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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76733-0 - The Cambridge History of Religions in Latin America Edited by Virginia Garrard-Burnett, Paul Freston and Stephen C. Dove Index More information

Index

Note : A t following a page number indicates a table on that page.

Abad y Queipo, Manuel, 235 natural world, 49 – 50 ABC (Associação Benefi cente Cristã), 753 spiritual world, 50 abogados, 1 4 3 Benin Kingdom, 47 See also saints healing function of religion, 55 – 59 abortion primary causes of illness, 58 Catholics on, 503 , 552 secondary causes of illness, 58 Charismatic Catholics on, 469 infl uence on Baroque, 166 – 167 decriminalization of, 343 , 503 , 549 overview of, 47 – 49 evangelicals on, 554 – 555 universe of gods, 50 – 55 fetus risk cases, 550 , 552 , 553 , 555 ancestors, 53 – 55 maternal health risk cases, 552 , 555 concept of “time,” 51 Pentecostals on, 553 , 554 – 555 deities, 52 – 53 rape cases, 552 , 555 deities, number of, 53 See also reproduction and sexuality sacrifi c e s , 5 7 A Coordenadoria Ecumênica de Serviço Supreme Being, 50 – 52 (CESE), 510 See also Akan people; Igbo people; Yoruba Acosta, José de, 75 , 80 – 81 African diaspora religions (ADRs), 603 – 627 Acre, Mariano José de, 241 Africanization of, 604 – 605 , 616 – 621 Acuña, Clodomiro Siller, 329 and anti-syncretism, 617 , 619 – 620 Ad Gentes, 565 – 566 disagreements over African purity/ Adriano of Utrecht, 134 authenticity, 618 – 619 Adrian VI (pope), 134 and double participation, 620 – 621 AEMINPU (Peruvian Asociación Evangélica and gender inclusivity, 618 de la Misión Israelita del Nuevo orisha revivalists role in, 617 Pacto Universal), 214 – 216 process of, 617 – 618 a ffi rmative action programs, 749 by reclaiming authentic African rituals, Africa 617 – 618 Pentecostalism in, 422 – 423 , 430 in Trinidad, 617 Protestant missionaries in, 287 , 288 by use of Yoruba language, 617 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 697 Africans Christianized before coming to television ownership in, 426 Americas, 608 See also Africa, religion in pre-contact; antagonism toward, 621 African diaspora religions (ADRs); Bantu-derived practices, 606 – 607 Afro-Caribbean religions Angola in Brazil, 606 – 607 , 618 Africa, religion in pre-contact, 47 – 59 bad work as associated with, 611 African cosmovisions, 49 – 50 Palo in Cuba, 606 – 607 human world, 49 Petro rites in Haiti, 606 – 607

775

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76733-0 - The Cambridge History of Religions in Latin America Edited by Virginia Garrard-Burnett, Paul Freston and Stephen C. Dove Index More information

Index

African diaspora religions (ADRs) (cont.) reasons for survival of spiritual traditions Candomblé in Brazil ( see Candomblé of Africans, 634 – 635 (Brazil)) and run-away slaves, 636 Catholic acceptance of, 621 Santería ( see Santería (Cuba)) defi ning, 605 and slavery, 634 devotional organizations, 608 – 609 in Trinidad, 635 diff erences among, 603 Afro-Okinawan sects, 726 and divination, 611 agency and gender, 537 – 540 and healing, 664 Outline to a Theory of Practice, 537 Macumba in Brazil, 611 and ritualization, 538 – 539 Muslim slaves, 608 In Search of Respect, 537 – 538 and nationalization, 604 , 613 – 616 Staying Sober in Mexico City, 539 – 540 overview of, 605 – 613 structure-agency struggle, 537 – 538 , Pentecostal attitude toward, 604 – 605 , 621 539 – 540 Petro rite in Haiti, 611 subject-society struggle, 538 – 539 Quimbanda in Brazil, 611 Travestis, 538 – 539 race issues, 613 – 614 , 616 AIDSEP (Asociación Interétnica de Rada rite in Haiti, 611 Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana), 5 6 2 Santería in Cuba ( see Santería (Cuba)) Akan people, 51 , 52 similarities among, 603 , 607 – 608 , 610 – 613 Alarcón, Ferndando Ruiz de, 84 a ffl iction/healing focus, 610 Alberro, Solange, 138 gender roles, 613 Alcalá y Mendiola, Miguel de, 151 good/bad work distinction, Alcoholics Anonymous, in Mexico, 539 – 540 611 – 612 , 618 Aldama, Juan de, 237 initiates, 612 Alexander VI (pope), 90 participation rates, 612 – 613 Allende, Ignacio, 237 , 238 reciprocal relationships between Allende, Salvador, 308 , 404 humans/spirits, 610 – 611 Alliance for Progress, 361 rituals, 611 Almedida, Rondaldo de, 421 sexuality, 613 Alta California “traditional” African religion concept, 607 Jesuit missions in, 184 Umbanda in Brazil ( see Umbanda (Brazil)) See also missions, Franciscan in Alta Vodou in Haiti ( see Vodou (Haiti)) California Vodú in Cuba, participation rates, 612 – 613 Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel, 327 – 328 Yoruba-derived practices, 606 , 618 – 619 altar screens, 121 – 122 good work as associated with, 611 alternativa, 231 , 235 Nago, 618 Althaus-Reid, Marcella, 369 Regla de Ocha in Cuba, 616 – 617 Alvarado, Juan Velasco, 403 Regla de Palo Monte in Cuba, 611 , 618 Alves, J. E. D., 15 See also slave religions; slavery ; American Seaman’s Friend Society transnationalism (Brazil), 288 Afro-Caribbean religions, 633 – 646 Amezaga, Mariano, 262 and Catholicism, 635 – 636 amulets, 139 , 203 common traits of, 636 – 637 Anastácia (Brazilian saint), 482 Espiritismo (Spiritism), 637 – 639 ancestor worship and ancestor worship, 639 Egungun societies, 617 – 618 beginnings among elites, 638 and Espiritismo, 639 as hybrid spirituality, 638 – 639 by Incas, 28 and Kardecism, 637 – 638 by Palo followers, 644 , 645 spread beyond elites, 638 Anderson, Allan, 431 in Jamaica, 635 Andes overview of, 633 Baroque era artwork in, 165 Palo see Palo (Cuba) communal piety in, 168

776

Index

indigenous representation of Virgin Mary and liberals, 252 , 261 – 263 , 266 in, 482 nations with churches phase, 1850–1880, messianic/revitalization movements in, 255 , 260 – 264 212 – 216 Church wealth, 263 indigenous cosmological background, Colombia, 263 2 1 2– 2 1 3 Mexico, 261 , 262 – 263 indigenous millenarian movements, Peru, 262 2 1 3– 2 1 6 privatizing vs. eradicating religion, 261 pachakuti concept, 213 Venezuela, 264 Spanish infl uences, 213 and regalism, 251 , 252 popular-erudite dialectic in, 739 – 740 and statism, 251 – 252 progressive Catholicism in, 385 – 386 Aora, Juan de, 91 witchcraft in, 103 – 104 Aparicio, Sebastián de, 163 – 164 See also Incas ; Peru apocalyptic vision of friars, 89 – 90 Andreas, Rafael, 243 Apologética Historia (Las Casas), 69 – 70 , Ángeles, Francisca de los, 124 – 125 7 7, 8 0– 8 1 Anglicans, 299 – 300 , 576 – 577 Apostolic Church (Pentecostal; Mexico), 433 Angola (Brazil), 606 – 607 , 618 Apter, Andrew, 603 Angulo, Mariano, 241 Aquino, María Pilar, 529 – 530 animal magnetism, 651 – 652 , 654 – 655 Araucanians (Mapuches), 234 animal sacrifi ce, and Santería practitioners Araújo, Maria de, 211 in US, 623 Arbenz, Jacobo, 435 Ann (Saint), 153 Arce, Mariano José de Annacondia, Carlos, 674 architecture Annals of Cuauhtinchan, 8 2– 8 3 atrios, 98 – 100 Anthony (Saint), 166 fortress-monasteries, 89 – 90 anthropophagy, 77 – 79 See also Baroque era European debate on, 77 – 78 Argentina human sacrifi ce as reinforcing notion of, 79 abortion in, 343 , 503 and Protestant view on Eucharist, 80 anticlericalism in, 258 – 259 , 266 , 347 ritual cannibalism, 79 Catholicism in anticlericalism Church-state relationship, 352 , 494 background to, 251 – 255 dictatorships, 409 – 411 beyond churches phase, 1880–1900s, 255 , human rights violations, 409 – 411 , 511 – 512 264 – 267 lay Catholic organizations, 354 , 355 Argentina, 266 moral concordat, 339 González Prada, writings of, 264 – 265 number of followers, 342 Guatemala, 265 Our Lady of Lujan shrine, 278 – 279 Mexico, 266 – 267 popular, 274 , 278 – 279 and Social Darwinism, 264 progressive, 385 church-nation phase, 1750–1850, 255 – 260 r e f o r m s , 74 3 Argentina, 258 – 259 Chinese immigrants in, 723 Gran Colombia, 257 clerical support for independence, 399 Guatemala, 259 – 260 decline in institutional religious practices Mexico, 258 in, 340 Paraguay, 257 – 258 Dirty War in, 511 – 512 practical focus, 256 ecumenical movement in, 731 , 733 Río de la Plata, 257 expulsion of Jesuits from, 259 and conservatives, 251 , 252 , 258 – 260 independence of, 243 defi ning, 252 – 254 Japanese immigrants in, 724 historical typology of, 254 Jews in, 683 , 710 , 711 , 713 independence infl uence on, 252 Korean immigrants in, 727 infl uence of Positivism on, 251 –255 , 264 Latter-Day Saints in, 692

