Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Eradicating Ecocide Exposing the Corporate and Political Practices Destroying the Planet and Proposi Ecocide and mining activities - Geography bibliographies - in Harvard style. Your Bibliography: Bebbington, A., Humphreys Bebbington, D., Bury, J., Lingan, J., Muñoz, J. and Scurrah, M., 2008. Mining and Social Movements: Struggles Over Livelihood and Rural Territorial Development in the Andes. World Development , 36(12), pp.2888-2905. Collier, P. The bottom billion. 2007 - Oxford University Press - Oxford. In-text: (Collier, 2007) Your Bibliography: Collier, P., 2007. The bottom billion . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crook, M. and Short, D. Marx, Lemkin and the genocide–ecocide nexus. 2014 - The International Journal of Human Rights. In-text: (Crook and Short, 2014) Your Bibliography: Crook, M. and Short, D., 2014. Marx, Lemkin and the genocide–ecocide nexus. The International Journal of Human Rights , 18(3), pp.298-319. Rome Statute | Eradicating Ecocide. In-text: (Rome Statute | Eradicating Ecocide, 2015) Your Bibliography: Eradicatingecocide.com. 2015. Rome Statute | Eradicating Ecocide . [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 May 2015]. Helwege, A. Challenges with resolving mining conflicts in Latin America. 2015 - The Extractive Industries and Society. In-text: (Helwege, 2015) Your Bibliography: Helwege, A., 2015. Challenges with resolving mining conflicts in Latin America. The Extractive Industries and Society , 2(1), pp.73-84. Higgins, P. I Dare You To Be Great. 2014 - Clink Street Publishing - New York. In-text: (Higgins, 2014) Your Bibliography: Higgins, P., 2014. I Dare You To Be Great . New York: Clink Street Publishing. HIGGINS, P. Closing the door to dangerous industrial activity A concept paper for governments to implement emergency measures. 2012 - Polly Higgins. In-text: (HIGGINS, 2012) Your Bibliography: HIGGINS, P., 2012. Closing the door to dangerous industrial activity A concept paper for governments to implement emergency measures . Polly Higgins. Higgins, P., Short, D. and South, N. Protecting the planet: a proposal for a law of ecocide. 2013 - Crime Law Soc Change. In-text: (Higgins, Short and South, 2013) Your Bibliography: Higgins, P., Short, D. and South, N., 2013. Protecting the planet: a proposal for a law of ecocide. Crime Law Soc Change , 59(3), pp.251-266. Hill, D. Canadian mining doing serious environmental harm, the IACHR is told | David Hill. In-text: (Hill, 2014) Your Bibliography: Hill, D., 2014. Canadian mining doing serious environmental harm, the IACHR is told | David Hill . [online] the Guardian. Available at: [Accessed 6 May 2015]. Huseman, J. and Short, D. ‘A slow industrial genocide’: tar sands and the indigenous peoples of northern Alberta. 2012 - The International Journal of Human Rights. In-text: (Huseman and Short, 2012) Your Bibliography: Huseman, J. and Short, D., 2012. ‘A slow industrial genocide’: tar sands and the indigenous peoples of northern Alberta. The International Journal of Human Rights , 16(1), pp.216-237. In-text: (2015) Your Bibliography: Icc-cpi.int. 2015. [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 May 2015]. Kotter, R. Eradicating ecocide: exposing the corporate and political practices destroying the planet and proposing the laws needed to eradicate ecocide. 2014 - International Journal of Environmental Studies. In-text: (Kotter, 2014) Your Bibliography: Kotter, R., 2014. Eradicating ecocide: exposing the corporate and political practices destroying the planet and proposing the laws needed to eradicate ecocide. International Journal of Environmental Studies , 71(2), pp.228-233. Logan, N. Canadian mining companies under fire for Latin America operations. In-text: (Logan, 2014) Your Bibliography: Logan, N., 2014. Canadian mining companies under fire for Latin America operations . [online] Global News. Available at: [Accessed 6 May 2015]. Miners Shot Down. 2014 - Rehad Desai - South Africa. In-text: (Miners Shot Down, 2014) Your Bibliography: Miners Shot Down . 2014. [film] South Africa: Rehad Desai. Envían a juicio a ex jefe de seguridad de la empresa minera Tahoe Resources | Movimiento Mesoamericano contra el Modelo extractivo Minero M4. In-text: (Envían a juicio a ex jefe de seguridad de la empresa minera Tahoe Resources | Movimiento Mesoamericano contra el Modelo extractivo Minero M4, 2015) Your Bibliography: Movimientom4.org. 2015. Envían a juicio a ex jefe de seguridad de la empresa minera Tahoe Resources | Movimiento Mesoamericano contra el Modelo extractivo Minero M4 . [online] Available at: [Accessed 6 May 2015]. Nobel Women’s Initiative and JASS. FROM SURVIVORS TO DEFENDERS: WOMEN CONFRONTING VIOLENCE IN MEXICO, HONDURAS & GUATEMALA. 2012 - Nobel Women’s Initiative and JASS. In-text: (Nobel Women’s Initiative and JASS, 2012) Your Bibliography: Nobel Women’s Initiative and JASS, 2012. FROM SURVIVORS TO DEFENDERS: WOMEN CONFRONTING VIOLENCE IN MEXICO, HONDURAS & GUATEMALA . Nobel Women’s Initiative and JASS. Pearce, F. Greenwash: 'Green palm oil' claims land Cadbury's in sticky chocolate mess | Fred Pearce. In-text: (Pearce, 2009) Your Bibliography: Pearce, F., 2009. Greenwash: 'Green palm oil' claims land Cadbury's in sticky chocolate mess | Fred Pearce . [online] the Guardian. Available at: [Accessed 5 May 2015]. Powell, C. What do genocides kill? A relational conception of genocide. 