observations, Interatoll Comparisons, and Zoogeographic Affinities!
    Pacific Science (1985), vol. 39, no. 4 © 1987 by the Univers ity of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved The Shallow-Water Crinoid Fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: Ecological Observations, Interatoll Comparisons, and Zoogeographic Affinities! D. L. ZMARZLy 2 ABSTRACT: Twelve species ofcomatulid crinoids in three families were found to inhabit reefs at Kwajalein Atoll during surveys conducted both day and night by divers using scuba gear. Eleven of the species represent new records for the atoll, and five are new for the Marshall Islands. A systematic resume of each species is presented, including observations on die! activity patterns, degree of exposure when active, and current requirements deduced from local distri­ butions. More than half of the species were strictly nocturnal. Densities of nocturnal populations were much higher than those typically observed during the day . Occurrence and distribution ofcrinoids about the atoll appeared to be influenced by prevailing currents. Some species, of predominantly cryptic and semicryptic habit by day, occurred at sites both with and without strong currents. While these species were able to survive in habitats where currents prevailed, they appeared not to require strong current flow. In contrast, the remaining species, predominantly large, fully exposed comasterids, were true rheophiles; these were found on seaward reefs and only on lagoon reefs in close proximity to tidal passes. Comparison of crinoid records between atolls in the Marshall Islands shows Kwajalein to have the highest diversity, although current disparities between atolls in the number of species recorded undoubtedly reflect to some extent differences in sampling effort and methods. Based on pooled records, a total of 14 shallow-water crinoid species is known for the Marshall Islands, compared with 21 for the Palau Archipelago and 55 for the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Death Toll Is Rising
    , .,/ ./ K_~.J ALE I ~___ ,H~-t\--H-a-U~R G '-~S S VOLUME 14 KWAJAlEIN ATOll, MARSHAll ISLANDS, TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1977 NUMBER 216 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * SUN & SURF * U.S. REFUGEES RETURN TO THEIR HOMES * * * AS OF 0001 HOURS 8 NOV. '77 * * RAINFAll: .03 lnch * * MONTHLY TOTAL: 2.12 inches * FLOOD DEATH TOLL IS RISING * YEARLY TOTAL' 72.82 inches * ATLANTA (UPI) -- Hundreds of flood refugees plodded back to crushed or mud-scarred homes ln * TOMORROW * the southern Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains and searchers pokeo through debrls for more * Hi Tlde: 0312 5.2' 1533 6.0' * vlctlms of the deadly mountaln rains. * lo Tide' 0915 0.4' 2149 0.3' * The death toll from the weekend rampage by mountain streams cllmbed to 49. Resuce workers * MOONRISE: 0517 MOONSET: 1730 * search1ng a flood-ravaged Slble college campus at Toccoa, Georgla, found the body of Dr. Jerry * SUNRISE: 0639 SUNSET 1827 * Sproull, a professor at Toccoa Falls College. Sproull was the 38th victlm of the Toccoa floodlng. *.* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Authorltles are contlnuing the search for another man st1ll mlssing and presumed dead. Governor George Busbee informed the White House he would seek federal disaster aid. * FINANCIAL NEWS * * * Searchers ln the Blue Ridge Mountalns of North Carolina found flve more bodles, boostlng the * DO~JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGES * state's weekend death toll to * 30 Indus. off 0.17 at 816.27 * 10. * 20 Trans. up 0.44 at 206.52 * HIGH LEVELS Of AID TO ISRAEL The bodles of two three­ * 15 Utils. up 0.33 at 108.71 * year-old brothers were found * 65 Stocks up 0.28 at 279.45 * yesterday a short distance * Volume: 19,210,000 Shares * AND EGYPT MA Y IMPEDE PEACE from where the1r mother's * Closing Gold Pnce $165.15 * WASHINGTON (UPI) -- Lavish ald promises to Israel and Egypt body was recovered Sunday.
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 342 Notes on the Birds Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 342 NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF KWAJALEIN ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS BY R. B. CLAPP ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. SEPTEMBER 1990 I Taongi 0 Bikar 3 iniwetok Ebon 0 I U Figure 1. Locati-on of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF KWAJALEIN ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS BY R. B. CLAPP Introduc t ion Kwajalein is a crescent-shaped atoll that lies between 09'25' and 08'40'~ and between 166°50' and 167O45'~,near the center of the western (Ralik) chain of the Marshall Islands (Figure 1). Composed of more than 90 islets, largely uninhabited, Kwajalein Atoll extends about 75 miles from southeast to northwest. It has a land area of about 6 square miles (3,854 acres) (Global Associates 1987), an increase of about 263 acres over the original area that was brought about by filling of land on Kwajalein, Roi-Namur, and Meck Islands. As of June 1987, the populatj on of the atoll was about 12,200 and composed of about 9,560 Marshallese and 2,639 non-indigenous persons affiliated with the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) facility. The three islands of Ebeye (8,600; mostly Marshallese), Kwajalein (2,390) and Roi-Namur (249) hold over 90% of the population (Global Associates 1987). During March 1988, I made ornithological observations on ten islands (Fi-gure 2). Part of a survey requested by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the observations helped determine the terrestrial wild1ife resources of the atoll as base1 ine data for an environmental impact statement.
