United States Department of Agriculture Fauna of the Forest Service Starkey Experimental Pacific Northwest Research Station Forest and Range Genera Technical Report PNW-GTR-291 February 1992 Evelyn L. Bull and Michael J. Wisdom This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Mis-scans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Authors

EVELYN L BULL is research wildlife biologist and MICHAEL J. WISDOM is a wildlife biologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, Oregon 97850. Abstract

Bull, Evelyn L; Wisdom, Michael J. 1992. Fauna of the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. PNW-GTR-291. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 28 p.

This paper lists the birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibi- ans observed at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range from 1973 to 1991. The information is a compilation of data collected from variable-width transects to detect birds, trapping grids to sample small mammals, seining of ponds to survey amphibians, and observations over the years. This list contains information on the occurrence, abundance, and habitats of species in the Experimental Forest.

Keywords: Fauna, fauna! list, Experimental Forests, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, Oregon (Blue Mountains).

Introduction

The Starkey Experimental Forest and Range was desig- nated as a research facility by the Forest Service in 1940. Early research concentrated on grazing management of forested lands, livestock forage, and plant species important as indicators of trend in forage condition (Skovlin 1991). In the 1970s, research on nongame wildlife and riparian habitat management was started (Skovlin 1991).

In 1987, 25,000 acres of the Experimental Forest was enclosed with fencing that deer and elk could not breach. The population response of Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) to intensive timber management, cattle grazing, vehicle traffic, and hunting is under study for 10 years within the enclosure (Johnson and others 1991, Thomas 1989). This study and other recent studies of wildlife in the area (Bull 1987, Bull and others 1989) have sparked demand for additional information about local fauna, their seasonal occurrence, and their relative abun- dance. This paper provides a summary of such information.

The Study Area

Climate, physiography, soils, and vegetation of the area were described by Strickler (1965: 1 -2) as follows:

The Starkey Experimental Forest and Range is located in the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, 30 miles west of La Grande, Oregon [figs. 1 and 2]. The Range contains 29,000 acres along the upper slopes and main ridge of the central Blue Mountains. Elevations range from 3,800 to 5,000 feet Topography is mountainous with moderate slopes; only 10 percent of the land surface exceeds slopes of 35 percent.

Annual precipitation averages 20 inches, of which two-thirds comes as fall rains and winter snows from September through 1 Figure 1—Location of Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in northeast Oregon.. March. Rains in April, May, and June account for most of the remaining precipitation. Snowmelt is generally complete by May 1. The growing season is about 120 days, but frost may occur in any month.

Soils are predominantly silt loams derived from basic basalt, pumicite, and basaltic alluvium and lacustrine materials. Depths range from 4 inches in basalt soils of grassland ridges to more than 4 feet in pumicite soils under forests on north slopes. Although some plants are restricted to a soil series, most are found over several soil series within one of four generalized range types: open forest, dense forest, grassland, and meadow.

The open forest type varies from almost pure ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) on basalt-derived soils on moderate south slopes to denser stands of the pine, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii glauca (Beissn.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.), and western larch (Larix Figure 2—Map of Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. 3 occidentalis Nutt.) on pumicite soils on gentle slopes and flats. The ponderosa pine stands grade imperceptibly into the grassland type on south slopes. The open forest type has been subject to a long history of logging and livestock grazing.

The dense forest type is restricted to closed-canopy stands on pumicite-derived soils. These stands occur mostly on flats, north slopes, and lower slopes in canyons. Douglas-fir, grand fir, and western larch are the major tree components on all habitats. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) and Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) are locally common in canyons. Dense stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) with scattered mature firs and larch occur on old burns. The type has been relatively undisturbed by logging and livestock grazing.

Together, the open and dense forest types cover 70 percent of the acreage. Fires of variable severity have occurred in most of the forested types at one time or another.

Grassland and meadow types account for the remaining 30 percent of the acreage, Historically, they were subject to excessive livestock grazing. Grasslands vary in size from small openings within the forest types to large tracts of several hundred acres. Basalt-derived soils are the most extensive and average 8 inches in depth. Soil hummocks (mounds, 18 inches in depth and of various sizes with some loessial materials) occur on flats and moderate slopes at several locations on the Range. These "biscuits" are more productive and have a richer flora than the surrounding, shallower, scabland soils. Seeps, up to 2 acres in size, occur frequently and present a more mesic-type flora than adjacent areas.

