t)/^. 103 I ^1*9-
NVO-214
M^. \ ENEWETAK FACT BOOK (A RESUME'OF PRE-CLEANUP INFORMATION)
COMPILED BY WAYNE BLISS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
°° "%rr "^« COMPILED 1977 PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1982
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NEVADA OPERATIONS OFFICE LAS VEGAS, NEVADA ' -> '3 i-'M'Kirta M
DISCLAIMER
"This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favor ing by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof."
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This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER
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1-170—214 NVO-214
ENEWETAK FACT BOOK
(A RESUME'OF PRE-CLEANUP INFORMATION)
COMPILED BY WAYNE A. BLISS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY FOR ENEWETAK RADIOLOGICAL SUPPORT PROJECT
NOTICE
-DISCLAIMER -
PORTIOWS OF THIS REPOOT ARE ULESIBLE. It This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United Slates Goverrtment Neither the Un ted Stales Govermient nor any agency thereof nor any of their employees makes any has bsen reproduced from the best avaiiabls warrarity exoress or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy complf-eness or usefulness oi ary information apparatus product or process disclosed or represents 'hdt its use would not infringe privately owned rights Reference herein to any specific copy to permit the broadest possible avail commercial product process or service by trade name trademark manufacturer or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement recommendation or favoring by the United ability. States Government or any agency thereof The views and opinions of authors esoressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any aaency thereof
COMPILED FOR FIELD USE 1977 PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1982
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NEVADA OPERATIONS OFFICE LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
5''S. : •y.l^-'':-l
FOREWORD
In 1977, soon after establishment of the Enewetak Radiological Support Project (ERSP) to provide radiological advice and assistance to the Defense Nuclear Agency, it became essential to assemble an "as is" description of the Atoll. We asked Wayne Bliss, of EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, to take on this important task. Over the ensuing months, Wayne examined records, files and notebooks and, I often think, his crystal balL He interviewed many old-timers smd became himself a true authority on this tiny coral atoll which had sustained the multiple impacts of more than a decade of earth moving, construction and nuclear testing.
The record of Wayne's research became the Enewetak Fact Book. To all of the ERSP management team and to the DOD planners it became an indispensable tool. As now published, it becomes a part of the Enewetak history. Wayne Bliss has our thanks for a most valuable contribution.
Roger Ray Project Manager Enewetak Radiological Support Project
Las Vegas September 1982
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Foreword Prologue 1 Alice 8 Belle 10 Clara 12 Daisy 14 Edna 1^ Flora and Gene 18 Helen and Irene 20 Janet 25 Kate 52 Lucy 54 Mary 56 Nancy 58 Olive 60 Pearl 62 Percy 68 Ruby 70 Sally (also Sally's child) 72 Tilda 88 Ursula 90 Vera 92 Wilma 95 Yvonne, South 98 Yvonne, North 103 Minor Southern Islands 164 David 178 Elmer 180 Fred 194 Leroy 214
Epilogue 216
Distribution 217 PROLOGUE ENEWETAK FACT BOOK Wayne Bliss (Written in 1977 - before cleanup)
"Enewetak Fact Book" is a term which has evolved to describe a group of short treatises on the preeleanup condition of the islands in Enewetak Atoll (Figure 1). These assemblages were compiled in a relatively short time in 1977 and have no formal structure nor have they been reviewed by any process normally afforded to the briefest technical note. Their purpose is to provide brief guidance to the radiological history and radiological condition of the islands for use in cleanup of the Atoll, i.e. cleaning up physical and radiological hazards which resulted from nuclear test operations conducted there from 1948 through 1958.
The information presented in the Fact Book has been gleaned from numerous sources which include formal reports, old and new; files, both agency and personal; and many interviews and discussions. Therefore, some of the information is popular opinion, some is inferential, but most of it can be substantiated by formal reports and experts from the testing program. The principal report for determining radiological conditions for cleanup is NVO-140, Enewetak Radiological Survey, Oct. 1973. Many of the figures herein are reproduced directly from that report.
Other important reports are the Engineering Study for a Cleanup Plan (1972), and the Environmental Impact Statement (1975), both prepared for the Defense Nuclear Agency by Holmes & Narver, Inc.
Brevity has been a key factor in the composition of this Fact Book as one who must conduct a field operation cannot efficiently perform while carrying a reference library. Therefore, much of the information is presented very concisely and on map figures. It is necessary for the user of the Fact Book to be familiar with the test program at the Enewetak Proving Ground and be able to make logical inductions or refer to an appropriate reference for more detailed information.
The first nuclear test at the Enewetak Proving Ground was conducted on April 14, 1948 (Greenwich time). OPERATION CROSSROADS conducted at Bikini Atoll in 1946 consisted of two experiments to determine the effects of nuclear explosions on military hardware. OPERATION SANDSTONE conducted at Enewetak in 1948 was the pioneering attempt to scientifically evaluate nuclear explosion phenomena. All nuclear experiments at Enewetak were weapons related; however, they included various studies related to understanding the explosion phenomenon and blast effects.
Many additional studies were conducted such as measuring biological exposure and responses, evaluating detection instruments, comparing nuclear yield determination methods and so on.
A typical operation at Enewetak consisted of facility construction by a contractor (Holmes (5c Narver, Inc.), conduct of the operation by a joint AEC-DOD task force, and an interim roll-up and preparation of the following operation by the contractor. Table 1 is a list of the nuclear operations and nuclear tests conducted at Enewetak. MO' '«o- u^IT N
WAKE ISLANDS ' -m MARIANAS ^ •^•ISLANDS
ENIWETOK ATOLL] GUAM- V .BIKINI ATOLL * •>• • MARSHALL TRUK • • '. ISLANDS . KWAJALEIN^ >
CAROLINE ISLANDS CANTON ISLAND • GILBERT CHRISTMAS « ISLAND \ ISLANDS ,
• SOLOMON ISLANDS '^•••*'
REGIONAL MAP
SOO 0 300 COO
ORAPHIC SCALE IN NAUTICAL MILES
AIRLINE DISTANCES MAP NO SCALE
FIGURE la. ENEWETAK ATOLL LOCATION MAPS T ~T-z—] r- + +
o + c 30 m
< m h ; H 888 S I " > > H += O is ii O o >
> 1 J CO ff
T T- C_ _I ' 1 T TABLE 1
ENEWETAK PROVING GROUND Operation/Event Name Date e& Height Yield Location (GCT) (ft) of Burst SANDSTONE
X-RAY 4/14/48 Tower 200 37 KTl Janet, west tip YOKE 4/30/48 Tower 200 49 KT Sally, west tip
ZEBRA 5/14/48 Tower 200 18 KT Yvonne, north end GREENHOUSE
DOG 4/7/51 Tower 300 - Yvonne,.north end EASY 4/20/51 Tower 300 47 KT Janet, west tip
GEORGE 5/8/51 Tower 200 - Ruby
ITEM 5/24/51 Tower 200 - Janet, north tip
IVY
MIKE 10/31/52 Surface 10.4 MT2 Flora (thermonuclear)
KING 11/15/52 Airdrop, 1500 500 KT Yvonne, 2000' north CASTLE
NECTAR 5/13/54 Barge 1.69 MT Mike Event Crater REDWING
LACROSSE 5/4/56 Surface 40 KT Yvonne, north end YUMA 5/27/56 Tower 200 Sally, west tip
ERIE 5/30/56 Tower 300 Yvonne, near runway
SEMINOLE 6/6/56 Surface 13.7 KT Irene
BLACKFOOT 6/11/56 Tower 200 Yvonne, middle
KICKAPOO 6/13/56 Tower 300 SaUy, north tip
OSAGE 6/16/56 Airdrop 670 Yvonne, middle INCA 6/21/56 Tower 200 Pearl
1- KT = Kiloton defines energy equivalent to 1000 tons of TNT. 2 MT = Megaton = 1000 KT.
-4- TABLE 1 (Continued)
OperaticHi/Event Name Date Type & Height Yield Location (GCT) (ft of Burst
MOHAWK 7/2/56 Tower 300 - Ruby
APACHE 7/8/56 Barge - Mike Event Crater
HURON 7/21/56 Barge - Mike Event Crater HARDTACK, PHASE I
CACTUS 5/5/58 Surface 18 KT Yvonne, north end
BUTTERNUT 5/11/58 Barge - Yvonne, 4000' SW
KOA 5/12/58 Surface 1.37 MT Gene
WAHOO 5/16/58 Underwater 500 - James, 1.4 mi S
HOLLY 5/20/58 Barge - Yvonne, 2075' SW YELLOWWOOD 5/26/58 Barge - Janet, 6000' SW
MAGNOLIA 5/26/58 Barge - Yvonne, 3000' SW
TOBACCO 5/30/58 Barge - Janet, 4000' SW ROSE 6/2/58 Barge - Yvonne, 4000' SW
UMBRELLA 6/8/58 Underwater 150 - Glenn, 1.4 mi N
WALNUT 6/14/58 Barge - Janet, 6000' SW
LINDEN 6/18/58 Barge - Yvonne, 2000' SW
ELDER 6/27/58 Barge - Janet, 4000' SW
OAK 6/28/58 Barge 8.9 MT Alice, 3 mi SW
SEQUOIA 7/1/58 Barge - Yvonne, 2000' SW DOGWOOD 7/5/58 Barge - Janet, 4000' SW
SCAEVOLA 7/14/58 Barge - Yvonne, 560' SW PISONIA 7/17/58 Barge - Yvonne, 12000' W
OLIVE 7/22/58 Barge - Janet, 4000' SW
PINE 7/26/58 Barge - Janet, 8500' SW
QUINCE 8/6/58 Surface - Yvonne, middle FIG 8/18/58 Surface - Yvonne, middle
-5- The zero points are located en the appropriate figures in each island repact. Where these points have special impact, the report for that island will speak to that impact. General considerations which should be related to single shot zero points include: that shot contaminated debris may remain in the area as rigorous cleanup to prepare for succeeding shots was not necessary end often cursory cleanup included dozii^ contamination into the GZ area, pcurticularly if there was a crater
J'Figures in the Cleanup Plan are revisions of topographic maps prepared tor the Atomic Energy Commission by Holmes & Narver in 1959. -6- where radio-contaminated debris is suspected but has not been reported elsewhere, this will be noted on the figure or in the narrative. Additional notes are made for points where a new look for contamination may be in order such as the drain outfall of the aircraft decontamination facilities on Fred (Enewetak) or the laboratory buildings on Elmer (Medren). A single line note of the opted use limits for rehabitation of Enewetak is included on the individual island figures. Of five proposed cases for rehabitation, Case 3 is considered most practical. In summary Case 3 specifies:
1. Pu cleanup to ERDA2 guidelines on IRENE, PEARL and YVONNE. 2. No restrictions on fishing. 3. All radioactive scrap to be cleaned up from all islands. 4. Physical hazard and obstructive debris cleanup on all islands. 5. Living on southern islands, ALVIN through KEITH. 6. Subsistence agriculture limited to southern islands, plus KATE through WILMA, except that pandanus and breadfruit are limited to the southern islands. 7. No restrictions on travel except YVONNE pending cleanup. The individual island figures specify the available uses but must be related to the above. For example, "Birds, eggs, subsistance and commercial agriculture" as noted for PEARL specifies that the island will be used only for harvesting wild birds and eggs and growing subsistance foods and commercial coconuts but excludes growing or using pandanus or breadfruit. Where these plants are included "unlimited agriculture" will be noted. Where Pu is noted as a Case 3 limit, the interpretation is that plutonium must be cleaned up to OPLAN 600-77 guidelines. In the following text, islands are ranked in terms of "total H+l hour exposure rate received," as a crude effort to estimate the relative amount of fallout deposited on each island. This is a technique devised by Lynch and Gudiksen, originally published in NVO-140, pp. 81-83. They normalized early time radiation readings to H+l hour values and summed contributions from all nuclear tests on the atoll to arrive at a "total H+l hour exposure rate received" value for each island. The relative rank assigned each island is stated in the discussion for that island.
2Energy Research and Development Administration, formerly Atomic Energy Commission and later Department of Energy.
-7- June 16, 1977 Site Name: ALICE Board of Geo.: BOGALLUA Marshallese: BOKOLUO ALICE is the northwestern most island of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of 22 acres (8.9 hectares).
ALICE was not the site of any nuclear explosions; however, ranks 9th of the Atoll islands in total H+l hour exposure rate received with 3,383 R/h. ALICE was the site of scientific stations and a steel mat landing strip. Much of the debris remains. The maximum exposure rate measured in 1972 (NVO-140) was 170 uR/h at 1 m above the surface in the eastern interior of the island. Radioactivity in soil is fairly homogenous throughout the island and generally decreases with depth. The mean and range of observed activities exhibited by the surface samples fc«" the following radionuclides are:
Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g)
Mean Range
90Sr 80 14 - 430
137cs 36 5.6 - 141
239pu 12 3.9 - 68
60Co 5.9 1.4 - 33 SoU sampling locaticms 23 and 25 (See Figure 2) near the northern edge of the island do not show a decrease with depth to the maximum sampled depth of 30 cm. This is likely a result of earth moving activities in the area of location 25 and wave disturbances in both. The 239pu level was less than 10 pCi/g from the surface to 30 cm in each case.
There are no known burials of radiocontaminated materials on ALICE. Scrap material on the island has been inconclusively classified as uncontaminated within the background levels of the island with the exception of a wrecked M-boat on the lagoon beach near the east end of the island.