777

Index

Argentina (cont.) Afro-Okinawan sects, 726 Lutheranism in, 305 – 306 , 307 – 308 in Brazil, 724 , 725 , 726 military coup in, 378 Japanese-Catholic movements, 724 military rule in, 499 – 500 New Religions, 726 Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo in Okinawan, 726 Argentina, 516 Shindo Renmei movement, 724 Muslims in, 714 , 716 – 717 , 719 Shintoism, 724 patron saint of, 278 – 279 , 454 Zen Buddhism, 725 Pentecostalism in, 422 Korean Christianity, 727 – 728 beginnings, 432 overview of, 723 – 724 denomination composition/ Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de nationalization process, 434 – 435 la Selva Peruana (AIDESEP, revival of 1990s, 674 Inerethnic Association for the sex education, 555 Development of the Peruvian Protestantism in Rainforest), 562 growth rate, 444 Aspiazu, Mariano, 241 missionary eff orts, 288 , 291 Assemblies of God (AG), 670 religious/non-religious pluralism in, 13 in Brazil, 415 , 433 , 435 – 436 , 437 – 438 reproduction/sexuality in in El Salvador, 434 abortion, 343 , 503 General Convention, 438 contraception, 503 and Madureira Convention, 438 diff erence of opinion from sexual organization of, 438 morality of Vatican, 552 origins of, 433 emergency contraception, 550 in Peru, 434 gay marriage/civil unions, 503 schisms within, 438 sex education, 555 and Swedish Pentecostals, 437 – 438 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 in United States, 433 Umbanda in, 624 Assmann, Hugo, 362 – 363 , 369 , 508 See also Southern Cone Associação Benefi cente Cristã (ABC), 753 Ariga, Paul, 675 Associação do Nosso Senhor Jesus, 457 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 615 Association of Evangelical Congregations of Ariztía, Santiago Fernando, 405 Santa Catarina and Paraná, 313 Arns, Paulo Evaristo, 386 , 510 , 513 Association of Free Lutheran Congregations Arntz, Norbert, 474 (Brazil), 308 Arocha, Guillermo González, 247 Asunción, Paraguay, 186 , 187 , 304 – 305 Arrupe, Pedro, 594 See also Guaraní people Arteaga, Ignacio de, 225 Atahuallpa (Inkan emperor), 214 ASEL (Latin American Evangelical Social atheists in Latin America, 12 Action, Cuba), 731 , 733 atrios, 98 – 100 Ashkenazi Jews, 709 – 710 , 711 Augustinian Order, 175 Asia and expulsion of Jesuits, 227 early Protestant missionary work in, and holy theft of Cristo Renovado, 170 287 , 288 in New Spain, 92 – 94 emigration to Latin America from, 683 promotion of cult of Virgin of Pentecostalism in, 430 Copacabana by, 113 television ownership in, 426 views on Indians in Peru, 75 See also Asian religions; China ; Japan ; Auh-Ho-Oh, CheeQweesh, 194 Korea ; South Korea autos-da-fé, 1 4 1 Asian religions, 723 – 728 Ávila, Francisco de, 29 , 30 Chinese-based religions, 727 Aymara people Hinduism, 723 , 726 – 727 and inculturation theology, 597 Hare Krishna, 726 Marian patroness of, 319 Japanese-based religions, 723 , 724 – 726 political mobilization of, 580

778

Index

Aztecs overview of, 160 – 161 Cortés and Christianization of, 175 pre-contact Indian culture/African human sacrifi ce by, 66 religions, 166 – 167 military conquest of, 173 – 174 regulation of beatifi cation/ Spanish conquistador view on canonization, 162 religiosity of, 45 saintly mediation in, 161 – 164 Azusa Street Revival (1906), 300 , 415 , 431 Barreda, Gabino, 266 – 267 Barreiro, Julio, 730 – 731 Bahia, Brazil Barrios, Domitila, 516 – 517 confraternities in, 167 Barrios, Rufi no, 265 Malê Revolt in, 608 Barros, L. F. W., 15 millenarianism in, 212 Base Ecclesial Communities (CEBs) Reconçavo movement of, 209 diff erence from Catholic Charismatic See also Candomblé Renewal, 391 – 392 Baja California, Jesuit missions in, 184 diversity among, 380 Bantu-derived practices, 606 – 607 education programs, 379 – 380 Angola in Brazil, 606 – 607 , 618 female leadership, 551 Palo in Cuba, 606 – 607 and gender, 530 Petro rites in Haiti, 606 – 607 human rights support by, 511 Banzer Plan, 595 and indigenous mobilization, 566 baptism land distribution issues, 518 and Charismatic Catholicism, 463 , 464 and Liberation Theology, 672 , 745 and inculturation theology, 599 political mobilization eff orts, 381 Baptists as result of CELAM, Medellín, early missionaries in Mexico, 293 3 7 8– 3 8 1, 3 8 6 and human rights, 513 revolutionary movement involvement, 380 use of print media in conversions, 455 Basel Mission Society, 313 Barbados Declaration (1971), 517 basismo, 74 6– 74 7 Barbados I, 565 Batista, Cícero Romão, 211 – 212 Barbados II, 565 Batista Báez, Juan, 299 Barbara (Saint), 204 Batllori, Miquel, 234 Baroque era, 160 – 172 Batuque (religion), 454 – 455 artwork in, 164 – 167 beatifi cation, 144 altar screens, 121 – 122 Baroque era regulation of, 162 in Andes, 165 Council of Trent on criteria for, 110 – 111 in Bogota, 165 of Serra, 194 – 195 as element of Tridentine Catholicism, Beauvior, Simone de, 526 121 – 122 Bedford, Nancy, 369 emotionality of, 165 – 166 Behar, Ruth, 530 – 531 in Europe, 164 – 165 Béjar, José Gabriel, 241 in New Spain, 165 Belén Posada del Migrante (Bethlehem role in Indian conversion, 165 Migrant Shelter), 520 – 521 communal piety in, 167 – 169 Belgrano, Manuel, 274 African and Indian women, 168 Beltrán, Nuño, 68 confraternities, 167 – 168 Benavente, Toribio de, 93 group performances as instruction, 168 Benedict XV (pope), 323 Maya of Yucatán, 168 – 169 Benedict XVI (pope) as cultural logic, 169 – 172 and canonization of Óscar Romero, 487 Franciscan use of Baroque style, 453 condemnation of condom use, 552 holy people outside offi cial male hierarchy, continuities with Pope Francis I, 395 – 396 162 – 163 and culture of secrecy, 392 images in, 164 and decriminalization of abortion in legitimation of relics, 163 – 164 Mexico, 549

779

Index

Benedict XVI (pope) (cont.) “Bold Mission Thrust” campaign, 543 – 544 and Liberation Theology, 372 Bolioli, Oscar, 732 – 733 Lumen Fidei, 395 Bolívar, Simon, 238 , 242 , 246 , 257 on unity and purity, 389 Bolivia See also Ratzinger, Joseph AEMINPU in, 215 Benin Kingdom, 47 Banzer Plan, 595 Berg, Daniel, 433 Catholicism in Bergoglio, Jorge Church-state relationship, 495 , 580 and human rights violations in Argentina, eroding dominance, 13 410 , 512 gender issues, 341 See also Francis (pope) popular, 274 Berlin Wall, 368 survey on what Church should devote Bermúdez, Francisco Morales, 403 attention to, 341 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 532 – 533 Tridentine, and rural Indians, 127 Berryman, Phillip, 506 clerical support for independence Betanzos, Domingo de, 67 , 69 movements in, 399 Bethlehem Migrant Shelter (Belén Posada del Día de la Raza in, 559 Migrante), 520 – 521 ethnopopulist parties, 583 Biehl, João, 541 – 542 and inculturation theology, 597 bigamy, and Inquisition, 140 indigenous in Bingemer, Maria Clara, 328 electoral success, 581 birth control pill and identity politics, 580 e ff ect on fertility rates, 548 number of, 560 – 561 See also contraception and political reform, 562 birth registers, civil, 334 religious resources for mobilization Bishop, Albert, 295 in, 572 black ventriloquists, 139 uprisings by, 559 bodies, gendered and religion, 532 – 536 and wage gap, 561 Christ as bridegroom metaphor, 533 Japanese immigrants in, 723 , 725 colonial-era body, 533 – 534 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 discipline and punishment, 535 – 536 and Liberation Theology, 595 , 745 homosexual desire, 533 Lutheranism in power of healing, 536 merchant/craftsmen congregations, 305 and Protestant evangelism, 534 – 535 missions, 307 The Reformation of Machismo, 534 – 535 patron saint of, 274 , 319 , 454 Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man, 5 3 6 Pentecostal percentage of Protestants in, Boff , Clodovis, 363 446 – 447 Boff , Leonardo Protestantism in, 444 , 447 on ecclesiology, 384 – 385 reproduction/sexuality in, 556 education of, 362 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 investigated for deviations from unaffi liated in, 12 orthodoxy, 388 women’s movements and human rights in, leaves priesthood, 368 5 1 6– 5 1 7 on Liberation Theology-Vatican bolsa de mandinga (Afro-Brazilian collaboration, 393 – 394 amulet), 139 publications of, 362 bonding social capital, 753 and silencing of Liberation Theology, 521 Bonino, José Míguez, 362 , 365 – 366 Bogotá, Colombia Bonne, Valentina, 515 Baroque artwork in, 166 books, forbidden by Inquisition, 236 e ff ect of expulsion of Jesuits on education Booth, John, 568 in, 228 Borah, Woodrow, 192 independence movement in, 239 , 240 Borgia Group codices, 26 See also Colombia Boukman, Dutty, 205 , 269