2007 - Journal of Genocide Research. In-text: (Powell, 2007) Your Bibliography: Powell, C., 2007. What do genocides kill? A relational conception of genocide. Journal of Genocide Research , 9(4), pp.527- 547. ROSS, M. The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor. 2003 - The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank - Washington, DC. In-text: (ROSS, 2003) Your Bibliography: ROSS, M., 2003. The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor. In: I. BANNON and P. COLLIER, ed., Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions , 1st ed. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, pp.17-42. TECLAFF, L. Beyond Restoration – The Case of Ecocide. 1994 - Natural Resources Journal. In-text: (TECLAFF, 1994) Your Bibliography: TECLAFF, L., 1994. Beyond Restoration – The Case of Ecocide. Natural Resources Journal , 34, pp.933-956. Australia's aboriginal communities clamour against uranium mining. In-text: (Australia's aboriginal communities clamour against uranium mining, 2010) Your Bibliography: the Guardian. 2010. Australia's aboriginal communities clamour against uranium mining . [online] Available at: [Accessed 5 May 2015]. TWINING, W. Law, Justice and Rights: A Global Perspective. 2009 - Cambridge University Press - Cambridge, UK. In-text: (TWINING, 2009) Your Bibliography: TWINING, W., 2009. Law, Justice and Rights: A Global Perspective. In: J. EBBESSON and P. OKOWA, ed., Environmental Law and Justice in Context , 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp.76-97. Urkidi, L. and Walter, M. Dimensions of environmental justice in anti-gold mining movements in Latin America. 2011 - Geoforum. In-text: (Urkidi and Walter, 2011) Your Bibliography: Urkidi, L. and Walter, M., 2011. Dimensions of environmental justice in anti-gold mining movements in Latin America. Geoforum , 42(6), pp.683-695. Virunga. 2014 - Orlando von Einsiedel - Democratic Republic of Congo. In-text: (Virunga, 2014) Your Bibliography: Virunga . 2014. [film] Democratic Republic of Congo: Orlando von Einsiedel. Working Group on Mining and Human Rights in Latin America. The impact of Canadian Mining in Latin America and Canada’s Responsibility. 2014 - Working Group on Mining and Human Rights in Latin America. In-text: (Working Group on Mining and Human Rights in Latin America, 2014) Your Bibliography: Working Group on Mining and Human Rights in Latin America, 2014. The impact of Canadian Mining in Latin America and Canada’s Responsibility . Working Group on Mining and Human Rights in Latin America. Free Ebook Download pdf Sites. Are you looking for place to read full E-Books without downloading? Here you can read Eradicating Ecocide . You can also read and download new and old full E-Books. Enjoy and relax Reading full Eradicating Ecocide Books online. . CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THIS BOOK FOR FREE. Exposing the corporate and political practices destroying the planet and proposing the laws needed to eradicate ecocide Polly Higgins Voted one of the ‘World’s Top 10 Visionary Thinkers’ by The Ecologist Nominated as ‘the Lawyer for Planet Earth’ for 2010 Performance Awards www.thisisecocide.com ‘Eradicating Ecocide highlights the need for enforceable, legally binding mechanisms in national and international law to hold to account perpetrators of long term severe damage to the environment. At this critical juncture in history it is vital that we set global standards of accountability for corporations, in order to put an end to the culture of impunity and double standards that pervade the international legal system. Polly Higgins illustrates how this can be achieved in her invaluable new book.’ Bianca Jagger, Founder and Chair of Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation Advocate for Crimes Against Present and Future Generations In Eradicating Ecocide, international environment lawyer and activist Polly Higgins sets out to demonstrate in no uncertain terms how our planet is fast being destroyed by the activities of corporations and governments, facilitated by ‘compromise’ laws that offer insufficient deterrence. She offers a solution that is radical but, as she explains with great competence and experience, absolutely necessary. The recent Mexican Gulf oil spill is a compelling reminder of the consequences of unchecked ecocide. Higgins advocates the introduction of a new international law against Ecocide. It would become the 5th Crime Against Peace and would hold to account heads of corporate bodies that are found guilty of perpetrating ecocide. The opportunity to implement this law represents a crossroads in the fate of humanity; we can accept this one change and in doing so save our ecosystem for future generations, or we can continue to destroy it, risking future brutal war over disappearing natural resources. This is the first book to