-8- CASE 3 BIRDS, EGGS, PICNIC
GENERAL NQTES
NriMH MtfCUAl AMNCT
tiPHIC SCILE mtWIfOK ATOU dlAMIir SITE ALICE
FIGURE 2 SITE ALICE June 16,1977 Site Name: BELLE Board of Geo.: Marshallese: BOGOMBOGO BOKOMBAKO BELLE is in the northern pc»rtion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of 31 acres (13 hectares). The island is vegetated from sparsely to very densely. BELLE was not the site of any nuclear explosions; however, ranks 10th of the Atoll islands in total H+l hour exposure rate received with 3,382 R/h. BELLE was the site of a few scientific stations during nuclear test operations. The maximum exposure rate measured in 1972 (NVO-140) was 200 uR/h at 1 m above the surface in the northern interiw of the island (Figure 3). Exposure rates were generally an order of magnitude higher ai the northeast half of the island than cm the southwest half. The mean and range of selected radionuclides in surface soil samples collected from these area types are:
RadicHiuclide Activity ([pCi/s i
Mean Rai^i £ Areas of dense vegetatioi
90sr 123 14 - 670 137cs 48 14 - 170 239pu 26 7.2 - 130 60co 10 3.1 - 30 Areas of sparse vegetation
9°Sr 44 35 - 130 137cs 8.6 3.3 - 44 239pu 11 5.8 - 26 60co 4.6 2.4 - 9.6
It should be noted that 239pu in the top 5 cm of soil at locations 35, 37 and 100 are in excess of 40 pCi/gm; however, decrease rapidly with depth. Specifically the results are: Location Depth (cm) 239pu (pCi/g)
35 1 62 3.5 200 7.5 140 20 11 37 1 130 3.5 9.3 100 1 220 3.5 56 7.5 9
No radiocontaminant burials are known to have occurred on BELLE and none is suspected. Scrap material (Mi the island is apparently not contaminated above bacl^round — 250 uR/h, surface contact. The quantity of scrap is small. -10- CASE 3. BIRDS, EGGS, PICNIC
SlItRAl 1 IL
ill< DftMJtG ISA RtPRODbCUUII OF ( !OI>%IUU>( HIM60* ) EY^miS *Rl OH ri'ClLUyiOL' ITLfl" iUCt AS StAbS AtiRIi LTC lifSJ A« WiCPIUu H Tm CUAHWHA,! V(LL.» 1 SLLII ) ^ 1972 SHORELINE Dil>iNSi NUCHA! AOINCY W...tM«tMt . C 1.1.1 HOUMBt NARVER. NC INIWiTOK ATOIL CLIANUP SITE BELLE FIGURES SITE BELLE June 16, 1977 Site Name: CLARA Board of Geo.: EYBBIYAE Marshallese: KIRUNU CLARA is in the northern portion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of 7 acres (2.8 hectares). CLARA was not the site of any nuclear explosions; however, ranks 11th of the Atoll islands in total H+l hour exposure rate received with 3,154 R/h. CLARA was the site of one large and a few lesser scientific stations during nuclear test operations. The maximum exposure rate measured in 1972 (NVO-140) was 100 uR/h at 1 m above the surface in the western midsection of the island (Figure 4). The mean and range of selected radionuclides from surface soil samples collected from CLARA are: Radionuclide Activity (;pCi/g ) Mean Range 90sr 65 13 - 310 137cs 26 5.6 - 110 239pu 22 3.5 - 88 60co 6.4 0.91 - 20 No known or suspected burial sites for radioactive materials exist ai CLARA. The small quantity of scrap material to be found an CLARA is apparently not contaminated above the island background. -12- CASE 3: BIRDS, EGGS, PICNIC Sr-90: 310pCi/g J Pu-239: 8 8 pCi/g LAGOON III WWWHf IS fttttPKOW,(IHII I Jl n IITfKlflAPHiC WP PKLPARLl bY liOLrtS 1 NABVLK ' iC U I%9 FOB THL \, fliofii iiLnriiutris i« AuuiMoi WLIIIMI^ A.LRtVISI01S AVIM.LI'WU 1 ftCCORDMU ^11 IHL J*i» ClALLCItL M\ ^ 111 lltlllSt KUtUAR Adim:' lLiA.«,r y-ltVlY I. IJ/,' twdoH iYtwn »« Jti fi ( lima, lltff DIFiNSI NUCLEAR AGENCY iUi AS SLAbS JlBCIi It LJ aw I mi LLlANir riA.1 v ^ I H HOUMESe NARVER INC II VIGt A \m :>IIOWN M I I URAUH' iJ ftLFUtl Ihl CQHUinO. A! Ill 111 (* I INIWETOK ATOLL CLEANUP SITE CLARA INII* I O' I FIGURE 4 SITE CLARA June 16, 1977 Site Name: DAISY Board of Geo.: LIDILBUT Marshallese: LOU J DAISY is in the northern portion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of 21 acres (8.5 hectares). Vegetation (xi the island ranges from sparse on the lagoon side to relatively dense toward the ocean. DAISY has no surface ground zeroes; however, ranks 7th of the Atoll islands in total H+l hour exposure rate received with 3,354 R/h. DAISY is relatively free of physical remains from nuclear testing. The maximum exposure rate measured in 1972 (NVO-140) was 140 uR/h at 1 m above the surface in the western interior of the isltmd in the thicker vegetation (Figure 5). The relative density of vegetation appears to be proportional to residual radioactivity as shown below. The mean and range of selected radionuclides in surface soil samples collected from these areas are: RadicmucUde Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range. Areas of dense vegetation 90sr 190 100 380 137CS 11 3.4 - 33 239pu 41 22 98 60co 11 6.4 - 26 Areas of sparse vegetatiai 90sr 32 16 120 137cs 3.8 0.86 - 9.0 239pu 15 3.8 - 33 60co 0.85 0.37 - 7.4 Sou results from DAISY foUow the premise that density of vegetation wUl be proportional to the decrease rate of radioiuclides in soU with depth, i.e., surface levels may be higher in more densely vegetated areas but the concentrations of radicmuclides decreases more rapidly with depth. No known or suspected burials of radioactive materials exist on DAISY. The smaU amount of scrap mat^ial there is apparently not contaminated above the island bacl^round. -14- CASE 3: BIRDS. EGGS. PICNC 1'^ IMAUliC IS » RtrtlOLUC mi Of A ITPnflWIilt WP PttPAW.1) oV HOU*S t KAItVtR IIC II. HSS FOB IW DIFiNSf NUCLIAR AGINCY 1. b AlOfit LMLKCV COWISSlUn ADljUiOIIS lALlllONS Aiiij ttVlSICNlS <*Vl SLL WW. 1 ACCORMna HUlt M HOUCSe NARVER INT JAIA COLUCIli, JIIBIl. tit llFfHSL WCLLA" AOIHCY [.UA.II.P Sl-IIVtY II U'^ MtXAtW. S'«*ni Ai I CiL AM-l, III*" INIWITOK ATOll CLIANUF SLti AS SLAbS JLiitlS i list AW JlSCPIhl l« IHI CLIWIUP KKi SITE DAISY FIGURES. SITE DAISY June 16, 1977 Site Name: EDNA Other: SANILDEFONSO Marshallese: BOKINWOTME EDNA is little mca-e than a sandbar in the northern portion of the Atoll (Figure 6). Comparison of a 1952 topographic map and the 1972 photo from NVO-140 show that the island has undergone great physical change. EDNA has no surface ground zeroes. It ranks 3rd of aU the AtoU islands in total H+l hour exposure rate received with 9,533 R/h. Of eight locations where soU samples were coUected in 1972, the activities were: RadionucUde Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90Sr 46 30 220 137cs 4.2 2.7 - 6.4 239pu 18 13 24 60co 0.43 0.33 - 0.63 RadionucUde levels are quite homogenous, hcffizontaUy as weU as vertieaUy, in the soU which is Ukely due to wind and wave action on the smaU island. No burial sites, contaminated scrap or structures are known to exist on EDNA. -16- CASE 3: BIRDS. EGGS. PICNIC 8 uR/h r PU -239 24 SR -90 220 CS -137 6.4 CO •60 0.63 EDNA FIGURE 6. SITE EDNA June 16, 1977 Site Name: FLORA and GENE Other: ELUGELAB and TEITEIRIPUCCHI FLORA and GENE have been blown away by nuclear explosives. For their sacrifice, inclusion in cleanup treatises seems a small tribute. Prior to OPERATION IVY, GENE through IRENE were four islands in a linear arrangement at the north end of Enewetak Atoll. During nuclear test operations these islands were connected by various sytems of causeways, pipelines and cables. Figure 7 shows their original configuration. FLORA was the site of the MIKE EVENT of OPERATION IVY. MIKE was an experimental thermonuclear device detonated October 31, 1952, which yielded 10.4 megatons. MIKE C£ist FLORA to the winds; however, ha location was to be used toe many succeeding barge shots. GENE, the site of one forward area camp, served as a work area through OPERATIONS CASTLE and REDWING. As a result of the KOA EVENT, May 12, 1958, of OPERATION HARDTACK, PHASE I, GENE followed FLORA into oblivion. No radiological measurements have been made of these two areas in recent years. No estimate of cleani^, if any is warranted, has been made other than that incorporated with IRENE. Pipelines ran from IRENE to both MIKE and KOA and some of that debris may remain on the reef. -18- ^^' N ^^^ LAGOON FLORA.GENE FROM 1944 DATA FIGURE 7. SITES WHERE FLORA, GENE AND HELEN FORMERLY WERE, RELATIVE TO SITE IRENE June 16, 1977 Site Name: HELEN and IRENE Board of Geo. BOGEIRIK and BOGON Marshallese: BOKAIDRIK and BOKEN The sites HELEN and IRENE are the northernmost islands in Enewetak Atoll. HELEN has been shown to have an area of 5 acres and IRENE has 40 (a total of 18 hectares). Comparison of H&N topographic drawings and a 1972 aerial photograph show HELEN as a sandbar extension of IRENE. Reference to HELEN wiU include that land area west of E74,000 on Figure 8. HELEN had no surface ground zeroes; however, the sandbar lies between and near many event sites. It ranks 5th of the AtoU islands in total H+1 hour exposure rate received with 5,277 R/h. The maximum exposure rate measured in 1972 (NVO-140) was 8 uR/h at 1 m above the surface. IRENE was the site of the SEMINOLE EVENT executed on June 6, 1956 as part of OPERATION REDWING. A large water-filled crater remains from that event. IRENE was affected by the MIKE and KOA thermonuclear events as well as other events conducted in the MIKE CRATER. In summary, events of direct influence to HELEN and IRENE are: Operation/1Sven t Name Date Location Type (GCt) IVY MIKE 10/31/52 FLORA Surface CASTLE NECTAR 5/13/54 MIKE CRATER Barge REDWING SEMINOLE 6/6/56 IRENE Surface APACHE 7/8/56 MIKE CRATER Barge HURON 7/21/56 MIKE CRATER Barge HARDTACK, KOA 5/12/58 GENE Surface PHASE I As a result of these and 18 other events, IRENE ranks 4th of the AtoU islands in total H+1 hour exposure rate received with 6,184 R/h. Extensive construction activities which involved the erection of test structures and the movement of large amounts of earth as weU as blast effects and wave inundation have significantly altered the physical characteristics of the island. The radiological condition of the island is complex as NVO-140 shows. The geographical distributions of the surface activities of radionuclides in soil are relatively heterogenous. Elevated 239pu, 90sr, and 60co activities appear immediately east and north of the SEMINOLE CRATER; however, 137cs seems to be most abundant within the central portions of the present land mass. The activities of various radionuclides distributed over the island to a depth of 15 cm (including the beaches) are: -20- Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 30 5.9 - 570 137cs 3.2 0.22 - 41 239pu 11 2.4 - 280 60co 5.4 0.12 - 520 239pu activities of about 100 pCi/g to depths as much as one meter have been identified for several areas on the island. These areas are cross-hatched on Figures 9 and 10. Scrap material and debris are scattered throughout the area of IRENE, both on land and on the surrounding coral. Because of the extensive activities there during these test operations, more will be found. For example, a below-grade structure near IVY Station 600 was not surveyed in the Engineering Study for a Cleanup Plan, but should still be in place. Much of the debris is contaminated. Differentiation of what is and what is not comtaminated is difficult in the heterogenous background of the island. No burial site created specifically for the disposition of radioactive materials is known to exist on IRENE; however, large amounts of contaminated soil and perhaps debris are suspected to be buried in the central pa*tion of the island. It is know that throwout from the SEMINOLE EVENT was bulldozed aside from the crater to IVY Station 200 to provide line-of-sight (LOS) from that station to the MIKE CRATER. Similar action was probably necessary to construct an LOS pipe from HARDTACK Station 1410 to the KOA EVENT. Steel pilings from that pipeline are still in place. -21- CASE 3: BIRDS, EGGS, PICNIC @ t H PILINGS FROM t PIPELINE TO SITE GENE, KOA EVENT 25uR/hr C»-137: 1.3 pCI/g Pu-239: 8.1 pCi/g Co-60: 10 pCI/g I 8 uR/hr C»-137: 1.8 pCI/g Pu-239: 7.8 pCi/g _ .^ ^CKAf METAL Co-60: 2.0pCI/g MATCH I Sr-90: 30pCi/g INSET APPROKIMATlON f NOM C Ci < & PHOTOGRAPM BARGE EVENTS IN MIKE CRATER NECTAR HURON APACHE anuL luits IhlS HMllft IS 1 KPaODUMOl OF I TDPOSMPHIt nv PUPMLO UV HOtAS I miMR, IK III 19M. FM THL US MOniClAKY CdfUSSIOi UCIIIOUS, KUIIOIS Ml ^VISIONS MW EUH MU. lU KCOKDMia HUH IK HU COiaCILD DMIK IK DLFLNSt MICU.AR KLWT ULMt;!' SbMT IN 1972 ituHM «)) swnis ML oi msaiuwous iitns DiriNSI NUCIIAR AOINCV W*IMM«tMi. • < MM* $UJ4 U SUBS DLIRIS. IIC IltSl M DLSCIIblO^* H IHI UiiHWP PUU, VOLUn. 1. SLCIIlkJ i 1 H0UIIC5&NM1VER.MC IK WttTMION SMM M IHIS MWIIft (US ittl KFUCI IK COUniM A! IK tlK OF IK CUMUP INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANU^ SUMV THIS IS SMM OH IK MUM. PNOIOUVHS TMU. Bf t G t G IN HMmR 1972 SITE HELEN a IRENE FIGURE 8. SITES HELEN AND IRENE. SHEET 1 OF 3 I ^ lu 2 < _i 2 1 ^ 1 SEE SHEET 1 .,o^ 111 ^ EVMAP •J-OL^ m\ / i F •U-239 GREATER SC«A- MtTAL^, i THAN 100pCi/gUPTO1METREDEPTH(NVO-140) X ^y CAUSEWAY TOFLORA^/''"•"*48pCI/g FOR MIKEEVENT1|MAX/HLIN-SESHEE3 BORROW AREAFOR. FIGURE 9.SITESHELENAND IRENE.SHEET2OF3 ».i^-„.. SOILSAMPLE > 50 10 5. u \ 0 ° 1 /& ? 1 ~/^ LOCATION 27( 20 46 /i^^g D«pili-cm Ct-137: 37pCI/g Co-60: 45pCI/g Sr-90: 79pCI/g ..''••^X 0Pu.239 ^*\ 0C»-137 ^^^^^^^i /- 150uR/hr.! D sr-90 /^ CO-60 80 \ \ \ \ \\ MHMH NUCUAIAaiNCT INIWITOK ATOilCilANU^ A»a«t MvsMiif«» SITE HELENaIREN ' T" N 1 HOUCSeMUMRMC — *_- u .9000 1000 a Sr-90 O Pu-239 A Co-60 MATCH LINE €.EE ^HEET 2 DtflNH NUCHA! ASINCT s^^N^I PU-239 GREATER THAN lOOpCi/g UP TO 1 METRE DEPTH (NVO-140) HaMISLMiMfLN INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE HELEN a IRENE FIGURE 10. SITES HELEN AND IRENE. SHEET 3 OF 3 August 12, 1977 Site Name: JANET Board of Geo.: ENGEBl Marsh£illese: ENJEBI JANET is the second largest island in Enewetak Atoll and the largest island in the northern part of the Atoll. JANET has an area of 290 acres (117 hectares) and is the former residence of the driEngebi people. JANET exhibits extensive evidence of the conflict there in World War U and its use as a nuclear proving ground. VWth the exceptiois of FRED and ELMER, JANET contains the largest amount of uncontaminated debris from nuclear testing. Three nuclear detonations occurred ai the surface of JANET and seven occurred in the lagoon nearby as indicated on Figure 11. Operation/Event Name Date Type & Height Yield (GCT) (ft of Burst SANDSTONE/X-RAY 4/14/48 Tower, 200' 37 KT GREENHOUSE/EASY 4/20/51 Tower, 300' 47 KT ITEM 5/24/51 Tower, 200' - HARDTACK 1/YELLOWWOOD 5/26/58 Barge - TOBACCO 5/30/58 Barge - WALNUT 6/14/58 Barge - ELDER 6/27/58 Barge - DOGWOOD 7/5/58 Barge - OLIVE 7/22/58 Barge - PINE 7/26/58 Barge - The barge shots were conducted in the lagoon bearing 235° and ranging from 4,000 to 8,508 feet from HARDTACK Station 1312. As well as the ground zeros of the three events above, JANET was the site of many instrumented scientific stations. A large concrete building, GREENHOUSE Station 3.1.1 or the Multi-Building, and a reinforced concrete bunker, HARDTACK Station 1312, which has 6-foot thick walls, are among those still standing. The camp area at the southeast side of the island consists mostly of concrete slabs in various states of deteriOTation. The compacted coral airstrip is overgrown as is most of the rest of the island. These features, and various coaxial cable runs, are shown in Figures 11 through 17 and summarized in Figure 18. In addition, a High Energy Upper Stage (HEUS) rocket engine was tested on JANET in 1968. The engine used a fuel containing beryllium. Unfortunately, the engine, after operating normally for a short time, exhibited uncontrolled burning which resulted in destructi«i of the engine, spaUing of the concrete on Station 1312 to which it had been attached, and contamination of the location by chemical fca-ms of beryllium. The contamination has be«i effectively removed by decontamination and erosion such that there should no longer be a beryllium contamination problem on the surface. Some beryllium may be detected on the interior southwest corner of the structure. -25- As a result of fallout from 26 events, JANET ranks 8th of the islands in the Atoll far H+1 hour accumulated exposure rate with 3,501 R/h. The island was sampled extensively during the survey reported by NVO-140 as shown in Figure 19. The radiraiuclides in soil measured in all of the 15-cm-deep surface samples (excluding beach samples) closely follow a log normal distribution even though they were collected throughout the island from areas of widely differing vegetation densities and after various mechanical actions on the island surface. The standard geometric deviatiois were somewhat greater than other islands. Radionuclide concentrations exhibited by these surface samples were: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 44 1.6 - 630 137cs 16 0.57 - 180 239pu 8.5 0.08 - 170 60Co 1.9 0.02 - 33 The geographical distribution of ^^sr, 137cs, and 239pu, do not show any particular pattern, but elevated 60co levels were observed preferentially within the northeast corner of the island. The area is primarily north of the airstrip with a laig finger extending south across the rim way and halfway across the island. The mean activity within this area is about 2-3 times greater than that shown above. The depth distributions of activity (Figures 20 through 34) show considerable variability between individual locations. Most distributions display a rapid decrease in activity within the top few centimeters (relaxation lengths of 3-10 cm) and subsequent leveling off in activity with increasing depth. A significant deviation was noted at Location 147 where plutonium levels were elevated in the layer between 50 and 90 cm below the surface. A smaller-scale, similar situaticxi was encountered at Location 140, however, both are well below cleanup criteria.1 The homogenous depth distribution at Location 143 is perhaps the result of post shot activities around the X-RAY and EASY ground zeros. NVO-140 Figures B.8.1.f (Figure 19) and B.8.2a through B.8.2n (Figures 21 through 34) are included toe detailed soil profile information. JANET was the site of the first test at Enewetak Proving Ground (X-RAY, 4/14/48) and was used through 1958. During these 10 years, many activities took place whidi may be important to cleanup but for which records have not been located. Existing informatiai is often not sufficiently detailed to provide fact, therefore, inductive thought must be and has been used to define that inf(»mation. Past reports have used a standard assumption that burial of contaminated material occurred in all surface zero areas. Following SANDSTONE X-RAY the tower footings were blasted with high explosives and the steel stybs removed. The blasting did not scatter the concrete but fragmented it. A drawing dated 1951 shows "brokai concrete" which may have included some tower footing material in an area north of GZ as shown on the enclosed figure. The footing was encrusted with plutonium. In preparation for GREENHOUSE, the area around the X-RAY crater was scraped, the material (pavement and sand) deposited in the crater and covered with uncontaminated material. Other decontamination included gathering and dumping of all debris remaining on tb«> SANDSTONE experimental islands. Metal fragments within 1000 feet of old zero points were hig'i^j - mtaminated iThe AEC Task Group recommendations were general, and left considerable latitude for field interpretation. The criteria referred to here were the 40,100 and 400 pCi/gm which were used during the planning phase. For further discussion, see the Epilogue. -26- and were removed by picking ip pieces individually and ultimately dumping them at sea or more likely in the lagoon. Identification of burial in the X-RAY crater should be possible through excavation using the presence of mixed sand, paving, and concrete as physical evidence and elevated levels of plutaiium as radiological evidence. The Environmental Impact Statement specifies two plutonium bearing "crypts" on JANET. These two areas are designated on Figures 11 and 17, one near X-RAY GZ and one near ITEM GZ. These are more likely land fill burials if they exist. No suppwtive evidence has been found. The standard assumption of burial in the zero area applies tar GREENHOUSE EASY and ITEM. No specific burial information for these shots is known nor are other sites specifically designated for radioactive disposal known to exist on JANET. Although radioactivity levels in the soil are likely below those requiring remedial action, the opportimity was present fear burial or mixing of contaminated surface soil into underlying soil for the many coax cable runs used on JANET. Their locations remain apparent as ridges of soil with more dense vegetation than the surrounding area. Coax runs were as deep as 5 feet below grade. Cables were excavated and replaced for succeeding operations. It is likely that surface soil was intermixed when the cables were recovered. Although some salvf^e efforts have been made, some buried cables probably remain. Cable burial also required borrowed fill which left borrow pits - also a convenient receptacle for disposal. It is not known if these were used for disposal; however, reports as well as interviews indicate that intraoperational cleanup activities occurred and their methods were often governed by expedience. Figure 16 shows a water weU north of the runway near its east end. Cleanup calls for removing the contaminated above-ground structures from the weU and plugging the 16-inch casing. This well should be reconsidered for future use as a sampling source or irrigation source. Also JANET has a well developed fresh wato" lens which should not be disturbed any more than necessary during cleanup. This lens could be an important future resource to the northern Atoll. -27- CASE 3: BIRDS, EGGS, PICNIC STANDARD ASSUMPTION OF GZ BURIAL APPLIES FIGURE 11. SITE JANET, SHEET 1 OF 7 FIGURE 12. SITE JANET, SHEET 2 OF 7 LAGOON llf*»«IMtTIU OENCKAL NCeS 5tC SHCfT DIFINSI NUCIIAR AOINCT W.1.IWWW • . 1..W HaUCStNMMIlMC citrHic SCtLE INIWITOK ATOll ClIANUP SITE JANET A**u i«rj FIGURE 13. SITE JANET, SHEET 3 OF 7 FIGURE 14. SITE JANET, SHEET 4 OF 7 I JOS X33HS XBNVr 3XIS SI SUOOId DIPIMSi NUCHA! AttfNCT FIGURE 16. SITE JANET, SHEET 6 OF 7 FIGURE 17. SITE JANET, SHEET 7 OF 7 ROAD FIGURE 18. SITE JANET, PRINCIPAL FEATURES 11 ^* .it- 'lil. PROFILE SAMPLES (0-45cm)' ( ii 'PROFILE SAMPLES (0-65 cm)'|? •i i» ••<'.• ^i55 A F^Rb^lLe SAMPLES (0-125cm).# i Ar p)Rdf (LI SAMPLES (bil85 cm5 v i) J > ••C^d^E'iAMPLES (is'cm), u U JU ^ .• • • -v FIGURE 19. SOIL SAMPLE LOCATIONS JANET I—. I SOIL PROFILE LOCATIONS 100 metres D 0-45 cm • 0-65 cm 0-125 cm A 0-185 cm I o ^ Pu > 40 pCi/g FIGURE 20. S! rt. JANET, SOIL PROFILE LOCATIONS z ^/O^ — ^4!Ai43V I- o. UJ Q O tn u. O z g H O z 3 u. < < U E 3 u Z O o < Q. oc Q Q LU O U. O < OC z> a Activity — pCi/g ^/lO^ — •^4!A!43V Q. UJ O O v> u. O Z o 1- zo 3 LL < < CO U E D u Z O o < CL oc 4) o a UJ O UJ -I UJ u> u. O M O < CO OC 3 o c 3) m 00 > m V) m o o •D 33 > O 5 z n c o 3 O m v> > > -n C Z o H 5 z o -n CO O H Z Activity — pCi/g ca 3} IS) UI > O m CO CO m r- m O H m O D 33 n > io I cO o o 3 r O m CO > CO > cTl z o o z o •n CO mO •o Activity — pCi/g c 30 m > O m o •n v> m r- om H m O ^ > O 5 2 C o O 3 > v> > o H 5 z o •n v> O mO •o Activity — pCi/g 100 60 90 Depth — cm FIGURE 27. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 6/0^— '<4!A!43V X 1- 0. UJ Q _i O u> u. O z o o z 3 < c/) < E u u 3 Z g Q. 5 Q < Q UJ oH ui CO O (A < 00 CM UJ OC 3 O o c to > CO o •n CO m r- m O H m O O 3 •o > O 5 z o c o 3 CO > >CO •n C z o H o -n CO O o m Activity — pCi/g c X m w p > o m CO CO m I- m O H m O 30 T3 > a 5 z c o o 3 5 m CO > CO > "n C o z o •n CO O a m Activity — pCi/g ^/lO*^ — '<4!A!40V X UJ O O CO u. O gz O z 3 u. < CO < CO UJ O _i E O u 3 1 Zo < CO UJ OC u3 o c JO IS) > O CO O -n CO O H O m O •o X > o o n c 3 o r- > CO > -n C Z o H o z CO Oo O m •D H Activity — pCi/g I Q/\yi— X4iAi43y 0. UJ oo O CO O CO o M IT) t- O z 3 u. < o C CO PO UJ OC o 3 o c X CO O -n CO n -i m D X > •a D ^ I C o o 3 l- 5 m CO > CO > Tl c z o H o 2 O -n CO O O m Activity — pCi/g July 22, 1977 Site Name: KATE Board of Geo.: MUJINKARIKKU Marshallese: MIJIKADREK KATE is located in the northern po-tion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 16 acres (6.4 hectares). The island contains relatively open, sparsely vegetated areas over a large porticxi of its interior and along the lagoon and north sides. The remainder of the island is covered with dense vegetation. KATE was used extensively fa* photographic purposes and effects on test structures cJuring OPERATION GREENHOUSE (Figure 35). There is a considerable amount of metal debris and rubble on the island. No surface zeroes were located on KATE. The island ranks 15th of all the islands in the Atoll with 1,753 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. The results of analyses of surface soil samples as reported in NVO-140 are: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Rangi e Areas of sparse vegetation 90sr 67 3.7 - 200 137 cs 24 18 - 37 239pu 17 8.6 - 50 60co 2.7 1.6 - 5.8 Areas of dense vegetation 90sr 11 1.6 - 49 137cs 4.8 1.8 - 16 239pu 2.3 0.17 - 14 60co 0.46 0.03 - 3.5 The depth distribution of activity compares to those obtained from more pristine areas; however, grading and construction took place on the island during the weapons testing program. Scientific stations for OPERATION IVY, for example, were constructed after three tower shots on adjoining JANET. No known burials of radioactive material exist on KATE. Scrap material has been classified as not contaminated above the background level of the island. -52- CASE 3: BIRDS, EGGS, PICNIC, SUBSISTENCE & COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 500 SOIL SAMPLE LOCATION 24 Pu-239: 50 pCi/g Sr-90:2OOpCi/g It'lS IMWI4G IS » BPOODUUOU OF « t(roUM>H1t r*P PKPUCD BY MOUCS t HUH*, IKC IR 19M. »» THL U.S AIWIC L«KT CnfllSSION ADDIIIOUS. UliTICNS MD RLVlStOUS HAVE KLU fHUC lU MXORDWKE UITH TN£ OATH COILLCTLD OMIHt TIC KFEBSt NUCUAR AGLKY HIAB«UABTIBft UIAdtP SUKT Ih 1972 DIFINSi NUCHA! AOINCY •exjKCM ( ) smois w m KisuLLWa-s ncc UAJ4 AS SLAfcS, DtUIS, IIC TlCSl ARt KSCRI1.LD HaUMBeNARVER.MC U TH£ CLUMiP PUU. VOLLTC I. BtCIICW > 2 M VtGtUnw SHOWI OK THIS DMMING DOCS Ml IKfLECT r« CaWITIOH AT T« ' W OF I« UiWUP INIWITOK ATOIL ClIANUr SbRVlV [HIS IS SHOW ON Itt JltlAI. NOKKMPHS SITE KATE K3GURE 35. SITE KATE July 1977 Site Name: LUCY Board of Geo.: BILLEE Marshidlese: KIDRINEN LUCY is located in the northern portion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 19 acres (7.9 hectares). The island is covered with dense vegetaticxi except in the southeast quadrant where the cover is mcxlerate. This island was instrumented fca* biomedical studies and sampling during GREENHOUSE and held some instrumentation for IVY and HARDTACK. Most debris which remains is in small pieces. LUCY has no surface zeroes. It ranks 14th of all the islands in the AtoU with 1,776 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate which was contributed by 10 events. Only a few soil samples were coUected from LUCY because of the dense vegetation cover. The mean and range of activities observed in the surface soil samples (23) coUected were: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 32 10 83 137cs 11 2.2 - 25 239pu 7.7 2.4 - 22 60co 1.5 0.26 - 3.8 Profile sampling results indicate that higher concentrations exist in surface samples of less than the standard 15 cm depth. The profiles generaUy reflect a sharp decrease in activity in the top 10 cm (relaxation lengths of about 5 cm) and a leveling off below this depth (Figure 36). Because of the relatively smaU number of soil samples, the data was considered as a single population; however, the isoexposure contours developed from the aerial survey measurements reflect lower exposure rates over the less dense vegetation, i.e., the southeast end. No radioactive material burial sites are known to exist on LUCY. Scrap and debris has not been classified as contaminated. -54- CASE 3 USE: BIRDS, EGGS. PICNIC 'SOIL LOCATION 24 SUBSISTENCE a COMMERCIAL AGRI M* •La„ SOIL LOCATION 10 PU-239 22 P<^*f9 CO-60 3.6 pCI/g SOIL LOCATION 103 SR-90 82 pCI/g CS-137 21 pCi/g _/ BILLEE HIA»«UA«TIM DiriNU NUCHA* AOINCY HaiME5eNARVER.INC •NIWITOK ATOIL CLIANUP SITE LUCY Depth — cm- FIGURE 36. SITE LUCY July 22, 1977 Site Name: MARY Board of Geo.: BOKONARAPPU MarshaUese: BOKENELAB MARY is located in the northern portion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 12 acres (4.7 hectares). Vegetation on the island ranges from sparse to moderate. MARY was used for instrumentation during OPERATIONS GREENHOUSE, IVY and HARDTACK (Figure 37). Structures of poo* condition remain from those operations. MARY has no surface zeroes but ranks 12th of aU islands in the AtoU with 2,785 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. The distribution of radioactivity is fairly homogeneously distributed throughout the island, with no significant correlation between activity levels and the degree of vegetation in the vicinity of the sampling locaticxis. The mean and range of activities observed over the entire island, excluding the beaches, are: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Rar«e 90SP 29 11 140 137cs 9.9 5.6 - 26 239pu 8.0 2.0 - 35 60co 1.5 0.74 - 4.8 Some construction activity occurred on the island during the testing operations which may be reflected in the dissimilar results of soil profile sample results. No radioactive material burials are known to exist on MARY. -56- CASE 3- BIRDS. EGGS, PICNIC, SUBSISTENCE* COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE SOIL SAMPLE LOCATION 24 S U«All Nf I' A RlPfiODLC 10 OF A lOFWBftPHIt HAP PHPARLU el HOLHES I lARVLIt I iC I« US" 'D» LS AIOHIC tHfKY COWISS ffl ADDITIOHE RLMlOt A«C RlVISIOtlS hAVl DILI MAUt t AUOSDAJCt UI h UA A C LUC tD LlUlllrt THt Aft St rMLLAR AUNLY [ £A/ UP SUMY H 19?; FIGURE 37. SITE MARY July 25, 1977 Site Name: NANCY Board of Geo. YIERI MarshaUese: ELLE NANCY is located in the northern pwtion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 11 acres (4.5 hectares). The island (Figure 38) is completely covered with dense vegetation. NANCY has no surface zeroes and ranks 17th of aU islands in the AtoU with 1,251 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. Seven shots contributed this exposure. The island is reported to be clear of debris from testing. The radioactivity is fairly homogenously distributed throughout the island. The activities of pertinent radionuclides reported in NVO-140 are: RadicxiucUde Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 36 16 - 110 137cs 12 6.0 - 28 239pu 9.1 2.3 - 28 60co 1.6 0.56 - 5.3 The depth distributions of activity as measured in soil profiles display a rapid decrease of activity immediately below the surface (relaxation lengths of 3-5 cm) toe locations sampled in the island's interior. A beach profUe from the western end of the island shows more homogeneity. Plutoniom-239 was measured to be 42 pCi/g at 7.5 cm in this profile whereas the maximum of the interio- profiles was 35 pCi/g at the surface. No radioactive material burial sites are known to exist on NANCY. -58- CASE 3: BIRDS. EGGS. PICNIC E y^ N mis DRAWING IS A RtPROBLtTIOI Of A I0P06RAPHIC NAP PdtPARtD BY MO Its 1 HARVlfi I IC IN IIS? FOR THt LS ATCMK £KRGY COmiSSION ADDIIIDIJS DElilOfS AND KVISIOBS hAVf mil WH 11 ACCOHMl 0. ^ITH THt DIFINSI NUCIIAR AOINCY JAM C LUCTiL utRlwG THt JlFHSl lUCLlAR AGtNCY CUA;UP Sumv I J972 HOUCSeNARVEaiW: ttXAGOl* SYWOLS AK[ on NISClLL*«£OLS lltffi SUCH AS SLAIS OtBlllE LTC IHlSi AW LtSCBIBED IN THE CLLAHIP PLA« VCLL i 1 b Cll i ^ INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUF SITE NANCY FIGURE 38. SITE NANCY July 25, 1977 Site Name: OLIVE Board of Geo.: AITSU MarshaUese: AEJ OLIVE is located in the northern portion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 40 acres (16 hectares). Vegetaticai on the island ranges from sparse to dense. OLIVE has no surface zeroes and ranks 16th of aU islands in the AtoU with 1,252 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. Twelve events contributed to this exposure. Only one structure, a recording bunker for OPERATION CASTLE, exists on the island. Soil sample results for OLIVE have been divided into areas where vegetation was sparse and more dense. The radionuclide concentrations repeated in NVO-140 for these areas are: RadionucUde Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range Areas of dense vegetation 90sr 22 4.6 - 70 137cs 8.5 3.5 - 28 239pu 7.7 2.2 - 30 60co 1.5 0.65 - 4.1 Areas of sparse vegetation 90sr 4.5 2.0 - 11 137cs 0.16 0.07 - 11 239pu 2.8 1.9 - 4.1 60co 0.11 0.05 - 0.31 The unusuaUy large difference in the mean values of the two groups of data is probably due to the fact that samples coUected on or near the edge of sparsely vegetated areas reflect the lower activities (xi the beach, and that a significant portion of the samples representing the densely vegetated interior were coUected in an area somewhat toward the ocean side. Aerial measurements show this area had a sU^tly higher radiation level than the rest of the island. The depth distributions (Figure 39) obtained within the interior of the island are quite simUar with relaxation lengths of about 5 cm. No radioactive burials are known to exist on OLIVE. -60- 5001 -CASE 3. BIRDS, EGGS. SUBSISTENCE «. