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Transcriptional Regulation After Chronic Hypoxia Exposure In Aus dem Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Universität zu Köln Institut für Vegetative Physiologie Geschäftsführende Direktorin: Frau Universitätsprofessor Dr. med. G. Pfitzer Transcriptional Regulation after Chronic Hypoxia Exposure in Skeletal Muscle Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Hohen Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln Vorgelegt von Gabriel Willmann aus Furtwangen promoviert am 30. Januar 2013 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2013 II Dekan: Universitätsprofessor Dr. med. Dr. h. c. Th. Krieg 1. Berichterstatterin: Frau Universitätsprofessor Dr. med. G. Pfitzer 2. Berichterstatter: Privatdozent Dr. med. J.-C. von Kleist-Retzow Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Bei der Auswahl und Auswertung des Materials sowie bei der Herstellung des Manuskriptes habe ich Unterstützungsleistungen von folgenden Personen erhalten: Prof. Dr. T. Khurana Dr. M. Budak Dr. S. Bogdanovich Olga Lozynska Weitere Personen waren an der geistigen Herstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht beteiligt. Insbesondere habe ich nicht die Hilfe einer Promotionsberaterin/ eines Promotionsberaters in Anspruch genommen. Dritte haben von mir weder unmittelbar noch mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen für Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertationsschrift stehen. Die Dissertationsschrift wurde von mir bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt. Köln, den 07.08.2012 Gabriel Willmann III Nach entsprechender Anleitung der unten aufgeführten Personen, wurden mit Ausnahme des eigentlichen Microarray-Verfahrens mit bioinformatischer Auswertung alle Experimente von mir selbst ausgeführt. Prof. Khurana hat als Laborleiter in der Abteilung „Physiology/ Pennsylvania Muscle Institute“ das Gesamtprojekt betreut. Dr. Budak und Olga Lozynska haben mich im Labor eingearbeitet. Dr. Budak hat mir den Umgang mit RNA und der real-time PCR Validierung beigebracht, außerdem hat er mir die Analyse der Microarray Daten näher gebracht. Dr. Bogdanovich hat mir den korrekten Umgang mit Mäusen und die Hypoxie Exposition, sowie die Technik der immunohistochemischen Färbungen beigebracht. Olga Lozynska hat mich in die Technik der „Promoter-Klonierung“ sowie die Arbeit mit Zellkulturen eingearbeitet. IV Table of contents Table of contents GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Units ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Muscle tissue ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 Skeletal muscle .............................................................................................................. 7 1.1.2 Known transcriptional changes in muscle atrophy and wasting ................................... 9 1.2 Hypoxia ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Major molecular response to hypoxia via the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) ........... 10 1.2.2 The role of HIF-1α in skeletal muscle ......................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Response of skeletal muscle to hypoxia ...................................................................... 12 1.3 Disease propensity - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ............................................................. 13 1.3.1 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Molecular biology of DMD ........................................................................................ 14 1.3.3 Pathogenesis ................................................................................................................ 15 1.4 Aim of the study and hypothesis ............................................................................................... 16 2 MATERIALS & METHODS ........................................................................................ 18 2.1 Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Materials for hypoxia exposure ................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Material for monitoring hematocrit levels .................................................................. 18 2.1.3 Materials for molecular biology .................................................................................. 18 2.1.4 Materials for immunohistochemistry .......................................................................... 20 2.1.5 Materials for cell culture and luciferase assay ............................................................ 21 2.1.6 List of primer pairs ...................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Animals and hypoxia exposure ................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Hematocrit level monitoring ....................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 RNA isolation .............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.4 Affymetrix GeneChip expression profiling ................................................................ 24 2.2.4.1 Linear amplification and cRNA labeling 24 2.2.4.2 Fragmentation and microarray hybridization 25 2.2.5 Quantitative RT-PCR .................................................................................................. 26 2.2.6 Immunohistochemistry ................................................................................................ 27 2.2.7 Cloning of HARP promoter ........................................................................................ 28 2.2.8 Cell culture and luciferase assay ................................................................................. 28 2.2.9 Statistical analysis ....................................................................................................... 29 1 Table of contents 3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 30 3.1 Effects of chronic hypoxia on body and muscle weight as well as hematocrit ..................... 30 3.2 Expression Profiling of hypoxic skeletal muscle ..................................................................... 31 3.3 Characterization of differentially expressed genes in hypoxic skeletal muscle .................... 34 3.4 Validation of expression profiling: structural & metabolic elements ................................... 38 3.5 Characterization of HARP ....................................................................................................... 40 4 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 43 4.1 Morphological and functional changes in hypoxic muscle ..................................................... 43 4.2 Muscle adaptations of metabolic based pathways under chronic hypoxia ........................... 44 4.3 Enhanced capacity for protein degradation ............................................................................ 46 4.4 Role of HARP downregulation in hypoxia ............................................................................... 48 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 49 5 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 50 5.1 Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 51 6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 52 7 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................... 61 7.1 Publications ................................................................................................................................. 61 7.2 Supplementary data ................................................................................................................... 61 8 LEBENSLAUF
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