explain that we all have a commanding voice and the power to call upon all our governments to change the existing rules of the game. Higgins presents examples of laws in other countries which have succeeded in curtailing the power of governments, corporations and banks and made a sudden and effective change, demonstrating that her proposal is not impossible. Eradicating Ecocide is a crash course on what laws work, what doesn’t and what else is needed to prevent the imminent disaster of global collapse. Eradicating Ecocide provides a comprehensive overview of what needs to be done in order to prevent ecocide. It is a book providing a template of a body of laws for all governments to implement, which applies equally to smaller communities and anyone who is involved in decision-making. MARKET: business, law, governance, environment/ecology, peace studies, sustainable developmentExposing the corporate and political practices destroying the planet and proposing the laws needed to eradicate ecocide Polly Higgins Voted one of the ‘World’s Top 10 Visionary Thinkers’ by The Ecologist Nominated as ‘the Lawyer for Planet Earth’ for 2010 Performance Awards www.thisisecocide.com ‘Eradicating Ecocide highlights the need for enforceable, legally binding mechanisms in national and international law to hold to account perpetrators of long term severe damage to the environment. At this critical juncture in history it is vital that we set global standards of accountability for corporations, in order to put an end to the culture of impunity and double standards that pervade the international legal system. Polly Higgins illustrates how this can be achieved in her invaluable new book.’ Bianca Jagger, Founder and Chair of Bianca Jagger Human Rights Foundation Advocate for Crimes Against Present and Future Generations In Eradicating Ecocide, international environment lawyer and activist Polly Higgins sets out to demonstrate in no uncertain terms how our planet is fast being destroyed by the activities of corporations and governments, facilitated by ‘compromise’ laws that offer insufficient deterrence. She offers a solution that is radical but, as she explains with great competence and experience, absolutely necessary. The recent Mexican Gulf oil spill is a compelling reminder of the consequences of unchecked ecocide. Higgins advocates the introduction of a new international law against Ecocide. It would become the 5th Crime Against Peace and would hold to account heads of corporate bodies that are found guilty of perpetrating ecocide. The opportunity to implement this law represents a crossroads in the fate of humanity; we can accept this one change and in doing so save our ecosystem for future generations, or we can continue to destroy it, risking future brutal war over disappearing natural resources. This is the first book to explain that we all have a commanding voice and the power to call upon all our governments to change the existing rules of the game. Higgins presents examples of laws in other countries which have succeeded in curtailing the power of governments, corporations and banks and made a sudden and effective change, demonstrating that her proposal is not impossible. Eradicating Ecocide is a crash course on what laws work, what doesn’t and what else is needed to prevent the imminent disaster of global collapse. Eradicating Ecocide provides a comprehensive overview of what needs to be done in order to prevent ecocide. It is a book providing a template of a body of laws for all governments to implement, which applies equally to smaller communities and anyone who is involved in decision-making. MARKET: business, law, governance, environment/ecology, peace studies, sustainable development. Read Aloud Books,Best Book To Read,100 Books Everyone Should Read,Good Book To Read,Read Books Free Online,Online Reading Books,Read Books Online Free No Download,Free Books To Read,Reading A Book,Read Books For Free,Kids Reading Books,Simply Read Books. First You Must Sign Up and then please follow instruction step by step until finish to get Eradicating Ecocide for free. Enjoy It. Selected Previous Drafts of the International Crime of Ecocide. Richard A. Falk, Environmental Warfare and Ecocide—Facts, Appraisal and Proposals , 9(1) Revue Belge de Droit International [RBDI/Belg. Rev. Int’l L.] 1 annex at 21–24 (1973) (Belg.) (A Proposed International Convention on the Crime of Ecocide) The Contracting Parties confirm that ecocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and punish. In the present Convention, ecocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to disrupt or destroy, in whole or in part, a human ecosystem: The use of weapons of mass destruction, whether nuclear, bacteriological, chemical, or other; The use of chemical herbicides to defoliate and deforest natural forests for military purposes; The use of bombs and artillery in such quantity, density, or size as to impair the quality of soil or to enhance the prospects of diseases dangerous to human beings, animals or crops; The use of bulldozing equipment to destroy large tracts of forest or cropland for military purposes; The