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE SOIL SAMPLE LOCATION 24 yy// '^///I5 uR/hr FIGURE 39. SITE OLIVE Site Name: PEARL Board of Geo.: RUJIYORU Marshallese: LUJOR PEARL is located in the northern portion of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 54 acres (22 hectares). The island is moderately vegetated. PEARL was the location of the INCA EVENT of OPERATION REDWING. PEARL ranks 6th of the islands in the Atoll with 4,329 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. This exposure was the result of INCA plus 12 other shots. INCA was conducted on June 21, 1956, and produced heavy local contamination on the shot island, however, did not delay preparations for the MOHAWK EVENT on adjoining island RUBY. Four concrete anchor blocks are located on the northwest end (Figure 40) around the INCA ground zero. Some debris from testing is located toward the southeast end of the island (Figure 41). The NVO-140 radiological evaluation was based on soil activities without regard to the degree of vegetation. That evaluation divided the island data into a hot spot represented by five locations and the remainder of the island. The mean and range of activities for soil samples from these samples are: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range Hot Spot 90Sr 62 35 - 140 137cs 19 7.4 - 55 239pu 51 15 - 530 60Co 12 3.6 - 70 Remainder of Island 90sr 17 3.2 - 61 137cs 7.6 1.2 - 34 239pu 11 0.85 - 100 60Co 4.1 0.49 - 49 NVO-140 shows that the samples which are used to define the "hot spot" are closely grouped and no samples were collected north toward the ocean beach nor within a hundred meters east or west (Figure 42). The depth distributions of these nuclides measured at various locations throughout the island show relaxation lengths of the order of 5 cm except one location near the southeast end where the soil activities are more homogenous with depth. The maximum value for 239pu ^t this location is 24 pCi/g at 7.5 cm in depth. The graphs for the only two profiles with 239pu greater than 40 PCi/g appear in Figures 43 and 44. Thirteen surface (0-15em) soil samples showed 239PQ concentrations of greater than 40 pCi/g as may be noted on Figure 42 (NVO-140 Figure B15.1.i.). Gamma intensities, hand-held survey as well as aerial 60co, were highest in the area of the INCA ground zero. Four hundred (400) uR/h was the highest rate recorded using the hand-held meter measurement method. No radioactive material burial sites are known to exist on PEARL; however as a surface zero exists there it may be assumed that some activity took place during post-shot operations which may have covered radioactivity to prevent personnel exposure or to aid recovery operations. -62- _a HOT SPOT (NVO-140) Pu-239:530 pCI/g Sr-90: 140pCf/g Co-60: 7 0pCi/g Cs-137: 73pCI/Q IHIS BMHM tS A KmiiCTiat V A TOPtHlirMK MP PKPMU n HOUCS 1 iMKII IK II im F« nt U & ATOIK IKW CMISSin Aniiiois Kutins U> KVISIIkS HM KEB NUL lU MXOMMia MITH TK .^ WTA COUiCTU MM IM DtFUSE MIU£M MLNCT aUMr SMKV IH 1977 lUMOi (O) SfWU Ml « fllSCLLUWOIB ITIK UU K SUW KWIS. ilt IlCX W KSUIKD Ifl IH aiiMtf rUH WLUl I SLCIIOI 3 2 4KStT : SMtl- t '•^•^-i jSiT «*(L \ DIHNSI NIICLIAR A9INCY iaMBtNAIMR.HC INIWITOK ATOU CLIANUP SITE PEARL FIGURE 40. SITE PEARL, SHEET 1 OF 2 .• .' •(^ \ ^"^-^^ ~ \ \ V o / SEE SHEET 1 FOR RADIATION MAXIMA . / c \~ '~' i- ~~"\ ^ . / ^, \ \ /1. w •^ z." /•"•" v/r; \' . °^ «>' _ • ^ \ • X \ \ • ; i / \ \ J. '' / ^ • - V / / / / \ " '"'•'*. V \ 1 t ""> \ / / . ' \ \ U -- —^ / / / ( 1° A / \ • / , \ / /I \ ^, \ ) 1 "^--J \ .J 1 ' y 1 x'~'— ® / —-'' \ I • < at I 2 7/ f- J 1 ^f^ "': ' lt)j;.^ X HIS 0 -^^'E- 1 5 fEET : ' \ ) r . . ; cy / \ , ^ Mf MAP ^ ^•v« -/ ? •^ \ \ . \ .- /.°.- '•\ \ '•*" / ..-°' i•c IC^-' ' " 1 i Vi Pu-239: lOOpCI/g 6c 5 0 6 ,' ^^ h - _ V. DErfNSE NUCLEAR AOENCY HniMFSfcNARVEaMC ^ — z.z~ ^> 1 u _!* '*•" INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP ~> SITE PEARL ^ 1 APIIi l«T» tNIlT 2 Of t FIGURE 41. SITE PEARL, SHEET 2 OF 2 LACOOM IPEARL FIGURE 42. THE AVERAGE 239pu ACTIVITIES (pCi/gm) IN SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED TO A DEPTH OF 15 CM 10 20 Depth — cm FIGURE 43. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH c m > o m in V) O O > •D g o z c O o 3 > (A c z o H o z o Tl O O m -0 Activity — pCi/g July 22, 1977 Site Name: PERCY Marshallese: TAIWEL PERCY is located in the northern pa-tion of Enewetak Atoll between LUCY and MARY. It has an area of about 5 acres (1.9 hectares) and consists of a sandbar supported by coral shoals with little or no vegetation (Figure 45). The only structure on the island is an overturned submarine cable terminal box. Results from soil samples collected at six locations sampled show the following activities: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 13 3.6 - 73 137cs 0.94 0.12 - 17 239pu 3.5 1.5 - 23 60co 0.47 0.08 - 2.9 The depth distribution obtained from a single profile indicates that the maximum activity is situated 3-8 cm below the surface with a rapid decrease from 8-20 cm. Plutonium-239 was measured to be 90 pCi/g at 7.5 cm in depth. No radioactive material burials are known to exist on PERCY. -68- LAGOON V >•• N <^ri=> SAND SOIL (pCl/g) 23 Pu-239 2.9 Co-60 PERCY FIGURE 45 SITE PERCY August 12, 1977 Site Name: RUBY Board of Geo.: EBERIRU MarshaUese: ELELERON RUBY was an island located in the northeastern portion of Enewetak AtoU. The original island has been nearly destroyed as a result of nuclear testing. As a result two small islets exist. The islet farthest from Site SALLY was identified as RUBY in NVO-140 and the islet at the end of the north causeway from SALLY was included with SALLY. The Pacific Cratering Experiments (PACE) of early 1972 contributed to this misnaming perhaps by grading SALLY and filling the area (an old borrow area) south of the RUBY-SALLY causeway. Figure 46 shows the original land areas of RUBY and the SALLY-TILDA-URSULA complex. RUBY was the site of two nuclear events: Name Date TVpe & Height GCT (ft) of Burst GREENHOUSE, GEORGE 5/8/51 Tower, 200 REDWING, MOHAWK 7/2/56 Tower, 300 GEORGE resulted in a large shallow, water-filled crater on RUBY. MOHAWK was detonated about 450 feet west of the GEORGE zero point and destroyed a major pa-tion of the remaining island. The remainder of this report will address RUBY as described in NVO-140. Readers acquainted with the island's history may wish to refer to the Site SALLY report which covers the RUBY islet and causeway stiU connected to SALLY. FaUout from 16 events ranks RUBY 2nd of all islands in the Atoll in H+1 hour accumulated exposure rate received with 10,643 R/h. Most of the land mass receiving this exposure has been blasted or eroded away. The islet sampled in the radiological survey (NVO-140) showed radionuclide concentrations in soil to be: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90Sr 12 7.1 - 63 137cs 1.4 0.71 - 7.2 239pu 7.3 3.0 - 24 60co 0.93 0.29 - 16 In each case the maximum concentration occurred near the lagoon side of the island. The one profile sampling displayed a homogeneous distribution with depth illustrative of hydraulic influences cxi the small land mass. Soil concentrations are below remedial action levels. Aerial photographs show some debris remains from testing and, althoigh not so identified by NVO-140, may be contaminated. That report designates RUBY as a burial site because two zero points existed there. As water now covers these points, burial should not be assumed in the general sense; however, a shallow water survey may reveal debris which may be contaminated. -70- RUBY TO URSULA OPERATION CASTLE 1954 FIGURE 46. SITES RUBY TO URSULA August 12, 1977 Site Name: SALLY (ALSO SALLY'S CHILD) Board of Geo.: AOMAN Marshallese: AOMON Site SALLY is located in the northeastern porticai of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 99 acres (40 hectares). SALLY is the northern island of the AOMAN-BIIJIRI, or AOMAN-BIIJIRI-LOJUA complex as it was known by many during testing operations. SALLY was connected to RUBY (EBERIRU) and TILDA (BlIJIRI) by causeways as shown in Figure 46. RUBY is also referred to as Eleleron or Aleleron, a second Marshallese name. The user of this report should acquaint himself with the preceding report for Site RUBY. The portion of RUBY shown on the figures from NVO-140 and the topographic drawings used herein, (Figures 47-49) was subject to the two shots conducted on RUBY, i.e., GREENHOUSE GEORGE and REDWING MOHAWK. SALLY'S CHILD, included in this report, is a small islet on the reef east of SALLY (Figure 50). SALLY contains three surface zero points. These plus fallout from 13 other events cause SALLY to rank 13th of the islands in the Atoll for accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate received with 1,981 R/h. The events conducted on SALLY are: Type & Height Operation/Event Name Date (GCT) (ft) of Burst Yield SANDSTONE /YOKE 4/30/48 Tower 200 49 KT REDWING/ YUMA 5/27/56 Tower 200 KICKAPOO 6/13/56 Tower 300 SALLY was used for various types of instrumentation during other nuclear operations. It was also one of the sites used far the Pacific Cratering Experiments (PACE) Program in 1972 as evidenced by the defoliated areas and small craters present. This excavation undoubtedly altered the radiological conditions on SALLY; however, these activities were concluded prior to the radiological survey reported in NVO-140. As a result of the PACE, the topographic drawings used here do not show the appropriate roads, etc. for a large section of the island, nor do the drawings show the area filled between RUBY and SALLY west of the causeway. From the 1972 aerial photo in NVO-140, this area was apparently filled to a height greater than high water line and now has an established beach. Soil movement was approximately as outlined in Figure 50. The soil survey conducted in 1972 did not include sampling the areas excavated for the PACE. These excavations included one and perhaps two ground zeros and their associated radioactive burial sites (standard assumption burial). An exception is the 2 or 3 samples collected from the beach of the fiUed area between RUBY and SALLY, The soil results below should therefore be regarded not as a definitive statement of the radiological conditions of the island, but as an indication of the activity levels which may be encountered. The radionuclide concentrations obtained from the samples collected from the undisturbed (by PACE) areas on SALLY and SALLY'S CHILD were: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90Sr 8.4 0.87 - 140 137cs 3.0 0.03 - 30 239pu 4.3 0.21 - 130 60co 0.54 0.05 - 69 -72- The highest Pu concentration on SALLY proper was 52 pCi/g near a suspected burial area. The 130 pCi/g sample was collected from the islet originally part of RUBY. Levels as high as 78 pCi/g of 239pu vyere measured on SALLY'S CHILD. Correspondingly, the maximum background gamma rate (uR/h) at 1 meter was 10 for SALLY and SALLY'S CHILD, while 110 was measured on the RUBY islet. All the maximum activities in the above table were obtained from a single and only location sampled on the northern tip of SALLY, the RUBY islet. This area should receive special attention during cleanup surveys to assure representative assessment. Profile samples collected at Locatirais 34 and 35 on Figure 51, near GREENHOUSE Stations 12 and 132a(5cb, respectively, indicate increasing activities to a depth of 60 - 150 cm below the surface, while the distribution at Location 200, a less disturbed area 75 m south of 35, is essentially homogenous to a depth of 40 cm. These unusual distributions may have resulted from mechanical mixing of the soil due to construction activities during nuclear testing or the PACE program. Most likely, the former for Location 34 and the latter for 35. The maximum 239pu encountered was 40 pCi/g at 123 cm depth at Location 35. Location 35 is 20-30 meters south of the YOKE GZ and the activity there may be associated with YOKE post shot operations. Typically, jwiving material around the SANDSTONE GZ's was pushed into the crater and covered. Presence of this paving would indicate association with the YOKE shot. The depth distributions measured at the remaining sites (Figures 52-56) throughout SALLY and SALLY'S CHILD show the more conventional rapid decrease in activity with depth through the first 10 - 20 cm and leveling off in the rate of decrease below 20 cm. A thin surface layer exceeded 40 pCi/g 239pu at Location 36 and at Location 46 (SALLY'S CHILD). SALLY contains known plutonium burial sites as indicated on Figures 57-59. SALLY also contains many possible burial areas, some of which may have been disturbed by the PACE Program. As a result, cleanup surveys should include a careful assessment of the filled area between SALLY and RUBY and the western beach of SALLY. In the period between the dates of the enclosed topographic drawings and the aerial photos of NVO-140, the western beach has moved inland about 15 meters which places YUMA SGZ near the intersection of the beach and the vegetated island. The most obvious burial is the alpha disposal site located between the manmade and natural causeways which connect SALLY to Site TILDA, the island adjacent to the south. The site is marked near its centar with a concrete monument which states: "Contains plutonium contaminated material and sand which is covered with two feet of earth fill." Each corner of the site is marked by a 6-indi square concrete post. Each post is marked with its coordinates which are also shown on the center monument. The quantity or activity of radioactive material contained in the burial is not known. Two other marked sources are known to occur at the KICKAPOO and YUMA SGZ's. These sources are not likely burials or crypts by literal translation, but are more likely plutonium contaminated concrete blocks which have been covered with 3 inches of uncontaminated concrete. Plaques are affixed to these sources which state: "This three inch thick slab covers plutonium contaminated concrete debris." Conversely it has been said that the "crypts" at KICKAPOO have broken open and contaminated debris is exposed. Six such structures have be&i identified - 4 at the YUMA SGZ and 2 at the KICKAPOO SGZ. From discussions held with test-era participants concerning the KICKAPOO area, it is apparent that other debris in the area is also contaminated with plutonium. NVO-140 reports a large suspected burial site which includes the YUMA SGZ and extends north along the island's edge fcx* over 100 meters. If this burial is found, it may be expected to contain plutonium. If soil sampling Location 200 is indicative of the burial, the levels are low. Exploration for definitiwi of this suspected burial should continue from Location 200 to the YUMA SGZ. -73- Operational activities during the nuclear test pa*iod may have created other burials, and the PACE fUl previously mentioned may be a sort of burial as well. RoU-up of the SANDSTONE Operations included obliterating the visible effects of bomb damage to an extent which would prohibit disclosure of classified test information. This included some bulldozing and blasting but no intentional burial. In preparation for Operation GREENHOUSE, decontamination of the SANDSTONE YOKE crater area was accomplished. The area around the crater was scraped, the material deposited in the crater, and thereafter covered with uncontaminated material. Other decontamination included removal of the steel stumps and foundation of the YOKE tower and gathering and dumping aU debris remaining on the island. Metal fragments found within 1000 feet of the old zero point were found to be highly contaminated so were removed by picking up pieces individually and ultimately dumping them at sea. The standard assumption of burial turound a SGZ can be applied to all three cm the island. There were also a number of coaxial cable runs on SALLY which could have resulted in the burial of surface contamination. The locations of these and some of their dimensions are included on Figures 47-49. PACE excavatiois may have erased evidence of the cable runs shown; however, similar runs were made for the KICKAPOO event. Preceding the MOHAWK event on adjoining RUBY, cables anchoring the remnants of the towers for shots KICKAPOO and YUMA were cut and the towers were blown down by the blast from MOHAWK. The final disposition of the tower material is not known. It may be found near the GZ's and if so, may be contaminated with plutcnium. Logically, the YUMA tower debris would be along the beach southeast of GZ and the KICKAPOO tower debris would be strewn on the reef east of that GZ. -74- CASE 3- BIRDS, EGG, SUBSISTE NCE & COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE (Pu ?u-239:130 pCi/g -RUBY Sr-90: 1 4 pCi/g Cs-137: 30 pCi/g COAX CABLE 5* DEEP a Co-60: 69 pCi/g 5' ABOVE 11 O uR/hr WATER LEVEL I;—USED AS BORROW PIT NOW FILLED CONTENTS UI^I^N0WN FIGURE 47 SITES RUBY AND SALLY, SHEET 1 OF 5 FIGURE 48 SITES RUBY AND SALLY, SHEET 2 OF 5 ^f»tWT0NIUM IN! CONCRETE SLAB ...-. A 5X SALLY'S CHILD Pu-239: 44 pCI/g Co-60: 3.3pCI/g Ct-137: 29 pCI/g Sr-90: 89 pCI/g 10 uR/hr •Kl;v-^ DiriNH NUCLtAR ASIIKT '^.^ •NlWinW ATOll CLIANUr "" ICtY )AA» SITE SALLY FIGURE 49. SITE SALLY, SHEET 3 OF 5 KICKAPOO SALLY'S CHILD PLUTONIUM BURIAL original shoreline SITE SALLY FIGURE 50. SITE SALLY, PRINCIPAL FEATURES KlCKAPao C3Z A \ -H- 4145 / •-.^^31 TA SALLY SALLY'S 4^ • I CHILD 4^0 V ? 32 ® S V 43 I . \:- 4_4'O 8 ' n ' 933 10 37 •v.-^. « D 9 •14 a RUBY 9 • 17 13 O 20 YOKE fiz 28 22 YUMA Q Z "^"1 7 ^6 - »sV,'" t^.,,„ •" '29 •^»^.K D PROFILE SAMPLES (0-35 cm) • CORE SAMPLES (15 cm) iMMBrii &' • ').|'«IT£.SALLI Y FIGURE 51. SOIL SAMPLE LOCATIONS z 6/!D«' — '<4!A!4ov I- o. LU O _l o M u. O z g o z D LL < < CO o E 3 u Z o 5 < Q. cc o Q UJ CO Uk O M o < CM m Ui a: O CASE 3' BIRDS, EGGS. SUBSISTENCE & COMMERCfAL AGRICULTURE SEE SHEET 2 FOR RADIATION MAXIMA MATCH LIME - SEE '5HEET Q OCEAN A G O O N HIS DRWIK IS « REPNODUCTION OF A IDFWMPHIC nw PKPUEO »1 HOliCS 1 UMR IK III 19S7 FM THE U S ATffIC ElCKY umsSION ADDIIIWS KLITIMS MD KVISIDNS HAVE BEEN WOE ]N ACCOKDAHCE KITH THE DATA COLUCTEO DURIW THE DEFENSE NUCLIAR AtENCY CllAHUP SURVEY IN 1972 (O SYFCOLS AK DM niSCELUWEDUS ITERS SUCH AS SLABS KBRIS ETC THESE ARE DESCRIBED IN THE CLEMUP fUK vOLlit I StCTIOH 5 2 NIAMHMBTIU DIMNSI NUCLIAK A«INCY H0UlE5£ NAnWLn.NC •NIWITOK ATOll ClIANUr Jt^^,^'' SITE VERA •NUT I •* t FIGURE 62. SITE VERA, SHEET 1 OF 2 •^1 :1 « 1 N 1 o ... I y^ •^ \ > 'v ^^.. 