780

Index

Bourbon reforms in Latin America Japanese-based religions in, 724 , 725 , 726 need for, 231 Japanese Buddhist immigration to, 683 religious Creole clergy objections to, 231 – 232 Japanese immigrants in, 723 , 724 , 725 secular Creole clergy objections to, 232 – 233 Jesuits and messianic movements, 208 Bourdieu, Pierre, 426 , 537 , 740 , 741 , 754 – 755 Jews in, 709 , 710 , 711 Bourgois, Philippe, 537 – 538 Korean immigrants in, 723 , 727 BPC (Brazil for Christ, Pentecostal), 433 , 436 laicicism in, 343 Brading, David A., 274 – 275 , 278 land distribution in, 519 Brandão, Carlos, 741 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 – 693 Brandes, Stanley, 539 – 540 and Liberation Theology, 486 , 745 , 746 – 747 Brandon, George Edward, 624 – 625 Lutheranism in ( See also Evangelical Brasil: Nunca Mais, 5 1 3 Church of the Lutheran Brazil Confession in Brazil (IECLB)) African-derived religions during colonial ethnic background of missionaries, 306 period, 609 fi rst congregations, 304 – 305 , 308 , 311 – 312 Afro-Catholic beliefs/practices in, 349 , merchant/craftsmen congregations, 305 458 – 459 Macumba in, 611 American Seaman’s Friend Society in, 288 Malê Revolt in, 608 anticlericalism in, 347 media use by religions in Assemblies of God in, 415 , 433 , 435 – 436 , Catholic Charismatic Renewal, 457 437 – 438 Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, Baroque-era art in, 166 457 – 458 bolsa-família in, 448 print media, 455 – 456 Catholicism in telenovelas, 458 acceptance of ADRs, 621 televangelism, 426 Charismatic, 457 , 465 , 466 , 678 , 749 messianic movement of Conselheiro Church-state relationship, 352 – 353 , in, 269 495 – 496 , 743 military rule in, 499 – 500 dictatorship opposition/support, 404 millenarianism in, 212 media use, 457 Muslims in ( see Muslims, in Brazil) member numbers, 7 , 15 , 342 non-religious in, 15 number of followers, 7 , 15 , 342 other religions in, 15 popular, 482 , 486 , 488 overthrow of Goulart, 378 post-independence popular, 280 – 282 Pastorals in, 746 progressive, 385 – 386 , 390 patron saint of, 319 , 451 , 454 CEBs in, 379 , 507 , 551 , 672 Pentecostalism in ( see Brazil, Chinese immigrants in, 723 , 727 Pentecostalism in) Christian Base Communities in, 404 Pentecostal percentage of Protestants in, Contestado Rebellion in, 210 – 211 , 744 446 – 447 decline in institutional religious practices pluri-confessionalism in, 343 in, 340 Pope Francis’s trip to, 395 – 396 diaspora tourism in, 626 Protestantism in early travel narratives on, 78 – 79 converts from Catholicism, 445 evangelicals in early missionaries, 288 , 292 – 293 gender equity, 553 – 554 growth, 15 , 443 – 444 , 736 political involvement, 752 – 753 number of followers, 12 , 15 gay marriage/civil unions in, 503 Pentecostal percentage of Protestants, human rights in, 510 , 513 446 – 447 independence of, 652 progressive party of, 509 Inquisition in, 136 , 138 use of radio transmission for number of proceedings, 140 conversions in, 456 public autos-da-fé ceremonies, 141 racism in, 660 types of off enses specifi c to, 139 re-democratization in, 751

781

Index

Brazil (cont.) gender equity, 554 religious diversity in, 15 growth, 433 , 736 , 753 – 754 Christian pluralism zone, 12 – 13 institutional politics, 552 – 553 religious/non-religious pluralism internationalization of, 420 zone, 13 political involvement, 753 reproduction/sexuality reasons for Catholics convert, 446 abortion, 503 , 550 , 552 , 554 – 555 , 556 reproduction/sexuality, 553 , 554 – 555 contraception, 503 , 554 Swedish Pentecostals, 437 – 438 diff erence of opinion from sexual See also Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus morality of Vatican, 552 (IURD, Brazil) gay marriage/civil unions, 503 Brazil for Christ (BPC, Pentecostal), 433 , 436 , saints, hybrid representations of, 482 439 – 440 secularization of public institutions in, 339 Brazil Never Again, 3 8 6 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 Bricker, Victoria R., 216 slave religions in, 204 – 205 bridging social capital, 753 slaves in Broad Front (Frente Amplio) coalition places of origin, 606 (Uruguay), 493 , 498 religions of, 4 , 204 – 205 Brown, Diana, 616 revolts by, 205 , 608 Brown, Michael F., 209 Spiritism in ( see Spiritism (Espiritismo)) Brown, Peter, 271 – 272 sponsorship of audiovisual centers in, 456 Brown, Robert McAfee, 673 visual culture of religions in, 454 – 455 Brusco, Elizabeth, 534 – 535 Xangô in, 454 – 455 Brysk, Alison, 517 – 518 , 564 , 569 , 572 – 573 , 580 See also Candomblé (Brazil); Bucareli, Francisco de, 222 Umbanda (Brazil); Igreja Universal Buddhism, 458 , 723 do Reino de Deus (IURD, Brazil) Japanese immigration to Brazil, 683 Brazil, Pentecostalism in Zen Buddhism, 725 attendance rates, 442 Buenos Aires, Argentina beginnings, 432 , 552 early Protestant missionary enterprise and competitive pluralism, 443 in, 288 denomination composition/ e ff ect of expulsion of Jesuits on education nationalization process in, in, 228 435 – 442 immigrant Lutheranism in, 304 – 305 Assemblies of God, 435 – 436 , 437 – 438 independence of, 243 Brazil for Christ, 436 , 439 – 440 Muslims in, 714 Christian Congregation, 435 – 436 , 438 See also Argentina Church of the Four-Square Gospel, 436 , Bulnes, Francisco, 267 438 – 439 Bundles (iconography), 83 – 84 fi rst wave, 436 Burke, John, 666 God is Love, 436 , 440 Bush, Luis, 666 International Church of the Grace of Bustamante, Francisco de, 322 – 323 God, 436 Butler, Kim, 609 second wave, 436 third wave, 436 Caballeros, Harold, 677 Universal Church of the Kingdom of Cabot, Sebastian, 185 – 186 God ( see Igreja Universal do Reino Cabrera, Miguel, 323 de Deus (IURD, Brazil)) caciques, 179 wave thesis of, 435 – 437 Cádiz Cortes (Spain’s fi rst “national” divine healing, 439 assembly), 252 ethnicity of founders of, 433 Caicedo, José María Torres, 13 exorcism and liberation sessions, 423 Calancha, Antonio de la, 75 , 165 forerunners, 432 Calder, Bruce, 568 – 569 founders, 433 Caldera, Luis, 97 – 98

782

Index

California expulsion of Jesuits from, 227 Franciscans in, 93 Inquisition in, 136 See also missions, Franciscan in Jews in, 709 Alta California Lutheran missions in, 305 , 306 Calles, Plutarco Elías, 270 origin areas of slaves in, 634 Callistus III (pope), 44 slave religions in, 204 – 205 Calvin, John, 44 – 45 , 110 South Asian immigrants in, 723 Câmara, Hélder, 386 , 388 , 744 See also Afro-Caribbean religions; New Camargo, Procópio, 716 Granada; Santo Domingo Campo, Gonzalo de, 96 Caribbean Synod of the American Lutheran Campomanes, Count of, 224 , 225 , 226 – 227 Church, 306 Campos, Robert, 446 Carnival, in late medieval Europe, 40 Campus Crusade for Christ, 670 Caro, Isaac, 714 , 717 Candomblé (Brazil), 4 , 204 , 454 – 455 , 508 Carozza, Paolo, 505 and anti-syncretism, 619 – 620 Carrascón, Francisco, 242 and double participation, 620 – 621 Carrera, José María, 244 gender roles, 613 Carrera, Rafael, 251 , 259 – 260 , 276 , 400 good/bad work distinction, 611 Carroll, John, 245 nationalization of, 614 , 615 – 616 Carta a los españoles americanos (Letter participation rates, 612 Addressed to the Spanish Pentecostal attitude toward, 621 Americans; Viscardo), 234 Pentecostal use of elements of, 458 Cartegena, Colombia, independence public acceptance of, 604 movement in, 239 race issues, 613 – 614 Cartegena de Indias tribunal, 136 , 140 ritual specialists, 611 Casa, Cristóbal Choque, 29 sexuality, 613 Casáldaliga, Pedro, 386 similarities to African diaspora religions, 603 Casanova, José, 17 – 18 spread through secondary diaspora, 622 Casanova Estrada, Ricardo, 351 Yoruba infl uences on, 610 , 618 Casariego, Mario, 408 cannibalism. See anthropophagy Casas del Migrate in Mexico and Central canonization America, 520 Council of Trent on criteria for, 110 – 111 Castillo, Bernal Díaz del, 79 , 81 , 90 , 175 regulation during Baroque era, 162 Castillo Morales, Juan (Juan Solado), 349 Canudos (Império do Belo Monte) movement, Castillo Velasco, José María, 262 210 – 211 , 281 – 282 , 489 , 744 Castro, Fidel, 495 , 615 , 669 Capuchins, expulsion from Guatemala, 400 Catharina de San Juan, 148 , 162 Caracas, Venezuela Catholic Action independence movement in, 239 in Chile, 497 Lutheran merchant/craftsmen infl uence of, 376 , 495 congregations in, 305 methods used by, 379 Muslims in, 718 overview of, 355 , 375 – 376 patron saint of, 153 and reaction to growth of See also Venezuela Protestantism, 576 Cardenal, Ernesto, 387 , 406 , 511 , 566 see-act-judge model of, 379 , 394 Cárdenas, Lázaro, 296 and shift from exclusive clerical power, 400 Cárdenas, Nabor, 217 Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR, Cardijn, Joseph, 375 – 376 Renovación Carismática Católica), Cardim, Fernão, 78 462 – 477 Caribbean Aparecida Document, 471 – 475 , 477 abolishment of slavery in, 635 on cultural change, 472 blending of beliefs/practices in, 349 importance of, 472 diversifi cation of Christianity in, 12 polarizing eff ect of, 473 emigration to US form, 681t42.1 on youth, 473