The meadow type (2 percent of the total acreage) occurs along seasonal and year-long streams on deep. well-drained, basalt-derived alluvium. These level bottom lands are for the most part untimbered: however, some small, mature stands of Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir, and grand fir do occur and present a shaded, moist habitat for herbaceous plants. Springs and bogs are common along major streams. 4 The Faunal List

The species are listed by families, starting with birds (table 1), then mammals (table 2) and amphibians and reptiles (table 3). The abundance ratings (used in tables 1, 2, and 3) are defined as follows:

Common: Almost always found during a day afield in the appropriate season.

Occasional: Usually seen in the course of the appropriate season but in small numbers.

Rare: Not regularly found.

Suspected: Species suspected of occurring but not verified and abundance unknown.

For birds (table 1), we also included a second listing under abundance that refers to the time of year that each species is likely to be seen. The categories include:

Permanent: Occurs in the area throughout the year.

Summer: Occurs in the area in summer; usually breeding in area.

Winter: Occurs in the area in winter; often erratic in distribu- tion.

Migrant: Occurs in the area in spring and fall; not breeding in area.

5 6 Table 1—Bird species, their relative abundance, season of occurrence, and common habitats In which they occur at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Waterfowl (Anatidae): Canada goose, Branta canadensis Rare, summer Streams Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos Occasional, summer Streams, ponds Wood duck, Aix sponsa Rare, summer Streams Blue-winged teal, Anas discors Occasional, summer Streams Common merganser, Mergus merganser Common, summer Streams

Plovers (Charadriidae): Killdeer, Occasional, summer Grasslands, Charadrius vociferus meadows, Camas Creek area Sandpipers, snipe (Scolopacidae): Common snipe, Rare, summer Wet meadows, Gailinago gallinago Camas Creek area Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia Rare, summer Streams, ponds Upland aendpiper, Occasional, summer Grasslands, Bartramia longicauda Campbell Flat

Gallinaceous birds (Phasianidae): Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo Rare, permanent Open forest Ruffed grouse, Occasional, Bonasa umbellus permanent Dense forest Blue grouse, Rare, permanent Open forest, Dendragapus obscurus grasslands

7 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Hawks (Accipitridae): Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus Rare, summer Grasslands Sharp-«hinn«d hawk, Occasional, Accipiter striatus permanent Dense forest Cooper's hawk, Occasional, Accipiter coopeni permanent Dense forest Northern goshawk, Occasional, Accipiter gentilis permanent Dense forest Red-tailed hawk, Occasional, summer Open forest, Buteo jamaicensis grasslands Swainson's hawk, Rare, summer Open forest, Buteo swainsoni grasslands Rough-legged hawk, Buteo fagopus Occasional, winter Grasslands Bald eagle, Haliaeetus teucocephalus Rare, winter Open forest Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos Rare, permanent Open forest Ofiprey, Pandion haliaetus Rare, summer Streams

Vultures (Cathartidae): Turkey vulture, Occasional, summer Open forest, Cathartes aura grasslands

Falcons (Falconidae): American kestrel, Occasional, summer Grasslands, Faico sparverius open forest

Owls (Sfrigidae): Barred owl, Strix varia Rare, permanent Dense forest Great gray owl, Rare, permanent Open forest, Strix nebulose meadows Western •creeeh-owl, Rare, permanent Streams, Little Otus kennicottii Bear Creek

8 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance,season Habitat

Long-eared owl, Asio otus Occasional, summer Dense forest Great horned owl, Occasional, Bubo virginianus permanent Open forest Northern saw-whet owl, Occasional, Aegofius acsdicus permanent Dense forest Flammulated owl, Otus flammeolus Occasional, summer Open forest Northern pygmy-owl, Glaucidium gnoma Rare, permanent Dense forest

Kingfishers (Alcedinidae): Betted kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon Occasional i summer Streams

Doves (Columbidae): Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura Rare, summer Grasslands

Nightjars (Caprimulgidae): Cornmon nighthawk, Open forest, Chordeiies minor Occasional, summer grasslands Common poorwill, Open forest, Phalaenoptilus mttatlii Rare, summer grasslands

Hummingbirds (Trochilioae): Broad-tailed hummingbird, Sefasphorus platycercus Suspected, summer Meadows Black-chlnned hummingbird, Archilochus alexanclli Suspected, summer Meadows Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus Rare, summer Meadows Calliope hummingbird, Stelluia calliope Rare, summer Meadows

