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Resilience in Action: Climate & Ecosystem-Inclusive Disaster Risk

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RESILIENCE IN ACTION TECHNICAL BRIEF CLIMATE & ECOSYSTEM-INCLUSIVE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ABOUT THE RESILIENCE EVALUATION, ANALYSIS AND LEARNING (REAL) ASSOCIATE AWARD: REAL is a consortium-led effort funded by the USAID Center for Resilience. It was established to respond to growing demand among USAID Missions, host governments, implementing organizations, and other key stakeholders for rigorous, yet practical, monitoring, evaluation, strategic analysis, and capacity building support. Led by Save the Children, REAL draws on the expertise of its partners: Food for the Hungry, Mercy Corps, and TANGO International. CONTACT The REAL Associate Award c/o Save the Children 899 North Capital Street NE, Suite #900 Washington, D.C. 20002 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.fsnnetwork.org/REAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was produced for review by USAID Center for Resilience. It was prepared by Sarah Henly-Shepard, MPH, Ph.D. (Mercy Corps), Eliot Levine (Mercy Corps), Arzu Culhaci (Mercy Corps), Nyoman Prayoga (Mercy Corps), and Chet Tamang (Mercy Corps), with contributions from Malka Older, David Nicholson (Mercy Corps), Emilie Rex (Mercy Corps), Jenny Morgan (Mercy Corps), Tiffany Griffin (USAID), Jami Montgomery (USAID), Karyn Fox (Tango), Josh Ayers (Food for the Hungry), and Jonathan Cook (World Resources Institute). RECOMMENDED CITATION Henly-Shepard, S. et al. (2018). Resilience in Action: Climate & Ecosystem-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction. Produced by Mercy Corps as part of the Resilience Evaluation, Analysis and Learning (REAL) Associate Award. DISCLAIMER This brief is made possible by the generous support and contribution of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of the materials produced through the REAL Award do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. COVER PHOTO CREDITS Front Cover: Sarah Henly-Shepard for Mercy Corps, Cox’s Bazar refugee camps, Bangladesh (May 2018) Back Cover: Colin Crowley / Save the Children PREPARED BY Mercy Corps 45 SW Ankeny St. Portland, OR 97204 USA REAL RESILIENCE IN ACTION SERIES Climate & Ecosystem-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Core Concepts: Climate BOX 1. EXAMPLES OF CEDRR and Ecosystem-Inclusive NEXUS STRATEGIES – Rezoning to prohibit hard infrastructure and Disaster Risk Reduction promote restoration of sensitive coastal ecosystems & services (e.g. mangrove forest (CEDRR) restoration) = protection from coastal hazards and reduction of disaster losses USAID defines resilience as “the ability of – Climate-smart diversified agriculture = people, households, communities, countries, and higher revenues, reduced losses to climate shocks and stresses and livelihood / economic systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from security shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces – Native species reforestation = climate chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive change mitigation (reduction of emissions & growth.”1 Resilience is undermined, and carbon sequestration) and improved ecosystem systemic risk increased, when there is a loss of services of infiltration, fuelwood provision and biodiversity biodiversity and degradation of ecosystem services2. Ineffective governance systems and – Combined community-based resource management and CEDRR strategies services, degraded social networks and reduce exposure and vulnerability, improve cohesion, inefficient market systems, and a capacities, and increase livelihood, food and decrease in livelihood opportunities also impact water security. resilience. Immediate and long-term impacts from climate variability and change further such as tsunami and coastal storm surge, intensify risks and undermine development and reducing exposure of people and infrastructure humanitarian gains. Risk is a result of the to these hazards. Well-managed ecosystems, combination of exposure, vulnerability to that such as upland terrestrial forests, provide exposure, and the lack of capacities to deal with ecosystem services, like groundwater recharge, a particular hazard or threat. Exposure to soil fertility and flood reduction that support natural and manmade threats is a direct result of sustainable livelihoods such as community-based poor planning, weak public infrastructure, and fuelwood extraction and replanting. Nexus substandard building codes. Systemic socio- strategies, which address risks while improving economic vulnerabilities like poverty and wealth wellbeing outcomes, are examples of no regrets, inequity both drive exposure to threats and win-win risk reduction3. CEDRR incorporates reduce people’s coping and adaptive capacities short- and long-term climate trends with to