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Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae) and a Taxonomic Revision of the Cybocephalidae of North America and the West Indies

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Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae) and a Taxonomic Revision of the Cybocephalidae of North America and the West Indies LIFE HISTORY AND PESTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Cybocephalus nipponicus ENDRÖDY-YOUNGA (COLEOPTERA: CYBOCEPHALIDAE) AND A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE CYBOCEPHALIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES By TREVOR RANDALL SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Trevor Randall Smith This document is dedicated to Stuart Fullerton without whom none of this would have been possible. I would also like to dedicate this dissertation to my wife Kathryn who has been very patient throughout my long academic journey. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to offer my gratitude to Ronald D. Cave, my advisor. He has helped me in more ways than could ever be listed here. I thank Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Paul E. Skelley, Bill Overholt and Zhenli He for reviews of this manuscript. A special thanks to Bijan Deghan for offering much needed advice and discussion on cycads, reviewing my manuscript and serving on my committee even after his retirement. I also thank Christine Emshousen for tours of and information about the Montgomery Botanical Center. Simon Yu has given endless help and advice concerning experimental design of pesticide susceptibility studies, and I also extend my gratitude to the curators of numerous collections for loans of specimens. Jane Medley and Patricia Hope have offered tremendous assistance with figures and photographs and I would like to thank them as well. This research was supported by a grant from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (DACS 7276186-12). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................1 Cycads...........................................................................................................................1 General Scale Insect Information .................................................................................2 Cycad Aulacaspis Scale (CAS) ....................................................................................2 Chemical Control of CAS.............................................................................................5 Biological Control of CAS ...........................................................................................6 Cybocephalidae.............................................................................................................6 Cybocephalids as Biological Control Agents...............................................................7 Rhyzobius lophanthae.................................................................................................11 2 LIFE HISTORY OF Cybocephalus nipponicus ENDRÖDY-YOUNGA A PREDATOR OF Aulacaspis yasumatsui TAKAGI (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)..........................................................................................................15 Introduction.................................................................................................................15 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................16 Results and Discussion ...............................................................................................18 3 PESTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Cybocephalus nipponicus AND Rhyzobius lophanthae (COLEOPTERA: CYBOCEPHALIDAE, COCCINELLIDAE) ............32 Introduction.................................................................................................................32 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................34 Insects..................................................................................................................34 Bioassays Using Coated Glass Vial Method.......................................................35 Statistical Analysis ..............................................................................................36 Results.........................................................................................................................37 v Effects of Pesticide on C. nipponicus..................................................................37 Effects of Pesticide on R. lophanthae..................................................................37 Discussion...................................................................................................................37 4 THE CYBOCEPHALIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.....................................................................................................................42 Introduction.................................................................................................................42 Taxonomic History .....................................................................................................45 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................46 Materials..............................................................................................................46 Methods ...............................................................................................................47 Definitions ..................................................................................................................48 Cybocephalus Erichson 1844 .....................................................................................49 Key to the species of Cybocephalus of America north of Mexico.............................49 Cybocephalus californicus Horn ................................................................................50 Cybocephalus kathrynae T. R. Smith, New Species ..................................................60 Cybocephalus nigritulus LeConte ..............................................................................63 Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrödy-Younga ..............................................................68 Cybocephalus randalli T. R. Smith, New Species .....................................................73 5 THE CYBOCEPHALIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF THE WEST INDIES AND TRINIDAD.................................................................................................................91 Introduction.................................................................................................................91 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................92 Materials..............................................................................................................92 Methods ...............................................................................................................93 Definitions ..................................................................................................................93 Key to the Cybocephalidae of the West Indies and Trinidad .....................................93 Cybocephalus Erichson 1844 .....................................................................................94 Cybocephalus antilleus T. R. Smith, New Species ....................................................94 Cybocephalus caribaeus T. R. Smith, New Species ..................................................96 Cybocephalus iviei T. R. Smith, New Species ...........................................................99 Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrödy-Younga ............................................................102 Cybocephalus geoffreysmithi T. R. Smith, New Species .........................................103 Pycnocephalus Sharp 1891.......................................................................................105 Pycnocephalus deyrollei (Reitter), New Combination.............................................106 6 THE CYBOCEPHALIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF MEXICO.................................119 Introduction...............................................................................................................119 Material and Methods...............................................................................................119 Materials............................................................................................................119 Methods .............................................................................................................120 Definitions ................................................................................................................120 Key to the Cybocephalidae of Mexico .....................................................................121 vi Cybocephalus Erichson 1844 ...................................................................................122 Cybocephalus aciculatus Champion.........................................................................122 Cybocephalus New Species 1...................................................................................124
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