9 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Woodpeckers (Picidae): Pileated woodpecker, Occasional, Dryocopus piloatus permanent Dense forest White-headed woodpecker, Picoides albolarvatus Rare, permanent Open forest Downy woodpecker, Picoides pubescens Rare, summer Riparian Hairy woodpecker, Occasional, Picoides vitlosus permanent Open forest Three-toed woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus Rare, permanent Dense forest Black-backed woodpecker, Occasional, Picoides arcticus permanent Dense forest Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus Common, summer Open forest Williamson's sapsucker, Sphyrapicus thyroideus Occasional, summer Dense forest Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius Rare, summer Riparian (includes Red-naped sapsucker)

Tyrant flycatcher* (Tyrannidae) Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus Occasional, summer Open forest Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus borealis Occasional, summer Open forest Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax haminondii Occasional, summer Open forest Dusky flycatcher, Empidonax oberhotseri Occasional, summer Open forest

Larks (Alaudidae): Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris Occasional, summer Grasslands

10 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Swifts (Apodidae): Vaux's swift, Rare, summer Ponds.streams, Chaetura vauxi dense forest

Swallows (Hirundinidae): Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor Occasional, summer Open forest Bank swallow, Rare, summer Streams Riparia riparia Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis Rare, summer Streams Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thatassina Rare, summer Streams Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica Occasional, summer Dwellings

Crows, Jays (Corvidae): Common raven, Dense and Con/us corax Common, summer open forest Steller's Jay, Occasional, Dense and Cyanocltta stellen permanent open forest dark's nutcracker, Nudfraga columbiana Occasional, migrant Open forest Gray jay, Occasional, Dense and Perisoreus canadensis permanent open forest Black-billed magpie, Pica pica Occasional, migrant Open forest

Chickadees (Paridae): Mountain chickadee, Common, permanent Dense and Parus gambeli open forest Black-capped chickadee, Occasional, Dense and Parus atricapillus permanent open forest

11 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Nuthatches (Sittidae): White-breasted nuthatch, Occasional, Sitta carolinensis permanent Open forest Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis Common, permanent Dense forest Pygmy nuthatch, Sitta pygmaea Rare, permanent Open forest

Creepers (Certhiidae): Brown creeper, Occasional, Cert/iia americana permanent Dense forest

Wrens (Trogiodytidae): House wren, Troglodytes aedon Occasional, summer Open forest Winter wren, Troglodytes troglodytes Rare, summer Open forest

Dippers (Cinclidae): American dipper, Occasional, One/us mexicanus permanent Streams

Kinglets (Muscicapidae): Ruby-crowned kinglet, Regulus calendula Common, permanent Dense forest Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa Common, permanent Dense forest

Thrushes (Muscicapidae): American robin, Open forest, Turdus migratorius Common, summer grasslands Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius Occasional, summer Dense forest Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi Occasional, summer Riparian

12 Table 1—continued Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Veery, Suspected, summer Forest Catharus fuscescens Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus Occasional, summer Dense forest Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus Occasional, summer Dense forest Western bluebird, Open forest, Sialia mexicana Occasional, summer grasslands Mountain bluebird, Open forest, Sialia currucoides Occasional, summer grasslands

Shrikes (Laniidae): Northern shrike, Lanius excubitor Suspected, winter Grasslands

Starlings (Sturnicfae): European starling, Open forest, Sturnus vulgaris Occasional, summer Campbell Flat

Vireos (Vireonidae): Solitary vireo, Occasional, summer Dense forest Vireo solitarius Warbling vireo, Occasional, summer Open forest Vireo gitvus

Wood Warblers (Emberizidae): Yellow-rumped warbler, Open forest, Denctroica coronate Common, summer dense forest Townsend's warbler, Dendroica townsendi Occasional, summer Dense forest MacGillivray's warbler, Oporornis tofmiei Rare, summer Dense forest Yellow warbler, Dendroica petechia Occasional, summer Streamside

13 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Orange-crowned warbler, Vermivora celata Rare, summer Streamside Wllson's warbler, Wilsonia pusilla Occasional, summer Streamside

Blackbirds (Emberizidae): Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus Occasional, summer Grasslands Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoemceus Occasional, summer Riparian Western meadowlark, Stumella neglecta Common, summer Grasslands Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater Occasional, summer Grasslands

Tanagere (Emberizidae): Western tanager, Open and Piranga ludoviciana Occasional, summer dense forest

Sparrowa (Emberizidae): Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina Common, summer Open forest Song sparrow, Open forest, Melospiza melodia Occasional, summer meadows Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii Rare, summer Riparian Vesper sparrow, Pooewtes gramineus Common, summer Grasslands Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis Occasional, summer Grasslands Rufous-sided townee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus Suspected, summer Riparian Dark-eyed Junco, Junco byemalis Common, summer Open forest Lazuli bunting, Passerina anwena Rare, summer Streamside