    [Show full text]
  • The President's Pearls
    Teacher’s family Theflies Marshall Islandsin Journal for — Friday, memorial December 10, 2010 1 Six members of James de Brueys family More stories and photos, QL]LQJDPHPRULDOVHUYLFHWKDWLVH[SHFWHG SURMHFWDQGÀQLVKLWµVDLG:RUOG7HDFK·V DUHH[SHFWHGWRÁ\WR0DMXURQH[WZHHN see pages 2, 11, and 16. WRKDSSHQRQ7KXUVGD\'HFHPEHU$ $QJHOD6DXQGHUV,ISHRSOHZDQWWRVXSSRUW for a memorial service for the WorldTeach PHPRULDOVHUYLFHIRUKLPZDVKHOGWKLV LWWKH\FDQPDNHGRQDWLRQVIRULWWKURXJK WHDFKHUZKRLVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHGURZQHG WKUHHRIKLVEURWKHUVDQGVLVWHUVDQGKLV ZHHNLQ/RXLVLDQDZKHUHKLVIDPLO\OLYHV WKH:RUOG7HDFKRIÀFHLQ0DMXUR ZKHQWKHVPDOOERDWKHZDVLQZLWKWKUHH VLVWHULQODZDUHVFKHGXOHGWRYLVLWQH[W :KLOHDW%LNDUHM,VODQGGH%UXH\VKDG 2QO\RQHERG\ZDVIRXQGDQGWKRXJKD 0DUVKDOOHVHFDSVL]HGWZRZHHNVDJR 7KXUVGD\IRUWZRGD\V VWDUWHGZRUNLQJRQSODQVWREXLOGDEDV- VHFRQGERG\ZDVVLJKWHGE\D&RDVW*XDUG -DPHV·SDUHQWV·0DU\DQG-LPGH%UXH\V 7KH:RUOG7HDFKRIÀFHLQ0DMXURLVRUJD- NHWEDOOFRXUW´:HZDQWWRFRQWLQXHKLV SODQHLWZDVQRWUHFRYHUHG $1 on Winmar: The Marshall Islands Majuro ‘Jaluit all the way’ ISSN: 0892 2096 Page 15 Friday, December 10, 2010 • Volume 41, Number 50 Photos: Giff Ken Johnson quits CMIGIFF JOHNSON President Jurelang .HQQHWK:RRGEXU\-U SLF- Zedkaia made the WXUHG UHVLJQHGDV3UHVLGHQW Rongelap and Namdrik RIWKH&ROOHJHRIWKH0DUVKDOO local government pearl ,VODQGV:HGQHVGD\IRUKHDOWK sellers happy at the Tide UHDVRQVDQGWKHERDUGZDVH[- Table Saturday with SHFWHGWRPHHWZLWKKLP7KXUV- several purchases. Sales GD\WRUHYLHZDSRVVLEOHFRQWUDFW Friday and Saturday IRUFRQVXOWLQJVHUYLFHVZKHQKH netted $31,000. UHWXUQVWRWKH86 See
    [Show full text]
  • Castle Bravo
    Defense Threat Reduction Agency Defense Threat Reduction Information Analysis Center 1680 Texas Street SE Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5669 DTRIAC SR-12-001 CASTLE BRAVO: FIFTY YEARS OF LEGEND AND LORE A Guide to Off-Site Radiation Exposures January 2013 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Trade Names Statement: The use of trade names in this document does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial hardware or software. This document may not be cited for purposes of advertisement. REPORT Authored by: Thomas Kunkle Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico and Byron Ristvet Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Albuquerque, New Mexico SPECIAL Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Marshall Islands Chronology: 1944-1981
    b , KARSHALL ISLANDS CHRONOLOGY - ERRATUM SHEET Page 12. column 1 and 2. “1955 - March 9 United Xations. .‘I and “May Enewetak . .” This should read. L956 - IMarch 9 United Nations..,“and IMay Enewetak .--*‘ Marshal ACHRONOLOGY: 1944-1981 LISRARY - ~ASHINCTGN, D.C. 2054-5 MICRONESIA SUPPORT COMlITTEE Honolulu, Hawalt F- ‘ifm ti R.EAD TICS ~RO?OLOGY: Weapons Testim--even numbered left hand pages 4-34; destruction of island home- Lands and radioactive wntamination of people, land and food sources. Resettlement of People--odd numbered right hand pages 5-39; the struggle to survive in exile. There is some necessary overlap for clarity; a list of sources used concludes the Chronology on pages 36 and 38. BIKINI ATOLL IN 1946, PRIOR TO THE START OF THE NUCLEAR TESTS. 1st edition publishe'dJuly 1978 2nd edition published August 1981 “?aRTlEGooDoFM ANKlND..~ Marshall Islands people have borne the brunt of U.S. military activity in Micronesia, from nuclear weapons experiments and missile testing to relocations of people and radio- active contamination of people and their environment. All, as an American military com- mder said of the Bikini teats, “for the good of mankind and to end all world wars.” Of eleven United Nations Trusteeships created after World War II, only Micronesia was designated a “strategic” trust, reflecting its military importance to the United States. Ihe U.N. agreement haa allowed the U.S. to use the islands for military purposes, while binding the U.S. to advance the well being of the people of Micronesia. Western nuclear powers have looked on the Pacific, because of its small isolated popu- lations, aa an “ideal” location to conduct nuclear activities unwanted In their own countries.
    [Show full text]