783

Index

Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR, Hieronymites, 64 – 65 , 66 Renovación Carismática Católica) as indigenous advocate, 564 – 565 (cont.) membership Latin America, 12 Church hierarchy reaction to, 464 – 465 Mendicants, 177 , 181 denominational model as basis of, 16 and nationalization of ecclesiastic and door-to-door missions, 475 – 476 property, 334 and feminism, 551 – 552 and Pentecostalism, 415 Great Continental Mission, 4 7 1– 4 7 7 sex abuse cover-up by, 521 growth of, 462 , 770 shortage of priests, 102 , 346 , 349 , 669 history of, 463 – 467 support of women’s movements, 514 – 517 and Liberation Theology, 464 – 465 See also Augustinian Order; Catholic main characteristics of practices/beliefs, Action; Catholic Charismatic 467 – 471 , 751 Renewal (CCR); dictatorship, and conservatism, 469 Catholic Church; diversifi cation in diff erence from traditional piety, 468 – 469 Latin America; Dominican Order; faith healing, 467 , 468 Franciscan Order; independence, masculine fellowship, 469 and Catholic Church; Jesuits morality, 469 Catholic Counter Reformation, 143 oral character of prayers/preaching/ Catholic Enlightenment tradition, 251 , 256 testimony, 467 Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America resting in the Spirit, 467 (Maryknoll), 354 , 402 similarities to Pentecostalism, 468 Catholicism soft/strong elements, 469 – 471 , 474 folk, 6 – 7 , 210 , 349 – 350 , 634 speaking in tongues, 415 , 463 , 464 , Japanese-Catholic movements, 724 467 – 468 member numbers in Latin America, 12 Spirit baptism, 463 , 464 moral concordats, 335 – 339 vivid/rhythmic songs of praise, 467 response to Protestant media on modernity, 750 productions, 457 organization of, 465 – 466 , 467 on transubstantiation, 108 overview of, 391 – 392 , 749 use of media in context of CEBs, 456 on Protestants, 465 See also Catholicism, progressive; and reproduction/sexuality, 551 – 552 diversifi cation in Latin America ; and sanctifi cation of popular traditions, 476 folk Catholicism; Marianism in self-identifi cation as Charismatic, 447 , 466 Latin America; Pentecostalism ; in Southern Cone countries, 13 political parties, and Catholicism; and transnationalism, 677 – 678 popular Catholicism, use of media by, 457 , 471 , 678 contemporary; popular Virgin Mary as patron saint of, 465 Catholicism, nineteenth century ; Catholic Church Tridentine Catholicism; individual colonial countries control over education/intellectual Catholicism, institutional/political endeavors, 5 resurgence, 1900–1960s, 346 – 356 e ff ect of Liberal reforms on, 5 – 7 emergence of Church-state as key benefactor of honor and status, 5 rapprochement, 350 – 353 as pervasive economic institution, 5 in liberal dictatorships, 350 – 351 power/infl uence of, compared with origins of, 350 Crown, 4 in populist regimes, 351 – 353 on communism, 337 – 338 on eve of twentieth century, 347 – 348 erosion of monopoly in Latin America, 769 anticlericalism, 347 – 348 and globalization liberals vs. conservatives, 347 human rights movement, 18 – 19 institutional resurgence, 353 – 355 as one of most globalized religions, 18 and proliferation of lay organizations, transnational nature of, 18 354 – 355

784

Index

and recruitment of foreign religious opening address at Puebla conference, personnel, 354 3 8 7– 3 8 8 and training/education of Latin legacy of, 390 – 392 American clerics, 354 New Evangelization crusade, 390 – 391 overview of, 346 – 347 Liberation Theology infl uence on, 382– 385 popular religiosity, 348 – 350 Gustavo Gutiérrez, 382 – 384 blending of beliefs and practices, 349 Jon Sobriono, 384 faith healers, 348 Leonardo Boff , 3 8 4– 3 8 5 syncretic practices, 349 – 350 and Pope Francis, 392 – 396 women’s role in, 348 – 349 diversity of permanent advisory council and shortage of priests, 346 , 349 of, 392 – 393 Catholicism, popular-erudite dialectic, ideology of, 392 – 393 , 395 7 3 9 – 7 5 9 infl uence on US bishops, 394 churches and politics, 751 – 753 and Liberation Theology, 393 – 394 Catholic Church, 752 re-articulation of progressive themes, evangelical churches, 752 394 – 396 devotional/charismatic movements at turn pre-origins of, 373 – 376 of century, 764 – 766 Antonio de Montesinos, 373 Catholic Charismatic Renewal, 749 , 750 Bartolomé de las Casas, 373 – 374 Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 749 Catholic lay movements, 375 – 376 Comunione e Liberazione, 748 Church-Crown relationship in Latin Focolari, 748 America, 374 Jesuit schools and universities, 748 – 749 Rerum Novarum, 7 , 352 , 375 , 400 , 593 , 743 Legionarios, 748 , 750 , 751 Vatican I, 374 Neocatecumene, 748 and Vatican II, 375 , 376 – 377 Opus Dei, 748 , 750 , 751 agg orniamento process, 376 organizational features of, 749 – 751 Gaudium et Spes, 376 – 377 , 506 – 507 , and refashioning of self, 750 565 , 594 religiosity of, 751 on liturgical change, 377 Schoenstatt, 748 on social justice, 377 overview of, 739 – 743 Catholic transition, 15 popular religion Catholic Union (Argentina), 266 after Vatican II, 744 – 747 Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and cult of Santísima Muerte, 741 – 742 (PUC-Rio), 749 description of, 741 Catholic Workers Circles (Argentina), 743 detachment from offi cial Church, Catimbó (Jurema) (religion), 454 – 455 , 653 741 – 742 caudillo (strong man), 332 Liberation Theology as strategy to Cava, Ralph Della, 281 capture/channel, 745 – 747 Cavenaghi, S. M., 15 political movements, 744 Caymmi, Dorival, 459 Romanization/modernization before CDIAL (Center for Dissemination of Islam to Vatican II, 743 – 744 Latin America), 718 subordination to offi cial Church, 741 CEBs. See Base Ecclesial restructuring of religious fi eld, 753 – 759 Communities (CEBs) growth of Pentecostalism, 753 – 754 Cédula Grande (1743), 226 Pentecostalism/Catholicism vs. CEH (UN Commission for Historical neo-Pentecostalism, 754 Clarifi cation), 513 – 514 traditional vs. neo-Pentecostalism, Celestial Church of Christ, 416 7 5 5– 7 5 9 cemeteries Catholicism, progressive, 372 – 396 secularization of, 334 CELAM in Medellín, 377 – 382 separate Catholic/Protestant, 312 CELAM in Puebla, 387 – 388 Center for Dissemination of Islam to Latin and John Paul II, 385 – 389 America (CDIAL), 718

785

Index

Central America religious resources for mobilization, 573 Church-state relationship in, 495 land distribution issues, 518 emigration to US from, 686 and Liberation Theology, 594 foreign born by birth region/date of migrants and social justice in, 520 arrival, 681t42.1 Murabitun community in, 720 Lutheran missions in, 306 popular Catholicism in, 488 – 489 migrants and social justice in, 520 Protestants in, number of followers, 508 number of Catholics in, 342 Sufi Muslims in, 718 Pentecostalism in women’s movements and human rights beginnings of, 432 – 433 in, 516 growth, 764 Zapatista rebellion in, 488 – 489 , 517 , 559 media use, 456 – 457 See also Mexico Protestantism in, 684 Chichén Itzá, Postclassic, 25 – 26 converts from Catholicism, 445 Chichimecatecotl, Carlos, 83 , 135 growth, 444 Chile religious diversifi cation in, 12 Catholicism in religious self-identifi cation, 684 Charismatic, 466 violence of military regimes in, 499 Church-state relationship, 353 , 502 , 743 See also individual countries dictatorship opposition/support, Central American Mission (CAM), 295 – 296 , 404 – 405 298 , 670 diff erence of opinion from sexual Central Brazil Synod, 313 morality of Vatican, 552 Central Mexican codices, 26 lay organizations, 355 Centro de Formación Indígena (Ecuador), 597 Legionarios de Cristo, 748 Centro Dom Vital (Brazil), 495 moral concordat, 339 CEPAD, 301 Opus Dei, 748 CESE (A Coordenadoria Ecumênica de progressive, 386 Serviço), 510 CEBs in, 507 , 551 Céspedes, Roque Antonio, 257 – 258 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , 497 Chabad Lubavitch movement, 712 – 713 Día de la Raza in, 559 Chadwick, Owen, 252 – 253 divorce in, 503 Chamorro, Pedro Joaquín, 406 evangelicals in, 553 – 554 chancas worship in Peru, 103 , 104 – 105 expulsion of Jesuits from, 222 charity, Liberation Theology on, 745 gender equity in, 553 – 554 Charles I (Spain), 304 human rights in, 510 Charles II (Spain), 149 immigrant Lutheranism in, 305 , 308 Charles III (Spain), on expulsion of Jesuits, importance of religion in life in, 10 223 – 224 independence of, 243 – 245 Charles IV (Spain), 233 indigenous movement success in, 582 , 583 Charles V (Spain), 66 , 91 , 304 Jews in, 711 Cháves, Rony, 667 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 Chávez, Hugo, 498 – 499 military coup in, 378 Chávez, Juan de, 75 military rule in, 499 – 500 , 501 Chesnut, Andrew, 391 , 455 , 610 , 742 and moral concordat, 339 Chiapanec Maya, nativist movement Muslims in, 714 , 716 , 717 among, 216 Pentecostalism in Chiapas, Mexico abortion, 554 indigenous in beginnings, 432 , 552 contextual interaction and founders, 433 mobilization, 567 gender equity, 554 inculturation theology, 597 , 599 growth, 433 movements in, 517 as homegrown, 433 religious framing for mobilization, 571 lack of regular attendance, 442