endure and recover from disasters. traditional ecosystem-based DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) to promote joint win-win nexus There is a clear relationship between objectives of sustainable environmental environmental degradation and increasing management to reduce disaster risk and vulnerability to hazards. Healthy ecosystems promote sustainable climate resilience (e.g. mangrove forests) serve as important development4. Support for improving resilience buffering zones or natural barriers to hazards through CEDRR approaches, such as natural 1 USAID. “Building Resilience to Recurrent Crisis.” (December 3 Renaud, F.G. et al, 2016 and 2013 2012) 4 IUCN, 2018 2 CBD/UNEP, 2018 3 1 REAL RESILIENCE IN ACTION SERIES Climate & Ecosystem-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction resource management, environmental environment and increasing hazard exposure restoration and conservation, can lead to (e.g. a programmatic environmental impact significant current and future savings and loss assessment)7. The PEDRR (Partnership on avoidance.5 Estimates of cost savings project that Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction) for every $1 USD spent on ecosystem network and the recently released Convention protection and restoration, such as of coral on Biological Diversity Voluntary Guidelines for the reefs, $20 USD is saved in averted losses from Design and Effective Implementation of Ecosystem- hurricanes6 based Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction have also produced Evidence of win-win CEDRR nexus strategies substantial guidance and technical toolkit (Box 1) illustrated in the case studies, a new resources. These frameworks place ecosystem proposed Framework (Fig. 1), and Table 1, best management at the centerfold of achieving DRR practices for operationalizing win-win CEDRR and adaptation to climate change, with principles resilience strategies, jointly show how such and safeguards that cover humanitarian and strategies can be designed to reduce risk to environmental rights and practices. However, climate change, address systemic natural and such guidance often fails to integrate resilience manmade risks, while improving livelihoods, capacity-building measures (see Fig. 1), does not environmental sustainability and human security. directly inform adaptive management, and is not The Framework makes a strong case for readily applicable in humanitarian contexts8. employing win-win strategies through nexus Such tools should be explored for suitability to approaches, and to overcome current be adapted and applied to humanitarian contexts challenges, which will be explored in the case and to more tangibly include provisions for studies presented. understanding, building, monitoring and adaptively managing resilience capacities and Transforming Challenges achievement of sustainable development outcomes. into Opportunities Additionally, traditional DRR practice and Although some frameworks make the policies often fail to account for this complexity connections between climate, environment, of risk and fail to integrate social resilience DRR and resilience, they often focus more on capacity-building as a core component. Often, program assessment instead of program DRR programs focus on small-scale, sector- effectiveness and its ability to achieve its specific approaches with relatively short time- intended impact. The Climate, Environment and horizons like public health system preparedness Disaster Risk Reduction Integration Guidance and response strengthening, without connecting (CEDRIG), for example, is a framework to assess with other sectors and actors upon which public both the climatic, environmental and disaster health system resilience may be directly risks to a program (e.g. operational risks), and impacted. In addition, emergency response and the potential impacts said program may have on recovery often tends to rebuild the previous climate (greenhouse gas emissions), (damaged or destroyed) structures as quickly as possible, with limited considerations for better 5 UNISDR, 2015; CBD/UNEP, 2018 7 CEDRIG, 2018 6 IUCN, 2018 8 Renaud, F.G. et al, 2016 and 2013; UN CBD, 2018 3 2 REAL RESILIENCE IN ACTION SERIES Climate & Ecosystem-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction hardening. They often fail to: 1) account for the impacts climate change will have on future A Framework for natural hazard risks in the short- and long-term; Achieving Resilience & 2) measure and address the environmental changes and impacts that resulted from the Improved Humanitarian hazard/s; 3) understand and address socio- ecological inequities and vulnerabilities long- and Development term; and, 4) support the access and use of Outcomes Through resilience capacities people need to better cope and adapt to these risks over time. CEDRR Failing to consider all systems and their dynamic, Taking
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