14 Table 1—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance, season Habitat

Finches (Fringillidae): Rosy finch, Leucosticte arctoa Rare, winter Grasslands Red crossbill, (.ox/a curvirostra Rare, unknown Open forest Purple finch, Occasional, Carpodacus purpureus permanent Open forest Cassin's finch, Occasional, Carpodacus cassinii permanent Open forest Evening grosbeak, Open and Coccothraustes vespertinus Occasional, summer dense forest Pine grosbeak, Open and Pinicola enucleator Rare, permanent dense forest American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis Suspected, summer Grasslands Pine siskin, Open and Carduelis pinus Rare, summer dense forest

Sources: References for taxonomic nomenclature and common names were Peterson (1990) and DeGraaf and others (1991).

15 16 Table 2—Mammal species, their relative abundance, and common habitats In which they occur at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Shrews (Sprocidae); Malheur shrew, Sorexpreblei Suspected Riparian Vagrant shrew, Sorex vagrans Common Riparian Northern water shrew (water shrew), Sorex palustris Suspected Riparian

Moles (Talpidae): Pacific mole (coast mole), Scapanus orarius Occasional Forests, meadows

Bats (Plainnose Vespertilionidae): Little brown bat, Hollow trees and under Myolis luclfugus Common bark (roost sites) Yuma bat, Hollow trees and under Myotis yumanensis Suspected bark (roost sites) Fringed bat, Hollow trees and under Myotis thysanodes Suspected bark (roost sites) Long-eared bat, Hollow trees and under Myotis evotis Common bark (roost sites) California bat, Hollow trees and under Myotis califomicus Occasional bark (roost sites) Long-legged bat, Hollow trees and under Myotis volans Occasional bark (roost sites) Small-footed bat, Hollow trees and under Myotis subulatus Suspected bark (roost sites) Silver-haired bat, Hollow trees and under Lasionycteris noctivagans Occasional bark (roost sites) Big brown bat, Hollow trees and under Eptesicus fuscus Common bark (roost sites)

17 Table 2—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Hoary bat, Occasional Hollow trees and under Nycteris cinerea bark (roost sites) Townsend's big-eared bat, Suspected Hollow trees and under Plecotus townsendii bark (roost sites)

Bears (Ursidae): Black bear, Ursus americanus Common Open and dense forest

Raccoons (Procyonidae): Raccoon, Procyon lotor Rare Streams

Wessels and skunks (Mustelidae): Marten, Martes amencana Suspected Dense forest Shorttail weasel (ermine), Mustela erminea Suspected Open and dense forest Longtail weasel, Mustela frenata Rare Open and dense forest Mink, Mustela vison Suspected Along streams Badger, Taxidea taxus Occasional Open forest, grasslands Spotted skunk, Spiiogale putorius Rare Along streams

Coyotes (Canidae): Coyote, Canis latrans Common Open forest, grasslands

Cats (Felidae): Bobcat, Lynx rufus Rare Rocks

18 Table 2—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Mountain lion, Felis concotor Rare Rocks

Squirrels (Sciuridae): Beldlng'e ground squirrel, Spermophilus beldingi Occasional Grasslands Columbian ground squirrel, Spermophilus columbianus Common Grasslands, Bear Creek, Meadow Creek Golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis Occasional Open forest Least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus Suspected Open forest Yellow pine chipmunk, Eutamias amoenus Common Open forest Red squirrel, Tamlasciurus hudsonicus Common Dense forest Northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus Occasional Dense forest

Pocket gophers (Geomyidae): Northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides Common Open forest, grasslands

Beaver (Castoridae): Beaver, Castor canadensis Rare Streams

Mice, rate, voles (Mundae): Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus Common All habitats Bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea Common Dense forest, dwellings

19 Table 2—continued Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Mountain phenacomys (heather vole), Phenacomys intermedius Suspected Forest Southern redback vole (Gapper's red-backed mouse), Clethnonomys gapperi Common Dense forest Mountain vole (montane vole), Microtus nwntanus Common All habitats Long-tailed vole, Meadows, streams, Microtus longicaudus Common open forest RIchardson vole (water vole), Microtus richardsoni Rare Stream banks

Jumping mice (Zapodidae): Western jumping mouse, Zapus princeps Suspected Riparian

Porcupine (Erethizontidae): Porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum Occasional Open forest, grasslands

Hares and rabbits (Leporidae): Snowshoe rabbit (snowhoe hare), Lepus americanus Rare Dense forest Mountain cottontail (Nuttail's cottontail), Sylwfagus nuttallH Rare Open forest

Deer (Cervidae): Elk (wapiti), Cervus elaphus Common Open and dense forest

20 Table 2—continued

Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Mule deer, Open and dense forest, Odocoileus hemionus Common grasslands White-tailed deer, Danw virginianus Rare Open and dense forest

Source: Reference for taxonomic nomenclature and common names was Hall (1981).