786

Index

as national in origin, 434 church, as sacred space in late medieval sex education, 555 Europe, 38 , 39 pluri-confessionalism in, 343 Church and State in Latin America (Mecham), Protestantism in, 300 270 – 271 converts from Catholicism, 445 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. early missionaries, 292 See Latter-Day Saints (LDS) growth, 444 Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of religious/non-religious pluralism in, 13 Hialeah, 6 2 3 reproduction/sexuality, 550 Church of the Foursquare Gospel (Brazil), abortion, 554 433 , 436 , 438 – 439 emergency contraception, 549 , 550 Church of the Word (Verbo) (Guatemala), 435 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 Church of World Messianity, 726 women’s movements and human rights in, Churruca, Agustín, 232 – 233 515 – 516 Cienfuegos, José Ignacio, 243 , 244 – 245 , 246 See also Southern Cone Cisneros, Sandra, 328 Chimborazo, Ecuador, and inculturation Ciudad Juárez, Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 702 theology, 594 , 597 , 599 – 600 Ciudad Rodrigo, Antonio de, 67 – 68 China Civic Union (Uruguay), 493 early Protestant missions in, 288 civilized vs. barbaric peoples, Iberian emigration to Cuba from, 683 view on, 3 Pentecostalism in, 430 civil marriage, 334 , 352 – 353 China Poblana. See Catharina de San Juan CLAI (Latin American Council of Churches, Chinese-based religions in Latin Brazil), 734 America, 727 Clarke, Peter, 617 Chiribí Indians, 66 – 67 Classic Zapotec architecture, 24 – 25 Chiriguana, Paraguay, messianic movements Clavijero, Francisco, 234 in, 209 Cleary, Edward, 442 , 464 , 474 , 572 , 580 Cho, David Yonggi, 423 , 676 Clement IX (pope), 162 Chojnacki, Ruth, 597 , 598 , 599 Clement XIV (pope), 233 – 234 Ch’ol people, mobilization by, 571 , 573 clerical immunity, 232 cholera epidemic, 276 Cliff ord, James, 704 Cholula, Postclassic, 26 CNBB (National Conference of Brazilian Christ. See Jesus Christ Bishops), 385 , 404 Christian, William, 152 Cocama people, messianism among, Christian Base Communities 209 – 210 in Brazil, 404 COCEI (Worker-Peasant-Student in El Salvador, 407 coalition of the Isthmus of and human rights, 507 – 508 Tehuantepec), 575 in Nicaragua, 406 – 407 Codices percentage of Catholics affi liated with, 466 Central Mexican, 26 Christian Congregation (Brazil), 433 , Borgia Group, 26 435 – 436 , 438 Mexica tradition, 26 Christian Democracy, 744 , 748 Mixtec tradition, 26 Christian Democratic parties, 355 , 493 Mesoamerican, 26 Christian Democratic Party (PDC, Chile), Precolumbian Maya texts, 26 496 , 497 Codifi er. See Kardec, Allan (Hoppolyte Léon Christian Democratic Party (PDC, El Denizard Rivail) Salvador), 496 , 499 CODIMUJ (Coordinación Diocesana de Christian Democratic Party (PDC, Uruguay), Mujeres), 516 493 , 498 Cold War Christ of Chalma, 127 and growth of Protestantism, 445 Christ of Totolapan, 170 lay Catholic movements during, 355 Christos of Santa Teresa (Ixmiquilpán), 112 and TV evangelism, 456 – 457

787

Index

Colima, Mexico, Franciscans in, 93 Committee for Independent Political collective eff ervescence, 532 Electoral Organization (COPEI, Coll y Prat, Narciso, 240 Venezuela), 498 – 499 Colombia communism, 8 , 337 – 338 anticlericalism in, 347 See also Cold War Base Ecclesial Communities movement compadrazgo system, 578 in, 551 Compañón, Baltasar Jaime Martínez de, 235 Catholicism in competitive pluralism, 443 acceptance of ADRs, 621 Comte, Auguste, 264 , 313 Charismatic, 464 comunidades eclesiales de base. See Base Church-state relationship, 493 Ecclesial Communities (CEBs) eroding dominance, 13 Comunione e Liberazione (Italy), 748 number of followers, 12 , 342 Conceição, José Manoel da, 432 progressive, 385 Confederación Latinoamericana y Caribeña survey on what Church should devote de Religiosos, 356 attention to, 341 Confederation of Peasant Workers views on gender issues, 341 (Bolivia), 572 dictatorship in, 510 confraternities divorce in, 503 of Afro-Latin Americans, 202 – 203 emergency contraception, 550 in Bahia, Brazil, 167 gay marriage/civil unions in, 503 in Baroque era, 167 – 168 human rights in, 513 black, in Mexico City, 202 – 203 , 205 independence, 240 , 492 established by Cortés, 123 indigenous and political reform in, 562 – 563 and identity, 202 La Luz del Mundo in, 704 in late medieval Europe, 41 – 42 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 in New Spain Liberation Theology in, 745 decline at end of colonial period, 130 Lutheran missions in, 307 as means of community formation, Muslims in, 716 , 717 127 – 128 patron saint of, 454 patron saint as unifying symbol of, Pentecostalism in 153 – 154 exorcism and liberation sessions, 423 role in Corpus Christi processions, gender equity, 554 116 , 153 Protestantism in overview of, 123 – 124 converts from Catholicism, 445 in Quito, Ecuador, 149 growth, 444 and resurgence of Catholicism, 354 number of followers, 12 and women, 168 restraint in secularization of public Congar, Yves, 382 institutions, 336 – 337 congregaciones, 179 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 Congregationalists Colón, Diego, 87 missionaries in Chile, 292 Columbus, Christopher, 173 , 174 , 633 Scottish, missionaries in Brazil, CoMadres (Mothers and Relatives of 292 – 293 Political Prisoners, Disappeared, use of print media in conversions, 455 and Assassinated of El Salvador), Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 5 1 4– 5 1 5 3 6 7, 3 8 7, 3 8 8 Comblin, José, 367 Congregation of Relics and Indulgences, 163 Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT, Brazil), 386 , Congregation of Rites, 163 390 , 519 Congregation of Sacred Rites, 194 Comité de Cooperación para la Paz en Chile Congregation of Scalabrinian (COPACHI), 405 , 510 Missionaries, 520 Comité de Unidad Campesino (CUC, CONIC (National Council of Christian Guatemala), 519 , 566 Churches of Brazil), 734

788

Index

conopas worship, 103 , 104 – 105 Cook, Sherburne F., 192 conquest/colonization, 87 – 105 COPACHI (Comité de Cooperación para la and apocalyptic vision of friars, 89 – 90 Paz en Chile), 405 , 510 art and architecture role in, 98 – 100 COPEI (Committee for Independent churches/convents with atrios, 98 – 100 Political Electoral Organization, tequitqui (Indian-Christian) art, 98 Venezuela), 498 – 499 Christian/indigenous liturgical practice Copeland, Kenneth, 423 linkages, 88 – 89 Córdoba, Francisco Hernández de, 90 Crown/Church cooperation, 90 – 91 Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 182 evangelization strategies, 96 – 98 Corpus Christi processions, 116 – 117 , 455 education, 97 – 98 in Cuzco, 117 , 126 , 127 mission/Indian towns, 97 in late medieval Europe, 38 syncretism examples in modern in Mexico City, 116 Mexico, 88 participation by confraternities, 116 , 153 syncretism examples in New Corr, Rachel, 578 Spain, 96 – 97 Cortés, Hernán indigenous reactions to Christianity, and Christianization of Aztecs, 175 100 – 105 devotion to Virgin Mary, 174 resistance and adaptation in Peru, establishment of confraternity, 123 100 – 101 expedition to Veracruz, 90 resistance in New Spain, 100 – 101 and indigenous religion, 81 – 82 , 90 , 92 overview of, 87 – 90 on replacing idols with Christian images, 145 religious orders in New Spain, 90 – 95 support of monastic Inquisition, 134 Augustinians, 92 – 94 symbolism actions to impress Crown/Church cooperation, 90 – 91 indigenous, 92 Dominicans, 93 and tribute demands from Aztecs, 173 Franciscans, 91 – 93 Coruña, Martin de La, 85 Jesuits, 94 – 95 Costa Rica religious orders in Peru, 74 – 75 , 95 – 96 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , Dominicans, 95 497 – 498 Jesuits, 96 La Luz del Mundo in, 704 role of natives in salvation, 89 Lutheran missions in, 306 Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 (CELAM). See Latin American Costo, Jeannette Henry, 194 – 195 Bishops’ Conference (CELAM) Costo, Rupert, 194 – 195 Conselheiro, Antônio (Antônio Vicente costumbre, 349 – 350 , 488 – 489 , 599 Mendes Maciel), 211 , 269 , 281 – 282 Council of the Indies, 66 – 68 , 70 – 71 Conselho Missionário Indigenistas Council of Trent (1545-1563), 108 – 109 (CIMI), 386 on Baroque, 160 – 161 Conservatives, 6 on Corpus Christi, 170 – 171 Contestado Rebellion (1912–1916), 210 – 211 , 744 on images, 79 contraception, 503 on Tridentine Catholicism, 110 – 111 , 120 Catholics on, 341 , 469 , 503 Council of Valladolid, 360 , 373 Charismatic Catholicism on, 469 Counter Reformation, 143 condemnation of condom use by CPT (Comissão Pastoral da Terra, Brazil), Vatican, 552 386 , 390 , 519 e ff ect of birth control pill on, 548 creoles emergency contraception, 549 , 550 clerical objection to Bourbon reforms, and evangelicals, 554 231 – 233 opposition to emergency, in Chile, 549 and cult of the saints in New Spain, 146 Pentecostals on, 448 , 554 pro-Americanism of elites, 13 – 14 See also reproduction and sexuality role of clergy in independence movements, Contras, fund raising for, 456 – 457 235 – 238 , 242