1 r . ^ ^^^, 1 • * N XJ^ ^ ^^:>v , ! o C 6 A N "-1 — ^""^"^ ^^^•^swT^'' ^ Si -zs.ooc \ A ^\ , I N 'IS.OOO ••u , -^ X~~^ N'S. I co*^ , \ \ ^^ ^N \ ^ L^ \ r " r'^x \ - \ . \ r \ 1 1 X » \ \ \ •^^ \ V'^*.. \ \ \ \ \ X^ C:::^;;^^ . \ \ \ , \ \ \ -X -". '^\ \ 6uR/hr ,* ^ \ \ ' \ N • \ 1 ^ -^^J "•' \ \ . \ / I \ I * I L A G O O ^s r -- \ X i I 1 \ -% y) Pu-239: 2 5 pCI/g \ \ \ i V vk .', 1 Cs-137: 12pCI/g) \ *\ \ N 1±WO •< 1* \oo \ • r^ / i 1 \ - ^ •' jii ^- -^—^ A^ ^ Sr-90: 68 pCi/ g \ \\ y. \ X \ \ Co-60: 2.2pCi/g ? ' A ^^^ /'"' J \ » \ ' ^^ •^ , o \„^ \ " \ / \ ' X , \\ // « s . ; r \ \ ^ / ?l / / / -|_ V I NM ATCH L 1 ME: - SEE SHEET 1 ! x J ^H«T 1 NI*»MMBT«M ^ i FOP- \ """'^ OCkA>4 MPINM NUCLIAK A«INCY \ t \ --tJ Hauet^wnMc \ \ iMIWITOK ATOll ClIANUpl ItfeY MAP ^" SITE VERA Mill I»F» Milt 1 •* 1 FIGURE 63. SITE VERA, SHEET 2 OF 2 INTENTIONALLY BLANK PAGE -95- July 28, 1977 Site Name: WILMA Board of Geo.: PlIRAI Marshallese: BILLAE WILMA is located in the northeast portion of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 16 acres (6.4 hectares). The island is densely vegetated. Eight scientific stations with a moderate amount of debris remain ai WILMA (Figure 64). WILMA has no surface zeroes and ranks 21st among islands of the Atoll with 294 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. The radiological contamination of the island is similar to neighboring VERA. The following data were obtained from surface soil samples collected. Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 3.3 0.26 - 13 137cs 1.3 0.31 - 7.2 239pu 1.1 0.1 - 5.3 60co 0.12 0.01 - 0.7 The profile samples collected at several sites throughout the island display similar depth distributions with relaxation lengths of 10 - 15 cm. No 23gpu concentrations exceeded 8 pCi/g. No radioactive mata-ial burial sites are known to exist an WILMA. -96- CASE 3: BIRDS, EGGS. SUBSISTENCE 4 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE Sr-90: 19 pCl/g Cs-137: 3.8 pCI/g- Co-60: 0.7pCI/g GEKHAL NOILS This DMHING IS A KFHOnXTION OF « TOPOMAPHIC NV PKPUED BV HOUCS t MRVER IK IN 1«T, FW THE U S ATOnit ENEKV COfTISSIOI ADOITlCHS KLfllOHS MD HEViSIOMS HAVE BEBt KK IN ACCORDMa HUH THE DATA CaLECTEO DMING THE KFEKSE lUCLIAII ASENCT OfAMJP SURVEY IH 1977 MI*»«lf*BTIH HflNM NUCHA! AOINCV XJMM (O) SVnOLS AK ON niSCELUWEOUS ITERS SUCH AS SUWS K»IS, ETC ItCSE AK SESCRIKD HQUME5frNMIWR.mC Iri THE CUANUP PUW WUH \, SECTIOII I 2 THE VEGETATION SHOW OK IHIS DMKIIK DOES HOT KFLECT THE COIDITION AT THE TIK CF THE OIAMJP •NIWITOK ATOll CLIANUP SURVEY THIS IS SHOW OM TIC AERIAL PHOTOGMPHS TAKEN BY E G t G IN MVEICEIl 1972 SITE WILMA FIGURE 64. SITE WILMA July 5, 1977 Site Name: YVONNE, SOUTH Board of Geo.: RUNIT MarshaUese: RUNIT Site YVONNE is reported in two sections. Information in this section applies to the portion of the island south of the cleanup hotline to be established at Station 1310, REDWING and HARDTACK. This portion will be caUed SOUTHERN YVONNE. YVONNE has an area of 91 acres (37 hectares). Less than half of the island is south of Station 1310. SOUTHERN YVONNE was the location of one nuclear experiment, ERIE, detonated May 30, 1956, on a 300-foot tower north of the aircraft runway. The OSAGE event of June 16, 1956, was airdropped and detonated approximately 670 feet over Station 1310 (Figure 65). Seven barge events were conducted in the lagoon near YVONNE and five surface shots were executed on NORTHERN YVONNE. YVONNE received the most severe radiological dose of any island within the Atoll — 62,849 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. The greatest insult occurred to the northern portion. Radioactivity measured in soil samples collected from SOUTHERN YVONNE (Figures 65-67) indicate that the geographical distribution of activity within the top 15 cm is rathe* unifwm; however, somewhat higher values appear preferentially within the area immediately north of the runway. The geometric mean and the range of selected radionuclides measured within the top 15-cm layer are: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 1.7 0.09 - 20 137cs 0.40 0.02 - 3.6 239pu 3.2 0.02 - 50 60co 0.64 0.01 - 20 Plutaiium is generally homogenous and low-level or decreases quite rapidly with depth with an exception in the ERIE GZ area. Soil sampling location 61 may have been situated in a highly disturbed area as explained below. The ERIE device produced heavy contamination cai YVONNE. The behavior of the device was such that much debris remained in the GZ area. Also ERIE was heavily instrumented to evaluate weapons effects on missile structures and materials. Six arrays of test specimens were arranged west of the air zero at 45 degrees from horizontal and below air zero such that the ^ecimens would impact west of ground zero. Specimens were recovered as far tis 450 feet from ground zero and generally from northwest throu^ southwest and at depths of up to five feet. It is reported that earth was excavated up to six to eight feet deep and that 100,000 cubic yards of earth was moved in the recovery operations. Not all specimens were recovered; however, should any be found during cleanup, no significant radiological hazard would be expected. The recovery procedure involved making 6-inch cuts with a "canry-all" and spreading the earth in 2-inch layers. The earth was removed from the impact area and spread in a pattern about 300 feet long and three swaths wide (about 24 feet) northwest of GZ. The soil was piled along the ocean side of the island. The pile was later returned to the impact area and the area graded (1957). The exact boundaries of the excavation are unknown and core sampling may be necessary to fix its location. The missile impact area is noted on Figure 66. -98- other than the two items below, no burials specifically toe disposing of radioactive debris are known to exist on SOUTHERN YVONNE. It may be assumed that debris was buried in the immediate GZ area during post-shot operations. A jar containing sand contaminated with high activity plutonium may be found buried at the left side of the south entrtmce to Station 1310. A smaU (15 x 15-ft) fenced area immediately north of the approach end of the runway may be found to contain a box whidi contains some contaminated material. This materia includes activated metal, contaminated sand in a jar, a small disk with high alpha activity and a small disk with an exposure rate of 100 mR/h. A large portion of the scrap metal and debris between Station 1310 and the runway is contaminated. The highest exposure rate (60 mR/h) reported in NVO-140 is f OTth e pile of rubble cm the reef north of the runway and the ERIE GZ. Early cleanup operations to occur c«i SOUTHERN YVONNE should be initiated carefully and with the knowledge that 40 pCi/g plutaiium levels exist in soil near the east end of the proposed hotline, in the ERIE GZ area, and that any debris, surface or unearthed, may present a radiological hazard. -99- FIGURE 65 SITE YVONNE, SHEET 3 OF 5. SOUTH END HaUKSeNMIVER.N; •NIWITOK ATOLL CLIANU* SITE YVONNE »pmn t«ra FIGURE 6S SITE YVONNE, SHEET 4 OF 5 X V >. DIFINM NUCIIAI AOINCT rS HOUEENMMIIMC 'jr: •NIWITOK ATOll ClIANUr KEY MAP SITE YVONNE ft»*ll t**! Mitt S O* ft FIGURE 67. SITE YVONNE, SHEET 5 OF 5 July 18, 1977 Site Name: YVONNE, NORTH Board of Geo.: RUNIT Marshallese: RUNIT Site YVONNE is reported in two sections. Information in this section applies to the portion of the island north of the cleanup hotline to be established at Station 1310, REDWING and HARDTACK. This po-tion will be caUed NORTHERN YVONNE. YVONNE has a area of 91 acres (37 hectares). About two-thirds of the island is north of Station 1310 (Figures 68-70). YVONNE received the most radiological dose of any island within the Atoll — 62,849 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. This total results from 24 events. Eleven events with direct influence on YVONNE are listed below. Operation/Event Name Date Type <5c Height Yield Location (GCT) (ft) of Burst SANDSTONE/ZEBRA 5/14/48 Tower 200 18 KT north end GREENHOUSE/DOG 4/7/51 Tower 300 - north end IVY/KING 11/15/52 Airdrop 1500 500KT reef, north of REDWING/LACROSSE 5/4/56 Surface 40 KT reef, north end ERIE 5/30/56 Tower 300 - near airstrip BLACKFOOT 6/11/56 Tower 200 - middle. ocean side OSAGE 6/16/56 Airdrop 670 — over Sta. 1310 HARDTACK, PHASE I CACTUS 5/5/58 Surface 18 KT north end SCAEVOLA 7/14/58 Barge - 560'SW of 1310 QUINCE 8/6/58 Surface - middle FIG 8/18/58 Surface - middle Sevai additional barge shots were conducted in the lagoon near YVONNE as shown on Figure 70. This fallout history plus construction and decontamination activities conducted during and after the testing periods have produced a complex heterogenous radiological situation on the island. -103- Events ZEBRA and DOG were typical tower shots for which instrumentation constuction and blast damage contributed the most disturbance to the island. IVY, KING was detonated 2000 feet north and 1500 feet above the island and was not a major source of radiological insult. The LACROSSE event was detonated on a man-made island on the reef at the north end of the island. A very large array of instrumentation was used which is still evident as rubble on the reef. Large amounts of fill were used for constructic»i which are now gone. Fallout from LACROSSE traveled northwest and resulted in significant amounts of contamination an all islands north of YVONNE. The ERIE event conducted on SOUTHERN YVONNE produced heavy contamination on the shot island. Bulldozing operations were carried out in the BLACKFOOT tower area to reduce exposures to an acceptable level for personnel requiring access to this area. BLACKFOOT also produced heavy contamination on YVONNE but was limited primarily to the shot island and the Mack photo tower located about 6.5 miles west of YVONNE in the lagoon. The OSAGE event produced no significant contamination on YVONNE. The CACTUS event created a large crater which remains. The highest gamma exposure rates from contaminated soil fa* the AtoU are found on the CACTUS crater lip. Large piles of ejecta remain as evidence of the physical disturbance resulting from the shot. The SCAEVOLA event was conducted on a barge 560 feet southwest of Station 1310. Heavy contamination resulted to the areas near the barge. The barge was towed to sea and sunk following the event. Most notable in having created the alpha (plutonium) contamination on YVONNE is the QUINCE event. QUINCE had no nuclear yield which resulted in the plutoiium in the device being spread by the high explosives. As the zero point was to be used toe the following event, radiation controls and decontamination procedures were effected. A full Radex area was established between Stations 1310 and 1610 with a checkpoint at the personnel pier. An access road was bladed with a road grado" from the checkpoint to GZ including a 25 x 75-ft parking area on the ocean size of GZ. Three to five inches of topsoil were removed with a skip loader and transpOTted to the lagoon side of the island. A sixty-foot square area at GZ was graded to 3-inch depth and the soil transported to the lagoon disposal site. Contaminated equipment and debris was also disposed of at this site. Other areas were roped off to prohibit access. The GZ was then used for the FIG shot. FIG resulted in an elliptical crater 48 feet by 54 feet which was 9.7 feet below grade and had a lip of 3.6 feet above grade. A depression should remain from the crater. In addition to the above, it has been repwted that SANDSTONE roU-up included bulldozing materials in the vicinity of the blast hut into the lagoon, fii preparation toe GREENHOUSE, contamination was pushed into the SANDSTONE ZEBRA crater and covered with clean soU, and (by private communication), bulldozers and front loaders were used to push the top 6 inches of topsoil into the ocean — probably onto the reef. A stratum of contaminated soil 65 feet long and three inches thick has been reported to exist cm the ocean side of YVONNE from the QUINCE/FIG GZ north. This layer was visible during visits in the early 1970's, however, recent visitors report it is not distinguishable from its surroundings. Excavatiai may reveal that contaminated soil was covered by plastic sheeting and clean soil to allow foUowup work in the area. The plastic was supposedly used as a barrier to alert persons digging in the area that contamination was present. Similar attention should be given to any area where plastic covering is encountered in cleanup operations. The radiological condition of NORTHERN YVONNE as shown in NVO-140 has been reproduced and included in Figures 71 to 129. Exposure rates from rubble and scrap have been omitted as a precleanup resurvey is to be perfcx-med fcH" disposal classification. Scrap exposure rates of up to 3 mR/h were measured in 1972. As plutaiium is the radionuclide of most interest in cleanup, it wiU receive the most attention below. Except tor the CACTUS crater area, the activities of ^Ogr, 137cs and 60co seem to be fairly evenly distributed throughout NORTHERN YVONNE. Generally the ^^Sr activities range between aie and five pCi/g within the top 50 cm and less than aie pCi/g below this depth. The activities of 137cs and 60co are similar in magnitude and usually range between 0.1 and 2 pCi/g. Within the CACTUS crata* area, the mean surface activities of SOgp^ 137 cs and 60CQ are generally an order of magnitude greater than those measured throughout the remainder of NORTHERN YVONNE. Even though the geographical distributions of these radionuclides are highly variable (near CACTUS crater), they do show somewhat similar trends. FOT instance, if one proceeds outward on the two radials leading from Location 142 on the crater lip, one aicounters an approximate tenfold increase in activity levels (averaged over 120 cm depth) in the vicinity of Locations 141 - 140 and Locations 143 - 144. These activities fall off, however, as one proceeds to Locations 139 and 145. -104- As explained above, the complexity of the radiological conditions on NORTHERN YVONNE was produced by several nuclear events; most notable of these being QUINCE. Radiation surveys reveal that the area is heterogenously contaminated with 239pu particles of various sizes ip to milligram-size pieces of plutonium metal. The area wherein these hot spots have been found is shown on the enclosed figures. Hot spots found in the area were isolated using a FIDLER survey instrument which can react to attenuated high energy gamma rays as well as gamma rays from 24lAm which exists with plutonium. Thus, the "hot spots" found on YVONNE are local concentraticMis of radioactivity which, because of the history of the area, are probably, but not certainly, plutonium. The soil sampling plan of the Enewetak Radiological Survey (NVO-140) is shown in Figures 71 and 79. The corresponding graphs present the radionuclide concentrations measured in the soil profile at each location. The plutonium profile data have been plotted in Figures 121-129, wherein the profiles represent a secticm either across the island or through a portiai of its length with the locations presented in Figures 118-120. A significant portion of the activity is situated along the ocean side of the island between Locations 104 and 117. Within this area, the activities generally exceed 100 pCi/g to depths of 30 cm or more. These relatively high contamination levels appear to penetrate furthest inland along the Location 112 - 116 cross section, as evidenced by activity levels of greater than 100 pCi/g to depths of 50 cm at Location 113 and 10 cm at Location 114. Elevated 239pu activities are also observed to a lesser extent along the lagoon side of the island. Activities exceeding 100 pCi/g were measured to depths of 20 cm within a narrow strip situated along Locations 111, 116, 120 and 125. An additional area of interest may be noted at depths of 60-90 cm beneath the surface within the island's interior. A strip, estimated to be as much as 100 - 200 feet wide, may be delineated at Location 110 and intersecting Locations 114 and 115. The 239py activities generally exceed 10 pCi/g within the strip, with an observed maximum value of 70 pCi/g. The 239pu activities measured in the samples collected along the line running up the center of the island to the CACTUS crater are significantly lower than those measured within the QUINCE area. For instance, activities exceeding 100 pCi/g were measured only on the surface at Location 134. Except for minor variations, the 239pu activities range from 5 to 30 pCi/g within the top 30 cm between Locaticns 132 and 142. Slightly higher activities, however, were measured at Locations 143, 144 and 146, along the CACTUS crater-to-lagoon cross section, where activities ranged between 10 and 150 pCi/g. These data have been interpreted at the 40 pCi/g concentration level and included on Figures 118-120. Author's Note; The above discussions conflict with information given in the section describing the events conducted on YVONNE. Fcx-mal reports specify that contaminated material was moved toward the lagoon. Informal sources as weU as the above radiological survey information indicate that seaward transport may have also occurred. The only alternative is that the deep plutonium on the ocean side is a result of device material ac mechanical disturbance from the FIG shot — suggestions of little credibility. The elevated levels of plutonium on the lagoon side would reflect the soil transport from the QUINCE GZ. (end author's note) In general, not only did YVONNE receive the highest exposure of any island in the Atoll, but YVONNE was the site of the most shots and therefore the most physical alteration. It has been said that probably all of YVONNE was at one time or another excavated to within a couple of feet of the water level. As a further example, it can be seen in postshot damage reports that prior to the HARDTACK OPERATION, Station 1310 was protected by a seawall and an earthen cover. By the end of HARDTACK, the seawall was nearly gone and most of the earthai cover was missing. This is illustrative of the effects which will be evident throughout cleanup. -105- SUSPECTED BURIAL OF DOG EVENT ZEBRA EVENT CONTAMINATED DEBRIS KNOWN Pu DIIS U 2 HIXJKOH ' ) STIWLS AM UK NISCLLUWOLS IHRE SUCH U SIAUS ttUIS lie iHfSI *K ttSCIllBLD INIWITOK ATOIL CIEANUP IN m CUMWP PIM vmtit I S(tll(W 3 2 SITE YVONNE FIGURE 68 SITE YVONNE. SHEET 1 OF 5 FIGURE 69 SITE YVONNE SHEET 2 OF 5 EXPOSED PLUTONIUM'*' % STRATUM NORTHERN SOUTHERN YVONNE YVONNE Oct -^QUINCE-FIG RAOEX AREA — LINDEN 2000' PISONIA SEQUOIA 2000* 12000' HOLLY 2075' BARGE EVENTS i RELATIVE TO MAGNOLIA 3000* STATION 1310 jtNttt.