21 22 Table 3—Reptilian and amphibian species, their relative abundance, and common habitats in which they occur at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range

Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Salamanders (Ambystomidae): Long-toed salamander, Common Breeds in ponds in Ambystoma macrodactylum spring; subterranean rest of year; larvae in ponds in summer

True toads (Bufonidae): Western toad, Occasional Breeds in ponds early Bufo boreas summer; adults out in evening in forest, par- ticularily in moist areas

Tree frogs (Hylidae): Pacific treefrog, Common Breeds in ponds and Hyla regilla along slow streams; ground dweller near water

True frogs (Ranidae): Spotted frog, Rare Found near cold Rana pretiosa permanent water, primarily streams

Skinks (Scincidae): Western skink, Occasional Rock habitats and dry Eumeces skiltonianus hillsides near streams; south-facing slopes of Meadow Creek

Boas (Boidae); Rubber boa, Rare Forest, in and under Charina bottae rotting logs

23 Table 3—continued Common and scientific name Abundance Habitat

Colubrids (Colubridae): Gopher snake, Suspected Rocks Pituophis melanoleucus Common garter snake, Occasional Along streams and Thamnophis sirtalis ponds Western terrestrial garter snake, Occasional Along streams and Thamnophis elegans ponds

Source: Reference for taxonomic nomenclature and common names was Stebbins (1966).

24 25 Acknowledgments

Mark Henjum, Chris Maser, and Burr Betts reviewed the manuscript and provided information on some species. Aaron Skirvin assisted with bird surveys. Richard Wallace reviewed the species list of reptiles and amphibians, Stewart Croghan provided information on shrews. Susan Lindstedt prepared the artwork for the cover and text, Janet Hohmann drafted the maps.

26 Literature Cited

Bull, Evelyn L. 1987. Ecology of the pileated woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management. 51(2): 472-481.

Bull, Evelyn L.; Wright, Anthony L.; Henjum, Mark G. 1989. Nesting and diet of long-eacred owls in conifer forests, Oregon. Condor. 91: 908-912.

DeGraaf, Richard M.; Scott, Virgil E.; Hamre, R.H. [and others]. 1991. Forest and rangeland birds of the United States, natural history and habitat use. Agric. Handb. 688. [Location of publisher unknown]; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 625 p.

Hall, E.R. 1981. The mammals of North America, volumes I and II. New York: Wiley and Sons. 1181 p.

Johnson, Bruce K.; Noyes, James H.; Thomas, Jack Ward; Bryant, Larry D. 1991. Overview of the Starkey project; current measures of elk vulnerability. In: Proceed- ings, Elk vulnerability symposium, 1991 April 10-12, Bozeman, MT. [Location of publisher unknown]: [Pub- lisher unknown]. On file with: Forestry and Range Sci- ences Laboratory, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850.

Peterson, Roger Tory. 1990. A field guide to western birds. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 279 p.

Skovlin, Jon M. 1991. Fifty years of research progress: a historical document on the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-266, Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 58 p.

27 Stebblns, Robert C. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 279 p.

Strlckler, Gerald S. 1965. The flora of the Starkey Experi- mental Forest and Range. Special Res. Pap. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 85 p.

Thomas, Jack Ward. 1989. The Starkey research project: interactions of elk, deer, cattle, and timber management in fully managed National Forests of the future. In; Proceedings, Society of American Foresters national convention; 1989 September 24-27; Spokane, WA. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 141-143.

28

Bull, Evelyn L; Wisdom, Michael J. 1992. Fauna of the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. PNW-GTR-291. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 28 p.

This paper lists the birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians observed at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range from 1973 to 1991. The information is a compilation of data collected from variable-width transects to detect birds, trapping grids to sample small mammals, seining of ponds to survey amphibians, and observations over the years. This list contains information on the occurrence, abundance, and habitats of species in the Experimental Forest.

Keywords: Fauna, faunal list, Experimental Forests, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, Oregon (Blue Mountains).

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