789

Index

creolized religions, 2 Danzantes, 24 Cristero War (1926-1929), 271 , 337 , 353 , 744 Davie, Grace, 14 – 15 Cristos of Chalma, 112 Davis, Mike, 414 Crowe, Frederick, 290 Davis, Natalie Z., 271 – 272 Crucifi ed Christ of Esquipulas (Black Christ), Debate Nacional por la Paz (National Debate 275 , 276 – 277 for Peace, El Salvador), 513 Cruz, Francisco de la, 93 de la Torre, Manuel Antonio, 223 crypto Jews, 141 , 210 , 709 , 711 – 712 Deleuze, Gilles, 541 Cuba Democratic Action Party (Venezuela), abolishment of slavery in, 635 498 – 499 Afro-Cubanidad movement in, 614 demographic change, as pathway to the Catholicism in future, 769 – 770 and Africanism, 635 Denton, Rod, 675 Church-state relationship, 495 dependency theory, 364 , 382 , 566 opposition to anti-syncretism, 621 deprivation theory, 695 popular, 274 descarrego (release) concept of challenges to laicicism in, 343 Pentecostalism, 423 , 458 Chinese immigrants in, 683 , 727 Descartes, René, 650 ecumenical movement in, 731 , 733 D’Escoto, Miguel, 406 , 511 emigration to US from, 681t42.2 , 682 , 685 de Theije, Marjo, 391 – 392 faith healers in, 348 Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenbund, 3 1 4 independence of, 246 – 247 , 321 development theory, 364 Lutheran missions in, 306 Día de la Raza, 559 Marianism in, 320 – 321 Diamond, Sarah, 456 – 457 migration to Miami from, 685 Diaspora seminar, 3 1 3 Muslims in, 716 diaspora tourism, 625 – 626 patron saint of, 274 , 320 – 321 , 620 , 685 Díaz, Porfi rio, 294 , 350 – 351 , 400 , 494 Protestantism in, 299 – 300 Díaz Covarrubias, Juan, 261 , 267 Regla de Ocha in, 611 , 616 – 617 , 618 dictatorship, and Catholic Church, 398 – 411 Regla de Palo Monte in, 611 , 618 in Argentina, 409 – 411 religious self-identifi cation, 684 in Brazil, 404 slave religions in, 204 in Chile, 404 – 405 Spiritism in, 652 in colonial era, 398 See also Afro-Caribbean religions; Palo in El Salvador, 407 – 408 , 409 (Cuba); Santería (Cuba) in Guatemala, 408 – 409 Cuban Revolution (1959), 337 , 361 , 378 , 401 , 669 in independence era, 399 CUC (Comité de Unidad Campesino, in Nicaragua, 405 – 407 , 409 Guatemala), 519 in Panama, 402 – 403 Cuero y Caicedo, José, 239 – 240 in Peru, 403 Cuevas, Mariano, 232 , 238 in post-independence era, 399 – 400 Culiacán, Mexico, Jehovah’s Witnesses in twentieth century, 400 – 401 in, 702 early reforms, 400 The Cult of the Saints (Brown), 271 – 272 late century dictatorships, 401 Cunha, Euclides da, 281 mid-century reforms, 400 – 401 Curitiba Document, 316 – 317 Dilermando, Josué, 675 Cursillos de Cristiandad, 3 7 6 Diocesan Coordination of Women Curtin, Jim, 568 – 569 (Coordinación Diocesana de Cuscat’s War (1867-1869), 216 Mujeres, CODIMUJ), 516 Cuzco Dirty War (Argentina), 511 – 512 Corpus Christi festival in, 117 , 126 , 127 , 170 – 172 Discalced Carmelite nuns, 202 independence movement in, 241 – 242 discourse, gendered, 528 – 532 See also Incas “collective eff ervescence” concept, 532

790

Index

struggles for interpretive power, 529 – 530 Duarte, José Napoleon, 499 Nuestro Clamor por la Vida (Our Cry for Dunn, Henry, 289 – 290 Life), 529 – 530 Durán, Diego, 73 , 85 Plotting Woman, 5 2 9 Durango (New Spain), Franciscans in, 93 “voice” concept, 528 – 529 , 530 Durán Martel, Marcos, 241 women as other, 528 Durkheim, Émile, 23 , 532 diversifi cation in Latin America Dussel, Enrique, 359 , 360 , 362 , 364 , 525 Christian near-parity zone, 12 Duvalier, François “Papa Doc,” 512 , 615 Christian pluralism zone, 12 – 13 eroding Catholic dominance zone, 13 Eastern European Jews, 710 – 711 religious/non-religious Ecclesial Base Communities. See Base pluralism zone, 13 Ecclesial Communities (CEBs) resistant Catholic dominance zone, 13 (comunidades eclesiales de base) divination ecclesiastic property, nationalization of, 334 and African diaspora religions, 611 Echeverría, Mariano Fernández de, 151 and Santería, 642 – 643 Ecuador divine healing. See healing Catholicism in divine presence. See sacred immanence, as Church-state relationship, 496 , 580 element of Tridentine Catholicism eroding dominance, 13 divorce, 352 – 353 , 448 , 469 , 503 , 697 number of followers, 12 Charismatic Catholicism on, 469 Christian Democratic parties doctrine of national security, 337 – 338 in, 496 , 498 Doing Theology in a Revolutionary Situation Día de la Raza in, 559 (Bonino), 362 emergency contraception in, 550 domestic violence, Catholic denunciation gay marriage/civil unions in, 503 of, 341 and inculturation theology, 597 , 599 – 600 Dominican Order, 65 – 66 independence movement in, 239 – 240 and expulsion of Jesuits, 227 indigenous in and independence of Chile, 244 charges of ethnocide, 576 and indigenous mobilization, 570 – 571 identity politics, 580 inquisitorial powers of, 134 , 135 movements, 517 – 518 in New Spain, 93 numbers of indigenous, 560 – 561 numbers in Americas, 175 political reform, 563 See also las Casas, Bartolomé de poverty rate, 561 Dominican Republic religious context of mobilization, 569 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , 499 religious resources for mobilization in, Church-state relationship, 495 5 7 2, 5 74 emigration to US, 681 success of mobilization, 581 and emigration to US, 682t42.2 uprisings, 559 faith healers in, 349 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 – 693 and Liberation Theology, 594 military rule in, 378 Lutheran missions in, 307 patron saint of, 319 Pentecostalism, beginnings of, 433 Pentecostal percentage of Protestants in, Protestantism in 446 – 447 growth, 444 religious diversifi cation in, 12 use of radio for conversions in, 456 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 Sacred Heart of Jesus as symbol of statistics on unaffi liated in, 12 nationalism in, 6 See also Afro-Caribbean religions Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 Dominican Social Christian Reform Party Ecumenical Department of Investigations (PURS), 499 (DEI; Departamento Ecuménico Dougherty, Edward, 457 de Investigaciones, Costa Rica), 369

791

Index

ecumenism, 729 – 738 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 and churches motivated toward La Luz del Mundo in, 704 maintenance, 736 land distribution issues, 518 and competition in religious marketplace, Lutheran missions in, 306 734 – 737 military rule in, 378 , 501 criticism of Protestant churches, 732 – 733 murder of Jesuits in, 368 , 511 , 670 daily model of, 730 Pentecostalism in defi ning, 729 – 730 denomination composition/ and end of political bipolarity, 733 nationalization process, 434 future of, 737 – 738 institutional politics, 552 – 553 and highly competitive churches, 737 megachurches, 676 – 677 historic perspective on, 735 Protestantism in, 12 , 444 , 508 , 684 nonprofi t as organizational form of, 731 – 732 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 o ffi cial model of, 730 El Shaddai megachurch (Guatemala), 435 partnerships with ecclesiastical institutions, El Silencio (Verbitsky), 410 733 – 734 embryo research, and Pentecostals, 553 and political fi eld, 730 – 734 emigration from Latin America and religious pragmatic model of, 729 – 730 identity, 680 – 688 as provider of religious goods, 735 , 736 to Asia, 680 and religious fi eld, 734 – 738 to Canada, 680 and specialized churches, 737 commonalities in patterns and religious Educação Popular (Bahia), 746 – 747 practice, 686 – 688 education ethnicity, 686 colonial Catholic Church control over, 5 spirit-fi lled piety, 686 – 687 controversy in Mexico, 743 transtemporal/translocative culture, e ff orts by colporteurs, 289 687 – 688 as evangelization strategy, 97 – 98 to Europe, 680 indigenous/non-indigenous gap in, 561 factors shaping identity/religious practice, infl uence of Liberation Theology on, 681 – 686 74 5, 74 6 destination in US, 684 – 686 and Jesuits, 94 – 95 , 227 – 228 , 748 former New Spain settlements, Lancasterian system, 289 684 – 685 mission schools, 297 – 298 gateway cities, 685 public, in new republics, 334 rural areas/small towns/suburbs, Egungun societies (ancestor worship), 617 – 618 685 – 686 Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 749 – 750 length of displacement, 683 Elim church (Pentecostal, El Salvador), 676 push/pull factors, 681 Elizondo, Virgilio, 329 religious self-identifi cation, 684 Ellacuría, Ignacio, 368 , 511 religious situation in sending nation, El Salvador 683 – 684 Catholicism in to United States, 680 – 681 dictatorships, 407 – 408 , 409 foreign born by birth region/date of moral concordat, 339 arrival, 681t42.1 number of followers, 12 by major Latin American sending popular, 487 – 488 nations, 1901–2000, 682t42.2 progressive, 384 , 385 , 390 encomenderos, 64 – 66 , 67 , 69 , 92 , 177 CEBs in, 379 , 380 , 507 encomienda mitaya, 187 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , 499 encomienda originaria, 187 CoMadres in, 514 – 515 encomienda system, 177 – 178 emigration to US, 681 justifi cation of, 200 human rights in, 511 , 513 England, Spiritualist movement in, 648 indigenous mobilization in, 568 Enlightenment, 128 , 141 , 229