use of techniques designed to increase or decrease rainfall or otherwise modify weather as a weapon of war; The forcible removal of human beings or animals from their habitual places of habitation to expedite the pursuit of military or industrial objectives. Human Rights Sub-Comm’n on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Revised and Updated Rep. on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, ¶ 33, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6 (July 2, 1985) Citing previous Sub-Commission reports, this updated report by Benjamin Whitaker, Special Rapporteur on genocide, reports that some of his fellow members have proposed broadening the definition of genocide to include ecocide: adverse alterations, often irreparable, to the environment—for example through nuclear explosions, chemical weapons, serious pollution and acid rain, or destruction of the rain forest—which threaten the existence of entire populations, whether deliberately or with criminal negligence. Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its forty-third session , U.N. Doc. A/46/10 (1991), reprinted in [1991] 2 Y.B. Int’l L.aw Comm’n 107, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1991/Add.1 (Part 2) Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind. Article 26. Wilful and severe damage to the environment. An individual who wilfully causes or orders the causing of widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environmental shall, on conviction thereof, be sentenced [to . . . ]. Steven Freeland, “Crimes Against the Environment—A Role for the International Criminal Court?”, in Droit de l’environnement dans le Pacifique Prolematiques et Perspectives Croisées [Environmental Law in the Pacific: International and Comparative Perspectives], 358 (Alberto Costi & Yves-Louis Sage eds., 2005) Freeland broadly defines “crimes against the environment,” the breach of which could potentially trigger international criminal responsibility, as follows: A deliberate action committed with intent to cause significant harm to the environment, including ecological, biological and natural resource systems, in order to promote a particular military, strategic, political or other aim, and which does in fact cause such damage. Valérie Cabanes, Amicus ICC crime of ecocide amendments, (2016) Steven Freeland, Addressing the International Destruction of the Environment during Warfare under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2015) Proposed article 8 ter of the Rome Statute. Article 8 ter. Crimes against the environment. For the purposes of this Statute, “crimes against the environment” means employing, within the context of and associated with an armed conflict, a method or means of warfare with intent to cause widespread, long-term or severe damage to the natural environment. For the purposes of paragraph 1: a person has “intent” to cause widespread, long-term or severe damage to the natural environment where: that person means to cause such damage; or that person is aware of the substantial likelihood that such damage will occur in the ordinary course of events; or that person consciously disregards information that clearly indicates a substantial likelihood that such damage will occur in the ordinary course of events; destruction or degradation of the marine environment, marine wildlife, or marine habitats; destruction or degradation of terrestrial fauna and flora, or their habitats; pollution of the atmosphere; destructive climate modification; any other form of environmental destruction, degradation or harm of comparable gravity. Polly Higgins, Ecocide Crime , Eradicating Ecocide. The Model Law – proposed amendment to the Rome Statute (2010) Ecocide crime is: acts or omissions committed in times of peace or conflict by any senior person within the course of State, corporate or any other entity’s activity which cause, contribute to, or may be expected to cause or contribute to serious ecological, climate or cultural loss or damage to or destruction of ecosystem(s) of a given territory(ies), such that peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants has been or will be severely diminished. To establish seriousness, impact(s) must be widespread, long-term or severe. Polly Higgins, Eradicating Ecocide: Exposing the Corporate and Political Practices Destroying the Planet and Proposing the Laws Needed to Eradicate Ecocide 63 (2010) the extensive destruction, damage to or loss of ecosystem(s) of a given territory, whether by human agency or by other causes, to such an extent that peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants of that territory has been severely diminished. Laurent Neyret, Cambridge Centre for Env’t, Energy & Nat. Resource Governance, Draft Convention against Ecocide , in From Ecocrimes to Ecocide. Protecting the Environment through Criminal Law 35, 37 (2017). Article 1 – Scope of application. The provisions of this Convention shall apply to the most serious crimes against the environment that, both in times of peace and in times of armed conflict, have an impact on the safety of the planet. The present Convention is