* HO I HIA»«»AtrUf BUTTERNUT 4000* DiHNSI NUCIIAI AGINCT ROSE 4000' W*«MtWfO«i 9-t 19>»t HaUCSfcNMIVER.MC INIWITOK ATOll ClIANUP SITE YVONNE «»llt 1*73 tNlit 3 Of S FIGURE 70. SITE YVONNE, SHEET 3 OF 5, NORTH END FIGURE 71. SOIL SAMPLE LOCATIONS ^/!D<^ — MlMis\/ X Hi o (A U. o Z o Iu- z D u. < < (A UJ u_i 3 E Z O Q < a. Q Q UJ (A U. O v> LU O < CM' l»« Ui OC o IIII IHl iiiiintrnaiiiRriiiiimiiiiHiiiiiiiniiniwiiiiiiiiiiiflniiiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiinaai''.4iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHniiimiiiiiNiiiii»iiiiiiiiv N3 O Ipwiin II iiuiiiiniMiiRiii iiHj;>];<>: iiiiiiiiiwiiui in iiiniiniii 'i^MRiHiii iiii ii i iiiniiivii i unyiiiiiiini O niuRniiRiniiHianiiKiiiniiKinnHipiiitiiitiwHiiinii iiiiinii iiinimitufflmiiiniiiiginnRiiiii ii iiiiii iiiiiniimiiiiiiii':»va<'':ifliiiRir'l^lttll1lllDtlHllllllllllllllln:;«>^ •••iRiiiiimiiiiHiHiiiniiimpiniiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiaiiiaiiRiiiiiiiiiiiiiuHHiiiw Willi iiiiiiiiiipiiiiiiiaiRiirjiiiiiiiiiiii^ •••iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHHiiiniiii»iiiiiiiiniiiiiii!iiitiiiraaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiia«iMNiiiiiliiiiiiifiiiRRi N3 — CO CO ••niiiiiimiiimiiiiHimi tun iniiiinmHiiirniiRi i iiiiiii iiiimiiiiiDiiiiii ii iiimpiiitaMii iiiit O CO u. O z D u. < < E u S I Qri < OC a. O Q UJ 1- O UJ CO U. O CO UJ > H U < 1^ UJ OC D a u. X ^/ID^ — •^4!Ai43V I- 0. UJ Q _i O CO u. Oz o u z u. < CO < CO u E o 3 Z g c^ < OC Q Q UJ CO u. O CO < iri 1^ UJ OC D (3 1000 40 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 76. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH a c 3) m >j > O m CO CO m mI- O H m n> D •D >30 O n C 3 o O m CO > CO > •n C oz H o •n CO O D m •a H X Activity — pCi/g 1000 40 60 80 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 78. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH •1»f •fjt' /sw? P;«>: 'f^^J Tf., -. S' k. 'n^ ! i ' tx .1 7v '••'•i' \ H- no lif* "K"-^ D *- n ~ n '.. ^r/ ^ ^^^^ 1--^-.-•*'»^/ •<•**'^^.^Y'-m'* -^^^'^^ ''^ IS'iV. V . . ' LAGOON .'V. n- A f D PROFILE SAMPLES (0-120 cm) •i^ 100 ME.tRfiE ...'•f- 1, 1 1 ji';;). FIGURE 79 SOIL SAMPLE LOCATIONS o> \ U CL I o < liO.Ol 0.001 40 60 80 Depth — cm FIGURE 80. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH Bra^ag ^^^^ ?m ^^ P^^-F^'Sfe^ps ••^rmsas^ a ^s I^KSiSiaEefeEeeS Ks^i MmMs 100 mmmmmmmw ^^^^ 0 1 EBEBSS S==ES :-^ ==i. ^=== i sEs£szES3 iiliS 37' iiiii y= PSaii SEssss&ssssa p iiiiiii JS- •SBB9 - - T 3— •^-^m : - ~ • SsSSS :_• • • ^^ :%4-f -^siu^-T^ 4-rf-j'i- smmsemm:13--4=t=4^4-U^ 4i-*-i- -^.- • - i £ - - == i A Co H iiig=s3iil=§ 1 M 90,. l\ P"TtTmiTOI f --- • Sr EE ====3 1 E - \/\//^MKie ~1~ ssg§ unm I VvyiNi'NU -4_ •» 1- — 0 Cs : = .ocarion luz z\ ••••• , , ...... 1 ..,. , ^ 239- Vl H3B: SSSft'ftS'T^SftBFriS Bse^si ¥m^m,iammm S! £i£E£»a i^aSKE 0 Pi' H 10 ilSBSlS 1 iiisi 5======iiiii iisSsi isssii $^^^ iisii iiH5isi iiiii iiiiii sSSSSa 4= smsmm liHI! mmmms = - = ! = = = =- 3= £ siii iiiiii iiil=§ =S==i =1111 i =s^ :=Bg£= = n :i = EEEEBES EsSSEs =s=== £ S==! 3gS==S z = ^ -» _j_i__ 41--- _( SN M J j 1 J1_ _1 L1A ' i^ J _ '™.~ — •^=—L= ^^5 ii= Ti^!ai' ^ = = g ^_^i ^ 3k» £ - - — =;••: =^ - ? g ^ =i^ EgsSS >i& lti= •=F^.i« "r 1 CD fW iislii W iiiiii ^ ^=3 P^ m f^^ ^ FIGURE 81. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 100 a. '> < FIGURE 82. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH a c 3D m 00 w > O m V) O •n O D 3D > X) O O z c n o 3 > CO > •n c z o H o z o TI CO o m Activity — pCi/g 6/Ocl — X4IAI40V X 1- o. UJ Q O CO IL O zo => u. < < CO E o u 3 Z o o Q. < Q OC o LU 1o- Ui _i UJ CO u. O CO UJ > O < UJ cc D a c m 00 > o CO O Ti CO o H m D O 3D > O o z c 3 o CO > CO > •n C Z o CO O D m •o Activity — pCi/g 6/j2)d — X4[A|4oy 0. UJ O O CO u z 3 u. < CO < CO u D Z 5O < cc Q Ui I- O UJ _l UJ CO U. o CO UJ > O < CO 00 UJ cc D (3 1000 o Q. '> O < 40 60 80 Depth — cm FIGURE 87. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH •n ac 3mD 00 00 > m CO CO O m O 3D > D O n Z 3 oc on m CO > CO > cTi oz H o z o O•n CmO OH Activity — pCi/g Q C 30 m 00 to o> < H m CO O •n CO m O H m O n> 3D > O O5 I cz o o 3 CO > CO > •n C oz -H 5 z o -n gCO F o Activity — pCi/g m •V 1000 100 u Q. < 0.01 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 90. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH n 10,000 "TT- ii- J : 1 • 1 • t t ?:•- -;-i-4- M M n 11 mmm. tin YVONNE 60^ Location 112 + A Co 1,000 100 CL 4- *> u < 0 30 60 90 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 91. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 6/i^d — /4iA|py z I- 0. UJ a o CO u. Oz g U < CO < CO UJ 2 u_l z o Q < Q U UJ CO u. O CO UJ < CM' a> UJ GC D (9 1000 3Tf TTT •I- a: -t '.z^m:-~:-~-'-tJ 1=; 1- n •It:. ^ YVONNE ! tir 4 Location 114 -L : rrr 0.0001 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 93. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 6/j3d — X4iAi43y Z I- o. UJ Q O CO H- O z D u. < CO < CO u 3 I i X ^ -C Q. (U Q u UJ UJ CO CO UJ > Iu- < t UJ oc D -j 1 : . :'•:•' . 10,000 i:'-'^'"::':: ]" "fj"":^ til t. V "- If 1 1 It - • - r- ]||4 1 ! ' 111 j \ ' • } - ... . ._ii ihi 1 i • t • + t 1 1 -- ., |, -. ] ][ . ...}l Ji.ij ill li ! • f 11 , 1. Ifi-i- X,- . f^ U-| 1 • Ji| YVONNE i .ijl ; • * : ! 1 t ! P I j Location 116 1 ' ' ' 4 ' i 1 1000 MJ|jj||l|t{ife xi;.:f -'! o 13/ Cs -+-- -4 '"""'"" 4^1 •• rr-j! ° ti-ft ' ^ri . 23SV u -|tt4 1\ 1 T i' i ;' ' 1 ! , O — rj.i j_ -j-_| — ^^ , „ i ' , ' 100 1 1 1 1 ^ " 1 "1 "'^^ 1 1 ' 1 -{-4-+ f -f- - 1 ill' ^J^—I—j -1—,--i—^ 1 "T 1 "* • ; M 1 , 4—jt-- 441 4 J-' ' ] 1 j I-- - 4-1 -U-I- 4^4-y -J 1 1 , 1 i ! 1 1 1 1 1 4 i i 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 ' 1 1 1 11 10 _1 1 J—._.„2_l^ „ _j ,_ .f^»_^. -j- J- —1— —-i— O) 1 1 \ 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 / \ 1 ' 1 ' T-^Ui- 1 3|t^"^ _4_.ir: . -^ 11 / 1 1 ' 1 "X'i ^" i 0 1 1 / I ' 1 ! 1 ^ QL ~! 1 1 1 TJTMi;l Itt"4i ^ . ! 1 / \ 1 '' -r :t- I 1 I i\ ' i 1 p r^ 1 1 "Kill"" \ ' ! '> 1 1 1 1 -vrr 1 1 ' 4- ! ' 1 1 i l4 1 u \ 1 / 1 ' r—t -L-J- 4-^- "t^yTi/ ~*"^~'" Y : -::-4r --f •*—- Xi-f! 1 ^ l-^-p",1 - 1 ^^l f 1 \ ' 1 ! T/ 1 i 1 rt tt" "JT-Tt J 1 j ^ 1 . t4J: 41 -l -- • -t--l- SS^ \ 1 —1 1—1—!—-•- - r "t jH xX^y J 1 :Tt::t :_!^n::l J zu t ' t2\ \|! j I' ,11 1 i :i 1 " op- ^; ui-ill ttf- 4rT^ 1 ^ \n: iv —r-~fr^ 0.1 - J-—t—f-^-i- —1-4_ . -4-:. ~4— i-- i-~r^- ' ^ ^ t^^ 1 \ \ ;i^ V St 1 \ ' 1 ' ' ! ^\ ' \ 1 ^ PSH^SI i I 1 T\fc p ^^ ^ |V , ! 1 1 --L__. ^4.-1 """**?\\ i \rh j i\v ' ' Tri 1 ! "-Sr*"^ ' ' M ^ij' XLi ^^ X \y T^>r 0.01 1 L-, L;-.1 ^ 4--' ^ _^T^V4: - 1 1 • • ''^h^x4I] V4' 4- j ' ~f-=f"^fr-- 1 \ |-,*4S2 4:'y T±t: -fl- 1 J T l__y..44"" i t-:^:i4 ! -f' 4-4 i ! j 1 i .... i 1 0.001 20 40 60 80 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 95. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 10,000 1000 o> u o. X u < 0.001 90 Depth — cm FIGURE 96. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 10,000 1000 o> '0 a. I u < 0.001 FIGURE 97. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH o a. o < .001 Depth — cm FIGURE 98. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH a c 3D m (O (O > O H < H m CO CO m m O (D 30 T3 > O 5 z O c 3 o ^ 5 m CO > CO > -n C Z o o z o •n CO O m •o Activity — pCi/g 6/!Dd — X4IAI43V a. UJ Q O CO u. Oz o u < CO < CO UJ 2 E -I u u 3 z o Q. 5 9) < O oc Q UJ oK- UJ -J UJ CO CO UJ < d o cc a 1000 Q. 4- '> u < 40 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 101. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 100 D) U OL u < 0.01 0,001 40 60 80 TOO 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 102. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH o> Q. '> y < 0.001 40 60 80 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 103. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 6/!Dd— X4IAI43Y B/ID^— '<4!A!40V s^^^lOO Ci a. I o < 0.01 0.001 FIGURE 107. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH SI 100 o> U a ii 1 *> u < 0.01 0.001 40 60 80 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 108. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH n c 30 O > O CO O -n CO m O H m o O 30 •o > D O n Z c 3 o m CO > CO c Z o CO O I- o m Activity — pCi/g 100 O) a. 4- '> u < 0.01 0.001 40 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 110. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 100 U a. '> •4- u < 0.01 0.001 40 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 111. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 1000 100 O) 'G a. I ^- "> u < 0.01 40 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 112. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH O) o. >s 4- '> u < ..0.01 0.001 40 60 80 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 113. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 100 40 60 80 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 114. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 6/od— X4IAI43V a. o LU o o O CO oUL z O I- zo D u. < CO < CO llj 9 E o-J o D Z o o (U < Q oc Q UJ Hu UJ -J UJ CO u. O CO UJ H > I- U < LCOC u Q. 4- '> u < 0.01 0.001 60 Depth — cm FIGURE 116. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 1000 100 u a. I X u < 0.01 40 60 100 120 Depth — cm FIGURE 117. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH PLUTONIUM INFORMATION THIS DMHING IS i REPRODUIIOn OF X TCPOCMPHIC SHOWN W PffPWCD HY HOUCS t IURVEII [K IK 1953. FD* I« HIAVOUARTIU L S AT(KK ENERGY COmlSSlON UDITIOHS, EUTIORS DiFINSI NUCHA* AOINCY m KVIStOMS MVE KU PVUX III KCOMMUCE MITH THt w.miwiOM.. c Mil COLLiCUD DURIK TME KFINSE MKLf«R KUCY CLEJVMP SURVEY IN 1972 HQUMEStlMIMRPW;. 2 NCUBW > SvnOLS ARE <* MESaiUWXS HERS SUCH AS SLUS DEWIS ETC THESE ARE USCRIKD INIWITOK ATOll ClIANUr IN THE CtlMUP PLAN VULLME [ SECTItM ] 2 SITE YVONNE kPMH 1*ra Milt I Of S FIGURE 118. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM DATA, SHEET 1 OF 5 PLUTONIUM INFORMATION LUTONIUM GREATER THAN 40 pCi^ FOR DEPTH (cm) SHOWN !-• Pu HOT SPOTS FOH. aftNk*<>>.l. NOTftS 4ftft «HKKT I HIA»«IMntU OiriNSI NUCtlAI AeiNCT HOUES&NMNBIMC INIWITOK ATOll CUANUr s3--jr" SITE YVONNE Ann ma Mill t W 9 FIGURE 119. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM DATA, SHEET 2 OF 5 PLUTONIUM INFORMATION FIGURE 120. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM DATA, SHEET 3 OF 5 104 Ocean Profile location number FIGURE 121. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA 108 109 110 111 Ocean Lagoon Profile location number FIGURE 122. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA 112 113 114 115 116 Ocean Profile location number Lagoon FIGURE 123. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA 117 118 119 120 121 Ocean Lagoon Profile location number FIGURE 124. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA 122 123 124 125 126 Oce Profile location number Lagoon FIGURE 125. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA Depth — cm 128 129 130 131 Ocean Lagoon Profile location number FIGURE 126. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA 114 109 105 Profile location number FIGURE 127. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 Profile location number FIGURE 128. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA CACTUS Crater Profile location number FIGURE 129. SITE YVONNE, PLUTONIUM PROFILE DATA August 1, 1977 MINOR SOUTHERN ISLANDS Site Name: SAM, TOM, URIAH, VAN, ALVIN, BRUCE, CLYDE, REX, WALT, GLENN, HENRY, IRWIN, JAMES, KEITH. These islands are located in the southeast and southwest quadrants of Enewetak Atoll. They are grouped together for reporting because of their similar relatively low-level radiological conditions. Figures 130-139 are included for the islands BRUCE, GLENN, HENRY, IRWIN, JAMES, KEITH, REX and WALT. Most of the islands in this group are small - some only 100 to 250 meters from end to end — with very sparse to dense vegetation. For the group, the mean and range of activities obtained from the 15-cm-deep surface soil samples, including those collected on the beaches, are: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 0.52 0.03 - 3.9 137cs 0.14 0.004 - 1.8 239pu 0.07 0.004 - 1.1 60co 0.06 0.007 - 63 The distributicms of these radionuclides with depth display similar characteristics throughout these islands. In areas of dense vegetaticm, the activities within the top 20 cm decrease relatively slowly — relaxatioi lengths of about 8 cm. Profiles collected in open or sparsely vegetated areas exhibited essentially homogeneous distributions. Debris remaining on these islands is not contaminated. InfOTmation given below is specific to the island named. Site Name: SAM Marshallese: BOKO SAM is the nearest island south of YVONNE and has an area of 0.9 acres (0.4 hectares). The island is about 100 meters long and has a few scattered plants. SAM was not used as a scientific site during nuclear testing and is free of debris. The background gamma exposure rate was 1 uR/h in 1972. The mean surface soil sample ccmcentrations of radionuclides was 239pu = 0.09 pCi/g, 90Sr = 0.72 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.36 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.04 pCi/g. Site Name: TOM Marshallese: MUNJOR TOM is adjacent to SAM south of YVONNE and has an area of about 1.8 acres (0.7 hectare). The island was not used tor scientific purposes during the test program. Vegetation covers most of the land area in thick clusters. No test related debris exists on TOM. The background gamma exposure rate was 1 uR/h in 1972. The mean surface soil concentrations obtained were: 239pu = o.08 pCi/g, 90sr = 0.72 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.32 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.04 pCi/g. -164- Site Name: URIAH Marshallese: INEDRAL URIAH is located on the eastern side of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 3.8 acres (1.6 hectares). There is no record of the island beir^ used as a scientific site during nuclear testing. Remains of two structures exist in poor repair, a navigational beacon and a submarine cable terminal box. The island is densely vegetated except for a few small areas. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1 uR/h. The mean surface soil concentrations of radicsiuelides were: 239pu = o.08 pCi/g, 90SP = o.45 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.11 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.15 pCi/g. Site Name: VAN VAN is located on the east side of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of 6.6 acres (2.7 hectares). Records show that the island was not used for scientific purposes during test operations. Dense vegetation completely covers the island to the edge of the beaches. A large steel buoy in deteriorated condition was located at the southern tip of the island in 1972. The background gamma exposure rate for the island was 1 uR/h. The mean surface soil concentrations of radicMiuclides were: 239pu = o.08 pCi/g, ^^St = 0.41 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.14 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.09 pCi/g. Site Name: ALVIN Marshallese: JINEDROL ALVIN is a small island located in the southeast quadrant of the AtoU. ALVIN has an area of about 2.2 acres (0.9 hectares) and dense vegetatirai covers most of the island. The island was not used as a scientific site during testing. The bacl^round gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was luR/h. The mean surface soil concentrations of radionuclides were: 239pu = Q^O6 pCi/g, ^^Sr = 0.44 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.11 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.68 pCi/g. Site Name: BRUCE Marshallese: ANANIJ BRUCE is in the southeast quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 25 acres (10 hectares). There are remains of scientific instaUations on the island as weU as a helicopter landing mat. The island is covered with dense vegetation. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1 uR/h. The mean surface soil concentrations of radionuclides were: 239pu = o.09 pCi/g, 90Sr = 0.59 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.40 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.12 pCi/g. SITE NAME: CLYDE MARSHALLESE: JINIMI CLYDE is also in the southeast quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and is the adjacent island north of DAVID (JAPTAN). CLYDE has an area of about 3 acres (1.2 hectares) and is sparsely vegetated. The island was not used for scientific purposes during testing and no debris is present. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1 (j.R/h. The mean concentrations of radionuclides in surface soil were: 239pu = o.06 pCi/g, ^"Sr - 0.23 pCi/g, 137Qg _ o.06 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.04 pCi/g. -165- Site Name: REX MarshaUese: JEDROL REX is located about a mile west of DAVID north of the deep entrance to the lagoon. REX has an area of about 5.3 acres (2.2 hectares). Vegetation ranges from sparse to dense. The island has been used as an explosives storage faciUty. A quantity of dynamite was reported in 1972 to be in an igloo at the northern end of the island. The remains of numerous other structures are present. The background gamma ejqposure rate measured in 1972 was 1 uR/h. The mean surface soU concentrations of radionucUdes were: 239pu = o.04 pCi/g, SOgr = 0.51 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.51 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.09 pCi/g. Site Name: WALT MarshaUese: BOKANDRETOK WALT is located near the north end of FRED (ENEWETAK). WALT has an area of less than one acre (about 0.3 hectares) and is densely vegetated. During nuclear testing, the island contained a navigaticxial beacon, generator, transmitter and two-man accommodations. Debris remains from these facilities. The background gamma e}q>osure rate measured in 1972 was 1 uR/h. The mean surface soil concentrations of radionuclides were: 239pu = o.04 pCi/g, ^^ST = 0.41 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.15 pCi/g, and 60co = 1.04 pCi/g. Site Name: GLENN MarshaUese: IKUREN GLENN is located in the southwest quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 41 acres (17 hectares). GLENN is the first island west of the wide passage through the reef to the If^oon. The island consists of two islets connected by a high ridge in the reef. The two land areas are densely overgrown. The island was used as a photo station and location tor other scientific instrumentation during nuclear testing. There are some dereUct marine craft on the lagoon side of the island as weU as a large quantity of misceUaneous debris scattered over the island — prineipaUy on the west end of the eastern islet. The UMBRELLA EVENT was detonated on June 8, 1958, 150 feet underwater about 1.4 miles north of the west tip of the island. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was l|jJl/h. The mean surface soU concentraticMis of radicHiucIides were: 239pu = o.ll pCi/g, ^^gp = 1.4 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.60 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.21 pCi/g. Site Name: HENRY MarshaUese: MUT HENRY is located in the southwest quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 40 acres (16 hectares). The island is heavUy overgrown with dense vegetation. During the nuclear test program, HENRY was used t(x various scientific purposes and a moderate amount of debris remains. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1 uR/h. Mean concentrations of radiraiucUdes in surface soU samples were: 239pu = 0.14 pCi/g, ^Ogr = 0.75 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.25 pCi/g, and 60co = 4.3 pCi/g. (Figure B.49.1.n in NVO-140 shows a 60co value of 63 pCi/g for one sample. The mean 60co value excluding the 63 pCi/g is 0.07 pCi/g.) -166- Site Name: IRWIN MarshaUese: BOKEN IRWIN is located in the southwest quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 29 acres (12 hectares). The dry land area is covered with dense vegetation. A nominal amount of debris remains from scientific measurements made on the island during the HARDTACK OPERATION. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1 uR/h. The average concentrations of radioiucUdes in surface soil samples were: 239pu = o.l4 pCi/g, ^f^Sr = 0.65 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.12 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.62 pCi/g. Site Name: JAMES MarshaUese: RIBEWON JAMES is located in the southwest quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 19 acres (7.6 hectares). The island is densely vegetated. JAMES was used as a scientific site for OPERATION HARDTACK. Some debris remains cm the island as weU as three derelict marine craft rest on the ocean beach. The WAHOO EVENT of OPERATION HARDTACK was detonated on May 16,1958, 500 feet underwater 1.4 miles south of JAMES. The background gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1-5 uR/h. The mean concentrations of radicffiucldes in soU were: 239pu = o.08 pCi/g, ^Ogr = 0.69 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.09pCi/g, and ^^Co = 6.5 pCi/g. (The mean ^Oco value contains a (tetum of 46 pCi/g, ten times the next lower value. Excluding this point the mean becomes 0.87 pCi/g.) Site Name: KEITH MarshaUese: KIDRENEN KEITH is located in the southwest quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 24 acres (9.8 hectares). The island was used as a meteorological station during OPERATION HARDTACK. The island is heavily vegetated including coconut and pandanus. The bacl^round gamma exposure rate measured in 1972 was 1-2 uR/h. The mean concentrations of radionuclides measured in surface soU samples were: 239pu = o.ll pCi/g, 90Sr = 0.88 pCi/g, 137cs = 0.28 pCi/g, and 60co = 0.17 pCi/g. -167- CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE FIGURE 130. SITE BRUCE CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE FIGURE 131 SITE GLENN, SHEET 1 OF 2 O C F A N iVIFINSI NUCIIAR *OINCr| I HGUHESt WMR IW FIGURE 132 SITE GLENN, SHEET 2 OF ? CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE FIGURE 133. SITE HENRY, SHEET 1 OF 2 FIGURE 134. SITE HENRY. SHEET 2 OF 2 CASE 3 : UNLIMITED USE Oi sxiou x m "ISULUHWS IT» MfflNM NIKUAI AMNCT CS^JtfM^n.M •MWIIOK ATOll CilAMW SITE IRWIN FIGURE 135. SITE IRWIN ,...-• LAG O O N AANO OCEAN GUEUL mm, THIS DHMIK IS I KHKnuCItOI OF * lOntHWDlC W PIEPMEII KT HOUCS I MIHII IK IN 19S9 FW THE I S ATWIC WKV tOfllSSiai MOIIICMS KlfUONS MD KVISIOK MWC KU WK [N KCOKIMia KITH Iff U» CnuiCTtD DIUIIW IK KFUSE lUCliM (ttKY CUWUP SUMT IN 1972 icjutGU (o; Sfwiu ME on NISCELUIMDLS ITDB MriNH NUCLIAB AMNCY SUCH U SLAtS DEHIS £TC TMESE «K KSCRIKD II THE UIMJr PLM VOLLIl. 1 CTIO I 2 HOUHD fr N^MtHiPK. TIC ffalAriOM SlOW » i is WMIM UOES WT IKFUCI M UMLtllCM M THE TIK OF THE CliWfUP SUKT THIS I SHOM « THE ttlllAL PHDT%RW>HS INIWITOK ATOil ClIANW TMCEJI n E G 1 G IN KMf«E> 1971 SITE JAMES FIGURE 136. SITE JAMES CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE FIGURE 137. SITE KEITH CASE 3 UNLIMITED USE FIGURE 138. SITE REX CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE ^^ GEKUL nlES THIS DMHING IS K KPaODUCTIGn OF A lOPOSUPMIC WP PKPMED BY HOUCS I MMMR, IK. Ill 19SB, FM THE U.S. ATOmC EffRGT UVfllSSION UOIIIONS, DELETIONS HMD REVISIONS HAVE BEEN WtOE IN KCORDMCE WITH THE MTA CaUCTED DURING THE DEFENSE NUCLEMI MEMCT CtiWWP SURVEY IN im mmn (O) SYnoLS ARE ON NISCELLWEOIS ITERS SUCH AS SUWS. DEBRIS. ETC THESE ARE DESCRIBED IN THE CLEANUP PUW. VOLUTE !, StniO.1 3 2 DIFINSI NUCLIAR AOINCY HOUMES&NARVER.mC. INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE WALT APflli i9rs wilt I w I FIGURE 139. SITE WALT August 25, 1977 Site Name: ELMER Board of Geo.: PARRY Marshallese; MADRIN a- MEDREN ELMER is located in the southeast quadrant of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 200 acres (81 hectares). ELMER was the support island used by the AEC and the scientific groups during the nuclear testing program. At its peak, it held facilities to house, feed and generally support up to 3000 people. Figure 141 is the Plot Plan of facilities at the end of testing. Some of the facilities have t)een removed, but many remain as indicated in the detail drawings in Figures 142-152, Almost half of the noncontaminated metal debris and concrete rubble on the Atoll is located on ELMER. Along with DAVID and FRED, ELMER is one of the three islands which have been selected as residential sites by the Enewetak people. ELMER has no surface zero points and accumulated H+1 hour exposure rates from 5 events resulted in a total of 2.6 R/h exposure to the island. The highest exposure rate measured with a hand-held survey instrument in 1972 was 7 uR/h. This reading was perhaps influenced by a Co source, and if so would indicate that 2 uR/h is the maximum background exposure rate. The concentrations of radicxiuclides in surface soil samples were measured to be: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 0.77 0.02 - 5.1 137Cs 0.32 0.01 - 1.2 239pu 0.22 0.008 - 5.5 60Co 0.06 0.01 - 0.88 The higher values in this table were influenced by the decontaminaticxi area shown in Figure 145. This area was used for all manners of decontamination including heavy machinery and materials shifted from Bikini Atoll. During periods of high use, the ball field north of the decon pad was also used to store contaminated materials. The ball field was not extensively sampled according to NVO-140. The ball field as well as the decon area are shown on Figure 145. It has been verbally reported that some contaminated pipe exists in the decon area. Further, it would be advisable to cheek the drain outfall from this area tor residual contamination. Various cleaning agents were used in the decontamination which may have suspended contamination for removal. These agents may have become ineffective when mixed with the seawater and resulted in a local concentration of contamination near the drain outfall. Similar examination of the facilities used for storage and decontamination for CASTLE and REDWING may be in order (see Figures 148 and 150). Reportedly, there are some hemispherical objects near the north end of the island which showed 80 uR/h and 0.5 mR/h radiation levels with scintillation and GM survey meters. Specific identification or locations have not been noted. Similarly, some old shielding in the laboratory building showed 400 uR/h and 0.3 mRad/h, some fiberglass material in the chillhouse showed 2-3 uR/h, and 4 uR/h was measured in the IBM building. The first warrants removal as contaminated material. The other locations should be checked to assure that no overlooked sources or contaminated areas exist. A 60co source was found on ELMER but has since been disposed of at the Nevada Test Site. -180- NVO-140 shows two areas on ELMER with elevated radiatiai levels as measured by the aerial survey. The Task Group Recommendations suggest that these may be shallow burials. Based on the reports and opinions researched for this material, these areas are not burials but may be areas of higher residual fallout. During fallout periods and thereafter, water washing as well as rain was used to remove fallout from the immediate work and residential areas. Various designs of gutters and runoff catchments were used to aid fallout removal. An example case would be the fallout from the TEWA SHOT on Bikini which resulted in a 1.2 Rad exposure to ELMER. The fallout occurred over a period of several hours. An incident occurred cm ELMER which involved a ruptured foil containing plutonium. AU materials contaminated were either successfully decontaminated or poured in concrete and buried at sea. -181- CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE FIGURE 141. SITE ELMER, PLOT PLAN LfMND >f*1IM ITNUCTUM .. f nSTM« #OL( MWM MT THIS NMM IS A WUCiLaKl OF A PMSTEI PUMt AMtA MT IMCI •i«T««s COMMTt u.m •00* rnu M MAST LviSTHM ^aCI intTNN AMOMTT ncMW mr wnMED IT NOUES t MMKR, IK IN IWCIKR [MTWt MM OO MVCt MHA 19U. RW t« KHITIUT V TK All FDK£ ^ Hi*»««*mu MBITIIMS. DEUTIOIS m HVIStOIS MK KEU HAK IT^t^ --•-- -^ DIFINSI NUCIIAR AOINCY IN ACCOWtKE HlIH TIC DAIA COUICTEO DMlNt IME ^1 KFEUSE NUCilM ACENCT CUANUT SUMT M 1977 ^U-^ HOUME&MWVBINC MOM >J (W FIGURE 142. SITE ELMER. SHEET 1 OF 11 OCEAN CROSSROADS AVENUE A Jf •^ir DDDD ^DDDD 3 ^ DQDD ~,A-HJV • J 5 D D D D CD < DQDD DDDDD < .DDDDD o UJ DDDD H' O DDDDD - X •[i:: > a* 4 o D D n D D U • D Li- DDDDDDDD rrpi X . GtNESAL NOTES SEE SHEt DIFINII NUCLIA* AOINCT WAIMIMCtOM • C I**** HOMES tNARVERMC INIWITOK ATOLl CLIANUP SITE ELMER FIGURE 143 SITE ELMER, SHEET 20F 11 © OCEAN D n^ ^ 0 BE ^DnnDODD^SsS-" innnDDa??DD ^^0 0 REDWINGi LANL ANE E — '^ __^ ^' '"\ pi 'S Q D y "^^-- u ^—^ * ^ o Q® 0-. "•"; Q, liJ'^ II5« ^=^n* '.n C] ^^ Cl^^^^ ^ • Hi- LABORATORY BUILDINGS DATA PROCESSING •t-MS ITBuCTt,BI FOR eCNERU. MOTES SEE SHEET EIltTMC *0LE 0 ' ( I 8 M ) AMCA Kt' l«D(I li*TiaC CO«CMTf SLM DIFINSI NUCLIAR AOINCT HOlMES&NARVER.mC " (LCVA'M II L MC ( f M' r INIWITOK ATOll CLIANUP SITE ELMER FIGURE 144. SITE ELMER. SHEET 3 OF 11 Pu-239: 5 5pCi/g Sr-90: 5.1 pCi/g 0 c e A H Cs-137: 1.2pCI/g Co-60:Q.eSpCi/g f. """•'"' BALLFIELD & CD SOME STORAGE OF DECON EQUIP. AWAITING AREA DECON ; M..COR. -^.^^^"^ Ai*0 E fOn GENERAL MOTES SEE SHEET F?^--. HIADOUARTItS DIFINSI NUCLIAR AOINCT HOMES tNARVER INC INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE ELMER FIGURE 145 SITE ELMER. SHEET 4 OF 11 \ »• _C=3 I.....S...C...I mop KL( 0* HAST 0 FtNCf G ttOAD O" PAVtD A HIA»«U*trfll • ClHC UNPAVfO IKMO DiriNSI NUCIIAR AOIPKY HOUMES&WUtVERINC INIWITOK ATOU ClIANU^ WW* iit-ty»J>c»i 0001 IS *0mt»imATtLr at 'ttr SITE ELMER IMtIT S W 11 FIGURE 146 SITE ELMER, SHEET 5 OF 11 ® MIAL DIBHif \ IIMTiM (TawC'IlM » f Mtaw »«U • FOR •CNEML MTCa ME MCET Mf A KtT WMl UOTIM PtMCf ~<^ MAMIHUinu I tnt^ ^^-^ •IPINSI NUCHA! AOINCT ' •iJ-^ H0UC5 K NMIVD1.MC \ O M tm ^ [ >CAL( Hi Ptit INIWITOK ATOll ClIANUP M«M vm iiixianw sri SITE ELMER FIGURE 147. SITE ELMER. SHEET 6 OF 11 'QEDDDDDD B0DDD00 HEDDDDDDQ S . SQ0QD VEHICAL DECONTAMINATION BUILDING WAS HERE EOB GENE«»L NOIES SEE SHEE HIA»aUARTlRS DIFINSI NUCLIAR AGINCT HOMES e NARVER IIVC INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE ELMER FIGURE 148 SITE ELMER, SHEET 7 OF 11 ULJ V-^J H l.io 0 V QQ OO... u... uww \ • •-^ • • O ® © ^ "^ / ® ® IA,>0« HETAL DC«I -*J 0 ® -,® 0 ® 1^2^ ® 8 J^^^n - ^ ..^ P' © TRINITY AVE>4Ui: MP OUTFAtl, LAGOON LC6CND rm '" S' W iTAuCTUBe •ISTHIS POLE DOWN OUT FOR ftEMERAL NOTES SEE SHEET i AMCA KIT IHOEI ^<;i • II ITIlie GODCIKTI SLAI l« ST.1.6 DOAI) O* MvfD A«CA OIPiNH NUCLIAR AOINCT W**NIM«1«M, ^.C tMM HaUllC5&NMMR.iC •-J. 4k TAOPCAL «€61IAT.W. CNAPHIC SCALE IM FEET ~ DM I Mi ICI.EVATIOM SO ) INIWITOK ATOU CLIANUP t WAIL OH •AAA CADf SITE ELMER AP^Il 1V7S MiaiT • Of II FIGURE 149. SITE ELMER. SHEET 8 OF 11 CRYOGENICS LABS PERSONNEL RADSAFE BUILDING DECON 0 0 N CONTAMINATED Operation Redwing L fr <5 MATERIAL STORAGE AREA Operation Castle FJ« GENERAL NOTES SEE SHEET 1TIM6 IWEDHCAD UiTCMI HtADOUARTIRS DIFINSI NUCLIAR AOINCT wAiHiNatoN a t loaoi HQUKSfc NARVER INC INIWiTOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE ELMER FIGURE 150 SITE ELMER. SHEET 9 OF 11 <:>,.. LAB with old shielding 150 ;iR/hr 1 ASSEMBLY BUILDING f i LAGOON 6 15 \» \ 15 FOB GEN R4L NOTES SEE SHEET HIADaUAlTlt» ___^"' -^^- -...ETC DIFINSI NUCLIAR AOINCT ^Z":F^ WAlHINStOM • C >«MI j HOLMES t NARVER INC *- INIWITOK ATOll CLIANUP #f ow «/4* om wi'ea si^-es SITE ELMER FIGURE 151 SITE ELMER, SHEET 100F 11 0 N FOR GENERAL NOTES SEE SHEET r^ I DIFINSI NUCLIAR AOINCT «W»IHIN«TOM • C >•)•) HOMES t NARVER INC INIWITOK ATOIL CLIANUP SITE ELMER FIGURE 152 SITE ELMER, SHEET 11 OF 11 August 29, 1977 Site Name: FRED Board of Geo.: ENIWETOK Marshallese: ENEWETAK FRED is located in the southeast quadrant of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 322 acres (130 hectares). FRED is the largest island in the Atoll. It was the support base for the military segment of the nuclear test operations as weU as support island far the Pacific Missile Range and the Air Force Western Test Range following nuclear testing. It has been selected as a residential island for the returning Enewetak people and will be the main support base for cleanup operations. Many structures are present on FRED, including an airport capable of handling large jet aircraft. Figure 153 is the Plot Plan of facilities at the end of testing. Details appear in Figures 154 through 171. FRED has no zero points and radiaticxi levels are low cm the island. Accumulated H+1 hour exposure from 4 nuclear events oi the Proving Ground totalled 2.6 R/h. The maximum 1 meter exposure rates measured in 1972 wore 1 uR/h. Radionuclide concentrations in surface soil samples were measured to be: Radicaiuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90Sr 0.61 0.16 - 1.5 137cs 0.25 0.02 - 2.1 239pu 0.08 0.02 - 0.31 60co 0.04 0.02 - .15 During the buildup, roll-back and interoperational periods of nuclear testing, FRED was the site of numerous constructicai programs. These may have altered radiation distributions on the island, however, the levels were low and may not be detectable at this time. One example is currently known as Parking Apron 2 at the airport (2400 feet from the approach end of runway 6). It is suspected that this area may have beai used for aircraft decontamination during OPERATION CASTLE (based Other references have been found which refer to decon areas on FRED; one was called Decon Area 117. The locatioi of these areas were not given. Due to the low radiation levels measured on the island, these are not of great concern. They also may be the same locations as the aircraft decon pads mentioned at>ove. Cleanup activities on FRED will involve only physical hazards unless the above areas or resurvey indicates otherwise. -194- CASE 3: UNLIMITED USE IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ••, / **. % LEtEilD (IISTINC JTAWCTUIH (•>STIN« CONCWTf SLM ^'L ' ' [•ItTIM FCMCI tmSTiNC MOAO on MMP < IRlSTIM UNMVtD m«0 [IIITIM fOLl OOWMWT U S COAST WMOf' lUM PCMMT DATtD (RltTIM OVCMtCAO AMTfl a AUfUlT IMO) ••TfMNA KLf T CkfVNTKM 4k TWnCAL VfUTATION >M«K LM (tLfUBTWN SO MA SALL (m aMMlCAM FLASHIHS IIOHTS 3. Hi*»*w*anu WWHW#WW 9.C 1—» HQUMESfr NARVER. MC OOIOM OP PLAM Who tTlTCII INIWtTOK ATOLL CLIANUP m MMO OM CLAMIt 1 •#MCaOtO 0* «M tINTMt MMMHTMC PLOT PLAN - SITE FRED PCATuMi M o* I Pf* nu Milt I •* I FIGURE 153. SITE FRED. PLOT PLAN BOUNDARY LINE u S COAST GUARD (USN PERMIT DATED 15 AUGUST 19601 ^^•i liLiiLRAL in This 0WW11G IS ft BPflOULCIlOO OF A fASTlP PLAN IWP PKLPARLO BY HOlftb t NARVIR II4C IN [lOVLWLH ISbB FDS IHt UPABIflLNI OF TH( MB fOtQ DEFENSI NUCLIAR AGENCY f CLtAHUP OrCAATIOMS ( flilUniMIS UlLillOtIS «l) aiVlSIOi INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE FRED FIGURE 154 SITE FRED, SHEET 1 OF 18 >' PCRum DATED J^ DIFINSI NUCHA! AOINCT WAIHIMCIOM . C I.MS HOUCSe NARVER.MC INIWITOK ATOIL CLIANUP SITE FRED FIGURf 155 SITE FRED SHEET 2 OF 18 FOB GENERAL NOTES SEE SHEET ...... ^-^ LEMIU. 