792

Index

Enríquez, Raúl Silva, 386 Evangelical Church of the River Plate Enxet people, 576 (Argentina), 308 epidemics Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chile, 308 e ff ect on African slave trade, 200 Evangelical Lutheran Church of in New Spain, 100 Argentina, 308 Episcopalians, in El Salvador, 513 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil (Igreja Epistolary Narrative of a Voyage and Jesuit Evangélica Luterana do Brasil, Mission (Cardim), 78 IELB), 308 Erasmus of Rotterdam, 44 , 161 , 164 Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Santa Errázuriz, Francisco Cardinal, 472 Catarina, Paraná and other States escolas radiofônicas (radio schools), 379 of South America, 313 Espín, Orlando, 319 – 320 , 486 evangelicals Espiritismo. See Spiritism (Espiritismo) a ff ect on Church-state relations, 339 Esquivel, Adolfo Perez, 410 as factor in restraint in secularization of estancias, 177 public institutions, 339 Estrada, Hugo F., 475 and gang violence, 756 Estrada, Juan Manuel de, 266 and healing, 664 Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 351 and reproduction/sexuality, 556 Estrela da Manhã, 724 and reproductive rights, 552 – 556 ethics, 43 , 541 See also Pentecostalism ethnocide Evangelical Society for Protestant Germans charges by Ecuadorean indigenous, 576 in America (Barmen), 313 during colonial period, 517 Evangelical Synod of Chile, 305 ethnopopulist parties, 582 – 583 Evangelical Synod of the River Plate, 305 Etsi Iam Diu, 2 5 8 Evangelical Women’s Association Eucharist (Frauenhilfe), 315 as element of Tridentine Catholicism, 110 , evangelization. See conquest/colonization 114 – 115 exorcism in late medieval Europe, 37 in late medieval Europe, 43 Protestant criticism of Catholic belief, 108 and Pentecostalism, 441 Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Ezequiel (Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal), 214 – 215 Confession in Brazil (IECLB), 304 , 308 Fabián y Fuero, Francisco, 221 , 222 beginnings of in, 311 – 312 Fabri, Friedrich, 314 colonist-pastors, 312 Fabro, Fernando, 221 – 222 and Curitiba Document, 316 – 317 faith healing. See healing and demographic transition, 317 faith missions, 294 – 298 diversity of piety of, 310 Central American Mission, 295 – 296 e ff ect of World Wars on, 314 – 315 and denominationalism, 296 – 298 and evangelical pietistic movement, 317 diff erences, 294 – 295 initial church structures, 313 – 314 frictions, 295 – 296 pastors from Germany, 313 mission hospitals, 297 pastors from United States, 313 mission schools, 297 – 298 regional churches, 313 funding of, 294 , 296 issues in formation of spiritual entrepreneurs, 296 Brazilian economics, 311 traits of, 294 – 295 economics/politics in homeland, 309 – 310 Family Federation for World Peace and race issues, 310 – 311 Unifi cation (Korea), 728 and Liberation Theology, 317 Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front post-World War II, 315 – 316 (FMLN), 407 role of women in, 315 See also El Salvador theological training, 315 Farmer, Paul, 370

793

Index

fasting, in late medieval Europe, 40 and education in Brazil, 749 Fejérváry-Mayer codice, 26 and expulsion of Jesuits, 227 feminism and independence movement in Peru, 242 and Base Ecclesial Communities inquisitorial powers of, 134 – 135 movement, 551 linguistic limitations of, 181 – 182 on gender and religion, 526 mystics, 124 – 125 and Liberation Theology, 369 – 370 in New Spain, 68 , 70 – 72 , 91 – 93 on Virgin of Guadalupe, 328 e ff ectiveness of missionary work, 92 – 93 Ferdinand II (Spain), 360 establishment of convents, 92 Ferdinand III (Saint), 149 images, 740 – 741 Ferdinand VI (Spain), 149 Twelve Apostles, 91 – 92 Ferdinand VII (Spain), 142 , 233 , 238 – 239 , 241 , 245 numbers in Americas, 175 Ferreira, Francirosy Campos Barbosa, 718 – 719 reaction to Bourbon reformism, 231 Ferreti, Mastai, 279 recruitment to Latin America during fertility rates, eff ect of birth control pill Catholic resurgence, 354 on, 548 views on Indians in Peru, 75 Figueroa, Luis de, 64 See also missions, Franciscan in Alta Final Report of the Extraordinary Synod of California; missions, Franciscan in Bishops (1985), 594 – 595 New Mexico Fiore, Joachim de, 89 , 161 Francis I (pope), 9 , 372 , 392 – 396 First Afro-Brazilian Congress, 614 and canonization of Óscar Romero, 487 First Mexican Provincial Council diversity of permanent advisory council and Baroque, 160 – 161 of, 392 – 393 on orthodoxy of image makers, 112 and human rights, 522 First Vatican Council. See Vatican I ideology of, 392 – 393 , 395 Fitzpatrick-Behrens, Susan, 514 infl uence on US bishops, 394 Florencia, Francisco de, 113 and Liberation Theology, 393 – 394 , 746 Florentine Codex (Sahagún), 71 – 72 , 93 re-articulation of progressive themes, Flores, Samuel Joaquín, 702 , 703 394 – 396 Flores Magón, Ricardo, 265 See also Bergoglio, Jorge FMLN (Farabundo Martí National Liberation Francis Javier (Saint), 149 Front), 407 Francis of Assisi (Saint), 99 , 392 , 395 Focolari movement, 748 Franco, Jean, 529 folk Catholicism, 6 – 7 , 210 , 349 – 350 , 634 Frank, Andre Gunder, 364 See also popular Catholicism, free will, and Spiritism, 651 contemporary; popular Freire, Paulo, 379 , 507 , 745 Catholicism, nineteenth century Freitas, José Pedro de (Zé Arigó), 658 Fon-derived practices, 606 – 607 , 618 French Revolution, 245 Fon people, deities of, 204 Frenz, Helmut, 405 , 510 Foucault, Michel, 527 , 535 , 537 , 541 Freston, Paul, 416 , 553 Fourth Lateran Council, 110 Friedzón, Betty, 674 Fourth Mexican Provincial Council, on Friedzón, Claudio, 674 self-fl agellation, 119 Fritz, Dr. Adolph, 657 – 658 , 663 Frai Damião (Brazilian folk saint), 488 Froehle, Bryan, 16 , 447 France Frontera con Justicia (Mexico), 520 – 521 and origin of concept of Latin America, 13 FSLN (Sandinista Front for National origins of Spiritism in, 648 Liberation), 380 , 406 – 407 Franceschi, Gustavo, 352 See also Nicaragua Francescon, Luigi, 432 , 433 fuero eclesiástico (legal forum), 256 , 347 Francia, José de Gaspar, 257 – 258 Fujimori, Alberto, 498 Franciscan Order FUMEC (Universal Federation of Christian and Baroque art, 453 Student Movements, Argentina), belief in role of natives in salvation, 89 731 , 733

794

Index

FUNAI (National Foundation for the Indians, The Reformation of Machismo, 534 – 535 Brazil), 317 Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild funerals, reform of, 129 – 130 Man, 536 Funes, Gregorio, 243 discourse, 528 – 532 Funes, Mauricio, 390 “collective eff ervescence” concept, 532 struggles for interpretive power, 529 – 530 Gallegos, Hector, 402 Nuestro Clamor por la Vida (Our Cry Gálvez, José de, 221 for Life), 529 – 530 Gamboy, Pedro, 103 – 104 Plotting Woman, 5 2 9 Gamonal, Ezequiel Ataucusi, 214 – 215 testimonio, 530 – 531 gang violence, 756 I, Rigoberta Menchú, 531 Gante, Pedro de, 91 , 99 Translated Woman, 530 – 531 Garcés, Julián, 68 – 69 , 154 – 155 “voice” concept, 528 – 529 , 530 García, Gaspar, 510 women as other, 528 García, Gregorio, 64 Durkheim on, 532 García Granados, Miguel, 265 feminist approach to, 526 García Linera, Alvaro, 583 Foucault on, 527 , 535 , 537 , 541 García Peláez, Francisco de Paul, 259 – 260 future research areas, 544 – 545 Garifuna diaspora, 619 , 624 Islam, 720 Garma, Carlos, 14 lack of research on, 525 – 526 Garotinho, Anthony, 753 lived religion approach to, 526 – 527 Garrard-Burnett, Virginia, 512 , 569 , 577 , 598 , Pentecostalism, 448 599 , 600 gender equity, 553 – 554 Gasparetto, Zibia, 458 subjectivity, 541 – 544 Gaudium et Spes (Pastoral Constitution on subjectivity, 541 – 544 the Church in the Modern World), focus on micro-politics, 541 – 544 376 – 377 , 506 – 507 , 565 , 594 and missionary manliness, 543 – 544 Gautier, Mary, 16 , 447 and neo-Pentecostalism, 541 – 544 Gavin, Natasha, 720 and pharmaceutical industries, 541 – 542 gay marriage. See same-sex marriage and retail business, 543 – 544 Gebara, Ivone, 328 witnessing, 542 gender, changing norms of, 770 See also reproduction and sexuality; women See also gender and religion; reproduction genocide, in Guatemala, 408 and sexuality; women George Jorge (Saint), 153 gender and religion, 525 – 545 Gerardi, Juan José, 408 – 409 , 513 African diaspora religions, 613 , 618 Geremoabo, Baron of, 281 – 282 agency, 537 – 540 Ghana Outline to a Theory of Practice, 537 and internationalization of and ritualization, 538 – 539 Pentecostalism, 420 In Search of Respect, 537 – 538 See also Akan people Staying Sober in Mexico City, 539 – 540 Gill, Anthony, 566 – 567 , 576 structure-agency struggle, 537 – 538 , Gillow, Eulogio, 351 539 – 540 globalization subject-society struggle, 538 – 539 importance of Latin America in, 17 – 19 Travestis, 538 – 539 and indigenous mobilization, 564 bodies, 532 – 536 most globalized religions, 18 Christ as bridegroom metaphor, 533 and Pentecostalism colonial-era body, 533 – 534 conversionism, 17 discipline and punishment, 535 – 536 decentralization, 18 homosexual desire, 533 human rights, 19 post-colonial body and Protestant scale and pace of global transfers, 770 evangelism, 534 – 535 as undermining territorially national power of healing, 536 religions, 17 – 18