without prejudice to the relevant rules of international humanitarian law prohibiting environmental damage in time of armed conflict. Article 2 – Definition of ecocide. For the purposes of this Convention, ecocide means the intentional acts committed in the context of a widespread [or] systematic action that have an adverse impact on the safety of the planet, such acts being defined as follows: The discharge, emission or introduction of a quantity of substances or ionizing radiation into air or atmosphere, soil, water or the aquatic environments; The collection, transport, recovery or disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and the after-care of disposal sites, and including action taken as a dealer or a broker in the framework of any activity related to the waste management; The operation of a plant in which dangerous activity is carried out or in which dangerous substances or preparations are stored or used; The production, processing, handling, use, holding, storage, transport, import, export or disposal of nuclear materials or other hazardous radioactive substances; The killing, destruction, possession or taking of specimens of wild fauna or flora species whether protected or note; [f)] other acts of a similar character committed intentionally that adversely affect the safety of the planet. A widespread, constant and serious degradation of the quality of air or the atmosphere, the quality of soil or the quality of water, the fauna and flora or their ecological functions; or Death, permanent disabilities or other incurable serious illnesses to a population or they strip permanently the latter of their lands, territories or resources; The acts referred to in paragraph 1 must have been committed intentionally and with knowledge of the widespread [or] systematic nature of the actions in whose framework the aforementioned acts are being carried out. These acts shall also be deemed intentional where their perpetrator either knew or should have known that there existed a high probability that such acts may adversely affect the safety of the planet. Eradicating Ecocide : Exposing the Corporate and Political Practices Destroying the Planet and Proposing the Laws to Eradicate Ecocide by Polly Higgins (2016, Trade Paperback) The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging (where packaging is applicable). Packaging should be the same as what is found in a retail store, unless the item is handmade or was packaged by the manufacturer in non-retail packaging, such as an unprinted box or plastic bag. See details for additional description. What does this price mean? This is the price (excluding shipping and handling fees) a seller has provided at which the same item, or one that is nearly identical to it, is being offered for sale or has been offered for sale in the recent past. The price may be the seller's own price elsewhere or another seller's price. The "off" amount and percentage simply signifies the calculated difference between the seller-provided price for the item elsewhere and the seller's price on eBay. If you have any questions related to the pricing and/or discount offered in a particular listing, please contact the seller for that listing. Climate Justice: Human Rights on a Planet in Distress. An increasing number of individuals around the world are taking action to fight against climate change. In most occasions, protesters and activists have stressed the tight link between the environmental threats we are facing today and human rights. The observable damage to specific ecosystems and to the planet as a whole has indeed repeatedly revealed that, without a sufficient global reaction, the lives of individuals and entire communities will be enormously impacted in the near future. In light of this evidence, the insufficient action of governments and the destructive activities of transnational corporations have come under the scrutiny of domestic and international courts. Climate justice has thus gone beyond questions of environmental conservation, addressing broader issues of human rights, economic and geographical inequalities, racial discrimination, international migration, and community resilience. In this struggle against climate change, the important differences among the actors involved and issues to be tackled have translated into a variety of strategies. Urgenda v. the Netherlands. The Urgenda case is one of the most recent and insightful legal cases related to the current climate crisis. On 20 December 2019, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands announced the final verdict against the Dutch government. The case had been presented in 2013 by the Urgenda foundation on behalf of about 900 people concerned about climate change. They successfully argued before the court that the Dutch state has not been respecting its legal obligations to reduce carbon emissions and, as a consequence, has failed its duties towards its citizens under domestic and European human rights law. The recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court clearly re-established what the lower courts had previously found: the state’s duty of care