0.eM.TKm$ . • DIFINSI NUCHA! AOINCT HOUCSe NARVER mC INIWITOK ATOll CLIANUP SITE FRED FIGURE 156 SITE FRED SHEET 3 OF 18 '-f Sr-90: 1 . 5 pCi/g,. y\ ,-\,' ai\i' fOR MMERAl. NOItb SEE SMtE .# NIAP«U«BtlBS DIFINSI NUCLIA! AOIFKT watMIHCTOM. . C ..Ml yi:^^^ HOUCSe NARVER.NC INIWITOK ATOll ClIANUP iLtrAllMI OOOt IS t, V»»HI"ltT SITE FRED FIGURE 167 SITE FRED, SHEET 4 OF 18 rOR GENERAL HOTtS SEE SHEET .?^' DIFINSI NUCHA! AOINCT wAtMiNSTON • < loaas HOUCSe NARVER.INC INIWITOK ATOll CLIANUP S(A WALl OR tAARlC, SITE FRED INI IT 9 Of It FIGURE 158 SITE FRED SHEET 5 OF 18 EIlSTWe POLE DOWN OUT FOR OENCRAL MOTES SEE SHEET •OOO POU 0* MAST CJIISTIH4 AIRCRAFT TIEDOVM ,# iTmC 10 • CULVERT -•tv DIFINSI NUCIIAR AOINCT W..NIIMIOM a c >..•• HOMES eNARVERK INIWITOK ATOll CLIANUP SITE FRED H OOO) t tfmaiiMtrtir iNiiT 6 Of rti FIGURE 159. SITE FRED SHEET 6 OF 18 FIGURE 160 SITE FRED SHEET 7 OF 18 LCSCMO LiZ3 EXItTUN STttuCTUM » CAISTMC ROLC MMM tur li2:SI - ElilTIN* GOMCRffti ftiAa «00e ROLE OR MAIT —— • EIMKW riNCt CUITIIM ARKRMT TICOOMI __ —^ [KISTMG ROAB FIGURE 161. SITE FRED, SHEET 8 OF 18 0 0 « 10 500 X. A* ^* si •»« POit OOWR BUT FOR GENERAL N 0TE5 SEE SHEET 1 POU OR MAST IMC AtRCRAFT TICOOWa ;»'R6 ROAO W MVtD INS OWfRHCAO AHTEHHA -./ 1'""' HEADOUARTIIS DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY r;]:-^' HQUMESe NARVER mC CRAPHIC SCAU IH HH ENIWETOK ATOLL CLEANUP •WiUAL MAGRIKC SITE FRED tfiow ttti low marrm ifWMCi • RRU 1»7J SMUT » OF W FIGURE 162 SITE FRED. SHEET 9 OF 18 CARGO, PIER ;\, TlHt STRUCToAt FOR GENERAL NOTES SEE SHEET .TIR6 riNCE f",^"'A'"^ DIFINSI NUCIIAR AOINCT wAiHit)«iO(« 0 c >oiai HOUCSe NARVER.INC •- INIWITOK ATOLL CLIANUP SITE FRED FIGURE 163 SITE FRED, SHEET 10OF 18 tV-'-'/A EIISTIM STAi/CTuRE fXISriMt CONCRITI SI EIlSTIRt FENCE A TRIAMMILATION INIWITOK ATOll ClIANUP SITE FRED •NUT n CM IB FIGURE 164 SITE FRED, SHEET 11 OF 18 FIGURE 165. SITE FRED, SHEET 12 OF 18 >, LCMMO ^^a fXISTMM •T»WCTWM •-- FM mmKMU. NOTCt tee MCET I CeS • (NMUM CONMCTC (LM — •• •»••— UllTMW PIMCI ^~' —— IxnTHM ROtA 0* NMCB MCA — CKISTHM UMRAwn ROR* « [>...... cmriMR WW cwt.«c«T •" OfPINN NUCIIAR AOiNCr - = = = =- f WtTMW MRE CULWCRT a mm HHCH WMK A TRMNVLATHMI STATtON HQUII^S K NAn^KHC ,, U U. SROT ELEMTNM »» I nMlH CLCMTMM t^^^a. ^ TROmCAL VCWTATWM INIWITOK ATOU ClIANUP SITE FRED Miti a Of « FIGURE 166. SITE FRED, SHEET 13 OF 18 FIGURE 167. SITE FRED, SHEET 14 OF Ifa FIGURE 168. SITE FRED, SHEET 15 OF 18 ,\. ;., i^>« LC«CN> riM ITNWCTHM •-- FM WNCRM. NOTEt SCC •MCCT I [•••nM CMCMM UM iiTMtftacc n^mt MM M MM* MIA -./ •• m cui«c«t DtriNM MUCLIAI ASINCT r««Tia« mm cuLin •* • M> HaCH MAM HaUlB&NMMII.MC. SV^^V iiiMi LiM iCLioAtiM *ei MA*MK KALC W «n* •NIWiTOK ATOil CltANUP MA VAil •• BAMlCAM SITE FRED FIGURE 169. SITE FRED. SHEET 16 OF 18 FIGURE 170 SITE FRED, SHEET 17 OF 18 V. \. 6 STRUCTUI FOR GENERAL NOTES SEE SHEET FIISriMC CONCRETt EXISTING FENCE CKISTIH6 AIRCRAFT TIEOOWN HIADSUAtTIU Y^AWyi\ ^'' DEFENSE NUCLEAI AOENCT CLEANUP 0PERATIOH9 B f WAtNttMtOW • C )•*•• HaUWStNARVER.MC ENIWETOK ATOll CIEANUP s *ftmaiiit»rci.r o SITE FRED FIGURE 171 SITF FRED SHEET 180F 18 August 12, 1977 Site Name: LEROY Board of Geo.: RIGILI Marshallese: BIKEN LEROY is the western-most island of Enewetak Atoll. It is situated north of the Southwest Passage and has an area of about 13.6 acres (5.5 hectares). The entire island is overgrown with brush, trees and some coconut palms except for some clearings cm the lagoon side. LEROY was used during three of the nuclear test operations for scientific purposes including faUout collection. LEROY has no surface zeroes. It received faUout from 13 events, which ranks it 23rd of the islands in the Atoll fa- accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate received with 235 R/h. This is reflected by the background gamma e3q>osure rates and soil samples collected there for the radiological survey in 1972. The maximum 1-m esqposure rate was 8 uR/h in the area indicated on Figure 172. Furthermore, the island's dense vegetation probably tends to inhibit dilution of the radioactivity by envircximental processes. The activities obtained from the 15-cm deep surface soil samples were: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90Sr 11 1.6 - 34 137CS 3.2 0.5 - 10 239pu 0.63 0.02 - 2.0 60Co 0.58 0.04 - 5.0 These mean activities are about ten times greater than those observed on the other islands in the southern part of the Atoll. The depth distributions of activity measured at three locations within the interior of the island exhibit very gradual decreases in activity with depth. Relaxation lengths of 10 cm or greater are typical. No radioactive material burials are known to exist on LEROY. -214- CASE 3: BIRDS. EG6S. PICNIC O C E A Kl COtJCMTI COLUUM r^ Pu-239: 2.0pCI/g L A G O O M ••.* aJCMl NOILS This DMHIHC IS A jCPKObCTIOH OF It TOPDUHmiC MP PKPMtD lY HOIKS 1 KMMIt, INC. IN IM, FW TM U S. KTOrilC £KKY CODISSiaN WITIQUS, ECLETIIMS MD KVISIOUS MK KBI IWI tU UXDMINKE KITH IW MTt COLLCCTUI DWrK THE UHIISE MKUM MEKV CUWkP SIrfHV IH 1972 HEUGOM (O) SmOLS M OH niSaLUIKDUS ITERS MVINH NUCLIAI AMNCT SUCH K SUBS. DUIIS. ETC TlltSt M DESCRIUD N THE aumr PUU, maz i. SECTIU 3.2 HOUHBtNMNBtiC. THE VEGETItTin SMM OH ItllS PMIW DOES «IT KFUn IW CCUIIIOn tt THE TIfC OF Iff CUtNJP SWVEY THIS IS SHOW ON TIC «RI«. PHOIOGMPHS IMIWITOK ATOil ClIANVr TWEh BY E G I G IH MNEICER 1972 SITE LEROY •Nllf I •* I FIGURE 172. SITE LEROY EPILOGUE ENEWETAK FACT BOOK WAYNE A. BLISS The Fact Book has undergone minor editing for final printing. No changes were made other than format and grammar. The Fact Book was prepared prior to cleanup to be used as an informative guide. That premise has not changed nor has it been compromised by this editing. The following information is included to expand or clarify the Fact Book. As the cleanup proceeded, discoveries were made, new questions asked, and the Fact Book questioned. This author and others responded to each incident to develop the best possible information base to assure cleanup. As mentioned by footnote in the text, the AEC Task Group recommended criteria were, by design, general in nature. Soil concentrations in the range of 40-400 pCi Pu/gm were to be treated on a case-by-case basis. In OPLAN 600-77, an intermediate level of 100 pCi/gm was used to define a Condition B which might be applicable to an agricultural island. This served for plannir^ purposes and for the development of methodology. The Enewetak Advisory (Bair) Committee came forth, on April 28, 1978, with its recommended levels of 40, 80, and 160 pCi/gm (total transuranium elements) for residence, agricultural and food gathering islands, respectively. Thenceforth these levels were used as guidance for cleanup decisions and certification. The Fact Book treatment of YVONNE mentioned a jar of highly contaminated sand buried near the door to HARDTACK Station 1310. The mention was made based on the personal recall of a visitor there in 1971 and 1972. Investigation during cleanup showed the supposed burial area to be underlain with concrete. The mention was in error and the jar found in the 15 x 15-ft. wire enclosure is most probably the same as the one supposedly buried. The Fact Book did not specify the land areas of sites FLORA and GENE which were destroyed by nuclear testing. Holmes & Narver has estimated that FLORA had an area of about 35 acres (14 hectares) and GENE had an area of about 23 acres (9.4 hectares). During a precleanup radiation survey on ELMER, an area near coordinates N49,200 and E132,400 was found to have higher than expected levels of 60 co in soil. Although of no great hazard, this area had not been previously identified. No reason for its existence was found. Rumor of a plutonium incident on ELMER resulting in onsite burial arose during cleanup. Investigation concluded that the incident rumored was the same as the plutonium foil incident mentioned in the Fact Book and that no onsite burial occurred. -216- ^^ DISTRIBUTION LIST DOE/HQ, Washington. D.C. L. Joe Deal, EP Tommy McCraw, EP (2) Bruce Wachholz, EP Helen McCammon, ER Maj. Gen. W. W. Hoover, OMA (2) Gordon Facer, OMA DOE/ NV, Las Vegas, NV Hoger Ray, DPO Paul Dunaway, HPD Bruce Church, HPD Ernest Campbell, NSD Paul Mudra, OSD John Stewart, OSD Don Martin, OSH Dave Miller, OPA Technical Library (3) DOE, PASO. Honolulu. HI William Stanley (2) Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Office of Territorial and International Affairs LLNL, Livermore. CA William Robison (3) Victor Noshkin H. Wade Patterson Technical Information Dept. LANL, Los Alamos, NM John Hopkins John Malik Harry Jordan Report Library SNL. Albuquerque. NM Geoi^e C. Tucker, Jr. MelMerritt, Org. 1151 University of Hawaii Philip Helfrich, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biolc^y Patrick Colin, MPRL, Enewetak (3) Brookhaven National Laboratory. Upton, NY Research Library -217- DOE Environmental Measurements Laboratory, NY, NY Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge. TN Technical Information Center (4 2) Central Research Library EPA/ EMSL. Las Vegas, NV Glen Schweitzer Charles Costa Wayne Bliss (2) Eberline Inst. Co.. Santa Fe, NM Al Doles Desert Research Institute c/o DOE, Las Vegas Forrest Miller EG&G. Inc.. Las Vegas. NV W. John Tipton Battelle. PNL. Richland. WA William Bair Defense Nuclear Agency Director, DNA, Washington, D.C. Commander, FC/DNA, Albuquerque, NM (2) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Janet McCoy, High Commissioner, Saipan Republic of the Marshall Islands President Amata Kabua Chief Secretary Oscar DeBrum (3) Council of the People of Enewetak Magistrate Hertes John Micronesian Legal Services Corp.. Saipan Thomas Mattson, Esq. ESI. Anchorage, AK William E. Ogle Holmes & Narver, Inc. Earl Gilmore, Albuquerque, NM Bert Friesen, Orange, CA (2) -218- o c X m > O O •n (/> O 33 > O 5 z c o c/> > c z o H o z o •n (/> O r- D m •0 Activity — pCi/g H Z X4IAI43V a. ai Q O O U z D u. < < CO U D E Z u o 5 < oc Q. o O UJ oI- 111 _l Ul to CO Ul I- > U < OC D C3 Depth — cm FIGURE 55. ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH 30 Depth — un FIGURE 56 ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED RADIOIvlUCLIDES AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL DEPTH FIGURE 57. SITE SALLY ALPHA DISPOSAL SITE FIGURE 58. SITE SALLY, VICINITY OF KICKAPOO GZ L.^G O O N jSITE SALLY ^ FIGURE 59. SITE SALLY, VICINITY OF YUMA GZ Site Name: TILDA Board of Geo.: BIIJIRI Marshallese: BUIRE TILDA is located in the northern portion of Enewetak AtoU and has an area of about 52 acres (21 hectares). TILDA is vegetated from moderately to densely. TILDA is the location of numerous structures remaining from nuclear test operations. TILDA was widely used as it connects by causeways to SALLY and RUBY, both of which were sites of nuclear tests, and to URSULA, which was a fcffward area campsite. TILDA has no surface zeroes and ranks 18th of the islands in the Atoll with 774 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. The radioactivity that is distributed throughout the island resulted primarily from devices detonated on SALLY, the adjacent island to the north. The activity is fairly homogeneously distributed throughout the island; however, a direct cOTrelation may be made with the density of vegetation present. The island is divided by an airstrip. The area north of the airstrip (Figure 60) and on the lagoon (west) side of the north-south road is much less densely vegetated than the remainder of the island. The following activities for soil reflect this difference in vegetation: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range Areas of dense vegetation 90sr 27 17 - 54 137cs 8.4 3.5 - 20 239pu 7.6 1.4 - 17 60co 1.2 0.61 - 1.9 Areas of sparse vegetation 90Sr 8.7 2.2 - 47 137cs 1.0 0.04 - 5.3 239pu 2.5 1.1 - 34 60co 0.37 0.21 - 1.7 The mean values vary by factors of nearly three ac more between these two areas. This variation was also observed in the aerial survey measurements. The depth distributions of activity vary considerably throughout the island. In no case, surface or profile sampling, was the 239pu concentraticxi greater than 40 pCi/g. No radioactive material burial sites are known to exist on TILDA. An alpha disposal site exists between the manmade and natural causeways which connect TILDA to SALLY. That site is described in the previous repo-t tac Site SALLY. Considerable construction activity has occurred on TILDA which may have caused burial, mechanical or natural, or low level contamination, e.g., coaxial cable burials and the erosion of soil into old borrow pits. -88- CASE 3 BIRDS. EGGS. SUBSISTENCES COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MATCH U FIGURE 60 SITE TILDA July 28, 1977 Site Name: URSULA Board of Geo.: ROJOA Marshallese: LOJWA URSULA is located in the northeast quadrant of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 40.5 acres (16.4 hectares). Vegetatioi on the island ranges from moderate to dense. URSULA was used as the shot camp site for the AOMON-BIJIRE-LOJWA (SALLY-TILDA-URSULA) complex and much evidence of testing activities remains (Figure 61). By D+150 days of the cleanup (approx. November 15, 1977), the island will house the forward base camp fcs* suppwting cleanup teams B and C. URSULA has no surface zeroes, but received fallout from 12 events which rank it 19th in total H+1 hour exposure rate received with 651 R/h. The activities of radionuclides measured in soil (NVO-140) were quite low compared to those measured on the more northern islands. The mean and range of activities measured in surface samples collected over the entire island are: Radionuclide Activity (pCi/g) Mean Range 90Sr 6.8 2.0 - 19 137cs 1.7 0.13 - 7.8 239pu 1.3 0.26 - 7.3 60co 0.31 0.05 - 1.7 Although cleanup shall consist only of removing physical hazards, URSULA has received significant contamination as a result of testing. The LACROSSE EVENT on YVONNE contaminated the SALLY-URSULA complex to the extent that roads were scraped to reduce exposure of personnel in transit to work sites. The H+4 hour exposure rate on URSULA was 8 R/hr. No record of where the scraped material was disposed of is available. The MOHAWK EVENT on RUBY produced contamination which delayed recovery operations on the SALLY-URSULA complex fw several days. No radioactive material burial sites are known to exist on URSULA. Decontamination procedures may have created accumulations of soil which would now show relatively low levels of radioactivity. Some decontamination facilities will be operated on URSULA in support of cleanup operations. -90- CASE 3_. BIRDS. EGGS. SUBSISTENCE & COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE FIGURE 61 SITE URSULA July 28, 1977 Site Name: VERA Board of Geo.: ARAMBIRU Marshallese: ALEMBEL VERA is located in the northeast pcartioi of Enewetak Atoll and has an area of about 38 acres (15 hectares). The island, densely vegetated, is outlined in Figures 62 and 63. A small amount of debris remains from testing. A scientific station which housed animals for medical research during OPERATION GREENHOUSE remains and is in poor condition.' VERA lias no surface zeroes and ranks 22nd of all islands in the Atoll with 270 R/h accumulated H+1 hour exposure rate. The radiological contaminaticm of this island from nuclear weapons tests is relatively minor (NVO-140). The activities measured in soil are relatively low as follows: Radionuclide Activity ( pCi/g) Mean Range 90sr 6.3 1.1 - 68 137cs 2.0 0.03 - 12 239pu 2.5 0.60 - 25 60co 0.30 0.02 - 2.2 The highest 239pu values found were 35 pCi/g in thin layers from profile sampling. The depth distributions of activity in soil show relaxation lengths of 2-5 cm near the northwest beach to 10-15 cm in the island's interior. No radioactive material burial sites are known to exist on VERA. -92-