towards its citizens also applies to environment-related issues and to the potential threats deriving from climate change. According to art. 2 and art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the signatory states are indeed bound to protect people’s rights to life and to respect for private and family life. [1] Since the failure to cut greenhouse emissions would effectively produce a series of extreme consequences for human life, “the State must take precautionary measures to prevent infringement as far as possible” [2] and, thus, cut emissions further. Such a verdict builds both on the previous legal obligations contracted by the Dutch state and on the bulk of scientific data accepted by the wider international community. In Bali, at the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 13), the Netherlands was among the “developed” states that agreed to a greenhouse emission reduction of 25-40% by 2020 compared to their 1990 levels. This decision was justified on the basis of the scientific evidence reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) showing that such a reduction was pivotal to stay within a 2°C rise of global average temperature. In the following climate conferences – especially the 2015 COP 21 in Paris – the Netherlands reiterated its commitment to a more ambitious emission reduction – essential to respect a less alarming 1.5°C global warming target. In this context, the Court also cites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Environment Program’s (UNEP) reports which link the failure to cut greenhouse emissions to further damage for the life and wellbeing of human beings. In response to this evidence, the Dutch government accepted once again its duty to effectively reduce greenhouse emissions but argued that the EU less ambitious target of 20% was being respected, and, thus, there was no violation. Moreover, they sustained that there was not a direct and unambiguous link between the Dutch emissions and the global phenomenon of climate change. The Court rejected this reasoning noticing that, in order to avoid further environmental damage and respect its citizens’ human rights, the government of the Netherlands had to respect the previous 25% emission reduction target by 2020. Even if it does not release emissions itself, the state has indeed the power to control the emission levels produced within its jurisdiction. Its duty to uphold the rights to life and respect for private and family life of its people thus generates an obligation to implement policies which, on the basis of the existing scientific data, can prevent catastrophic scenarios with more certainty. The ruling of the Dutch Supreme Court on the Urgenda case is extremely relevant for at least two factors. First of all, the judges clearly regarded the state’s inaction in the context of the current climate crisis as a breach of its human rights obligations under the ECHR. This interpretation of the convention might produce significant consequences in future cases in which the other 46 signatory states are involved. Their respective judicial systems might force their executive branches to act in a more adequate way to the reality of the climate crisis. Of course, compliance from the latter cannot be blindly assumed; yet, European leaders would be forced to recognize the inadequacy of their policies vis-à-vis the appalling picture painted by the scientific community and, ideally, would face the reaction of an increasingly environmentally aware public. Secondly, the clear link between the climate crisis and human rights challenge the often-assumed idea that climate change only affects remote parts of the globe, allowing many to adopt disavowal attitudes and ignore the issues at hand. The environmental threat does not only concern the remote polar ecosystems or endangered animal species; rather, as David Wallace-Wells eloquently shows in the Uninhabitable Earth , it is and will be massively affecting every human being on the planet, even in the unlikely case in which the “safer” global temperature rise margin of 1.5°C was to be respected [3]. Ecocide. Besides the Urgenda case and the other numerous lawsuits against governments all around the world [4; 5], interesting developments have also taken place in the realm of criminal justice. Citing the case of small island states risking disappearing underwater in the next decades [ See our article on small island states ] , Scottish lawyer Polly Higgins proposed the introduction of the crime of “ecocide” into the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) Rome Statute. She defines it as any “extensive damage to, destruction of, or loss of ecosystem(s) to such an extent that peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants of that territory is severely diminished” [6]. Interestingly, in wartime, environmental degradation and destruction are already recognized as crimes; during peacetime, instead, the hazardous conduct of corporations and conniving state leaders is often ignored [7]. Although, normally, the primary intent behind these actions is ordinary business conduction and profit, in Higgins’s formulation of ecocide, the courts could focus on the secondary intent of these actors. In other words, one would not need to prove that individual actors at the head of corporations were deliberately harming the environment, but that they started or continued their harmful conduct despite being conscious of the dangers for the planet [8; 9]. The adoption of ecocide into international criminal law would translate into the possibility of charging top business executives for their individual actions. Thus, whereas states were the main focus in cases such as Urgenda v. the Netherlands , in this case the crimes under examination would be those in which the perpetrators are specific individuals whose actions are negatively impacting the environment. Ecocide would indeed acquire the status of crime against peace along with genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity – already included in the Rome Statute. Though it might initially seem disproportionate, the increasingly precarious condition of small island states such as Vanuatu, Kiribati, Palau, and the Maldives clearly generate an imperative to act. According to a 2012 IPCC report, “there may be a need to consider relocation [of their citizens] … for atolls where storm surges may completely inundate them” and, consequently, decimate their population [10]. Accordingly, some of these states have already bought land elsewhere to transfer their citizens once the situation further deteriorates. As the sea level rises, droughts and extreme flooding become more frequent, and desertification intensifies, similar consequences will not be limited to these relatively small states but will be faced by thousands (if not millions) of people in all continents. Nevertheless, not much can be achieved without adequate tools to stop those who are consciously contributing to the climate crisis, violating the limits already in place, and accumulating wealth at the expenses of the rest of planet. Climate justice. The evidence suggests that the significance of climate justice will increase in the near future with the further manifestation of the effects of climate change. In the words of David Schlosberg and Lisette B. Collins, “the environment and climate system are not simply symptoms of existing injustice, but instead the necessary conditions for the achievement of social justice” [11]. Thus, the preservation of ecosystems and the fight against the climate crisis are requisites to uphold the human rights obligations that have already been established and a potential path to reclaim justice where it has been denied. In this context, the emerging struggles in the name of climate justice are not limited to the judicial system and the field of international law. The increasing awareness on the threat represented by the anthropogenic actions on the planet is indeed generating multiple different responses. Issues such as global and domestic economic inequalities and international migration have been some of the main themes discussed by environmentalist movements such as Extinction Rebellion (XR). In their words, “the issue of the climate and the environment is an issue of social and economic justice, as well as ecological justice” [12]. To raise awareness and attention on these themes, XR has held numerous protests and acts of civil disobedience around the globe, arguing that taking action against the climate crisis within the existing structures of governance is insufficient. Climate justice can thus stimulate debates about the various forms of discriminations that have led to the present situation. Ignoring the warning signals and simply continuing “business as usual” has de facto created a “climate caste system” in which the least responsible for climate change are the ones that will be affected the most by it [3]. Therefore, the efforts to stop the further degradation of our planet can go beyond ordinary liberal strategies of protection of human lives in a strictly biological sense (that is their right to life intended as their mere physical survival). The recognition of inequalities – both on a global and domestic level – should generate further actions for the inclusion of people in the decision-making processes with the aim of elaborating adequate and fair responses. This would also involve a rethinking of the broader systems of production and consumption, as well as the extension of civil and political rights to people experiencing the effects of the climate crisis more directly. To this purpose, actions such as the Urgenda case and Polly Higgins’s work on ecocide might push governments to act more decisively against climate change and bring attention to the vital relation between human rights and the environment. However, these developments should be interpreted only as a minimal part of the wider response needed to effectively tackle the climate crisis and bring about a fairer system for all people. Davide Colombi. Davide is a final year student in the BA International Relations at King’s College London. His particular interests include international migration, international law, and the relation between human rights and security.