795

Index

glossolalia (speaking in tongues) dictatorships, opposition/support, 400 , and Charismatic Catholicism, 415 , 463 , 464 , 408 – 409 467 – 468 number of followers, 12 and Pentecostalism, 415 – 417 post-independence popular Catholicism God, statistics on belief in Christian, 10 in, 275 – 278 God is Love Pentecostal Church (IPDA, progressive Catholicism in, 385 – 386 Brazil), 433 , 436 , 440 , 676 rural Catholic Action groups among Godoy, Juan José, 234 Maya, 355 Gómez, Medardo, 513 CEBs in, 507 , 566 Gómez Farías, Valentin, 255 , 260 challenges to laicicism in, 343 González, Aaron Joaquín, 702 , 703 Charismatic Catholicism in, 475 – 476 González Prada, Manuel, 251 , 264 – 265 , 267 number of followers, 466 González Vigil, Francisco de Paula, 256 , 262 strong/soft elements, 470 – 471 Gotteskasten (God’s Chest), 313 Crucifi ed Christ of Esquipulas, 275 , Goulart, João, 378 276 – 277 , 278 Graham, Billy, 424 – 425 , 426 Día de la Raza in, 559 Gramsci, Antonio, 427 emigration to US, 681 Granada, Spain, 2 – 3 , 633 expulsion of Jesuits from, 260 , 265 , 400 Gran Chaco, 185 Franciscans in, 93 Gran Colombia Patronage Law (1824), 257 genocide in, 408 Grasselli, Emilio Teodoro, 410 human rights in, 511 , 512 , 513 – 514 Graziano, Frank, 214 , 215 inculturation theology and Maya, 598 , 599 Great Pueblo Revolt, 180 indigenous in Green, Duncan, 509 and cultural awareness, 583 – 584 Gregory VIII (pope), 148 diversity among, 561 Grela, Ignacio, 399 Mayan identity, 577 Grijalva, Juan de, 90 numbers of, 560 – 561 Gruzinski, Serge, 145 , 216 , 740 religious resources for mobilization Guadalajara, Mexico in, 572 Creole clergy in, 235 – 236 infl uence of Liberation Theologyin, 745 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 702 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 La Luz del Mundo in, 702 land distribution in, 518 , 519 Marian shrines surrounding, 151 – 152 Latter-Day Saints in, 693 – 696 Guanajuato, Mexico Lutheran merchant/craftsmen Augustinians in, 94 congregations in, 305 expulsion of Jesuits from, 221 Lutheran missions in, 306 faith healers in, 348 migrants and social justice in, 520 Franciscans in, 93 military rule in, 378 , 501 “spiritual exercises” practiced in, 88 millenarianism among Highland Maya, 216 Guaraní people neo-Pentecostal formations of citizenship and expulsion of Jesuits, 228 – 229 in, 542 – 543 and expulsion of Jesuits, 222 , 224 – 226 Pentecostalism in messianic movements, 209 abortion, 554 motivation for migration of, 208 denomination composition/ political mobilization of, 580 nationalization process, 435 See also missions, Jesuit in Paraguay growth, 699 , 764 Guatemala institutional politics, 552 – 553 anticlericalism in, 347 , 400 megachurches, 676 belief in God in, 10 sex education, 555 Catholicism in popular religion in, 486 Catholic resurgence, 354 Protestantism in, 684 Church-state relationship, 351 colporteurs, 289 – 290 costumbre, 349 – 350 converts from Catholicism, 445

796

Index

early missionaries, 293 Hakluyt, Richard, 78 faith missions, 295 Hall, Linda, 319 growth, 444 Hare Krishna, 726 native contributions to missionary Harris, Olivia, 739 – 740 work, 298 Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl, 297 number of followers, 12 , 508 healing Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 and African diaspora religions, 610 , 664 torture of Ursuline nun in, 535 – 536 and Catholicism, 348 Guerra, García, 169 – 170 and Charismatic Catholicism, 464 , 468 Guevara, Silvestre, 264 female healers, 349 guilds, patron saint as unifying symbol of, and Pentecostalism, 417 – 418 , 439 153 – 154 and popular Catholicism, 664 Gutiérrez, Gustavo and pre-contact African religions, 55 – 59 collaboration with Vatican on Liberation and slave religions, 203 – 204 Theology, 393 – 394 and Spiritism, 655 – 659 , 663 – 664 and development of Liberation Theology, and Umbanda, 664 672 , 745 as witchcraft, 203 education of, 362 health indictors, indigenous/non-indigenous and human rights, 507 , 508 gap, 561 infl uence on Medellín Conference, 382 – 384 Henríquez, Camilo, 244 investigated for deviations from Henríquez, Raúl Silva, 404 – 405 , 510 orthodoxy, 388 Herskovits, Melville, 593 joins faculty at Notre Dame, 673 Hidalgo, Mexico, Augustinians in, 94 on las Casas, 360 Hidalgo, Miguel, 236 – 237 , 247 , 248 , 327 , on non-person/non-human, 364 399 , 486 publications of, 362 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 374 on traditional theology, 363 hierarchical syncretism, 443 and Vatican II, 367 , 744 Hieronymite Order, 64 – 65 , 66 Vatican reception of, 372 Hill, John, 293 Gutwirth, Jacque, 425 Hinkelammert, Franz, 369 , 508 Guyana, Hinduism in, 726 Historia de las Indias (Las Casas), 69 Guzmán, Nuño Beltrán de, 68 Historia de las Indias de la Nueva España Guzmán Blanco, Antonio, 264 (Durán), 73 Historia eclesiástica indiana (Mendieta), 74 habitus, 754 – 755 Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España Hagin, Kenneth, 423 (Florentine Codex; Sahagún), Haiti 7 1– 7 2, 9 3 Catholic acceptance of ADRs in, 621 Historia natural y moral de las Indias CEBs in, 507 (Acosta), 75 Church-state relationship in, 495 Historical Commission for the Serra emigrant connections to ritual Cause, 194 communities in, 623 – 624 Hollenweger, Walter, 467 expulsion of Jesuits from, 512 Home of Mercy (Hogar de la Misericordia, good/bad work distinction in, 611 Chiapas), 520 human rights in, 512 homeopathy, 652 independence of, 246 , 269 homosexuality patron saint of, 620 and African diaspora religions, 613 Pentecostal off shoot in, 416 and Catholicism, 341 Pentecostals in, 612 in colonial era, 533 slave revolt in, 205 Honduras See also Vodou (Haiti) Catholics in, 12 Haitian emigrants, and diaspora religious importance of religion in life in, 10 practices, 623 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701

797

Index

Honduras (cont.) indigenous rights, 517 – 518 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 – 693 in Chiapas, 517 Lutheran missions in Tegucigalpa, 306 in Ecuador, 517 – 518 Muslims in, 716 and Liberation Theology, 507 – 508 Protestantism in, 684 and Medellín Conference, 507 converts from Catholicism, 445 migrants and social justice, 520 – 521 growth rate of, 444 overview of, 505 – 506 number of followers, 12 and Pentecostalism, 19 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 and Pope Francis I, 522 Hoover, Willis C., 300 , 432 , 433 and Protestantism, 508 – 509 , 512 – 514 Horst, Rene Harder, 576 – 577 , 578 and Puebla Conference, 507 hospitals, mission, 297 and reactivation of laicity of public Housewives’ Committee of Siglo XX institutions, 342 (Bolivia), 516 – 517 and social movements, 509 – 510 huacas worship, 102 – 103 , 104 – 105 human sacrifi ce similarities/diff erences to saints, 145 European interpretation/ Huarochirí Manuscript, 29 – 30 , 103 misinterpretation of, 82 – 83 Huei tlamahuiçoltica (By a Great Miracle; Laso las Casas on, 66 de la Vega), 325 practiced by Yucatán Maya, 79 Huejotzingo (New Spain), 92 as reinforcing notion of Huerta, Victoriano, 335 anthropophagy, 79 human rights, 505 – 522 Humbard, Rex, 456 – 457 and Catholic Church hunters/gatherers, 176 – 177 in Argentina, 409 – 411 , 511 – 512 Hurbon, Laënnec, 620 in Brazil, 509 – 510 Hurtado, Albert, 346 and CEBs, 511 Hurtado, Manuel, 241 in Chile, 510 Hybels, Bill, 670 defense of violations, 509 – 511 hypnotism, 652 e ff ect of changes in Church, 506 – 509 in El Salvador, 511 I, Rigoberta Menchú, 531 globalization, 18 – 19 Ibañez de Echavarri, Bernardo, 224 – 225 in Guatemala, 512 Iberian Union, 136 in Haiti, 512 iconoclastism, Pentecostalism on, 451 , 452 historical repression of indigenous identity rights, 517 Marianism link with, 327 – 328 land distribution, 518 – 519 Mayan, 577 legitimation of violations, 511 – 512 saints as symbols of, 153 – 156 Marianism, 328 through confraternity membership, 202 support of indigenous rights, 517 – 518 traditional Catholic in Latin America, 11 transnationalism, 669 – 670 transnationalism eff ect on, 667 Vatican II, 506 See also emigration from Latin America women’s movements, 514 – 517 and religious identity Catholic/Protestant cooperation for peace identity politics, 580 building, 512 – 514 idolatry in Brazil, 513 European interpretation/ in Colombia, 513 misinterpretation of, 83 – 85 in El Salvador, 513 Protestant/Catholic debate in New in Guatemala, 513 – 514 World, 79 – 80 in Nicaragua, 513 Protestant/Catholic debate in Old and Christian Base Communities, 507 – 508 World, 79 dictatorship and transitions to democracy, Idowu, Bolaji, 51 , 52 , 53 509 – 512 IECLB. See Evangelical Church of the Lutheran future of, 521 – 522 Confession in Brazil (IECLB)

798

Index

IELB (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Incas (Inkas) Brazil), 308 and ancestor worship, 28 Ifá (Cuba), 616 – 617 conquering of, 173 – 174 Igbo people, 48 creation story of Huanacauri, 27 – 28 ancestor worship by, 54 , 55 Huarochirí manuscript, 29 – 30 deities of, 50 , 52 , 56 and idolatry debate, 80 healers, 59 Kechwa cosmology of, 212 – 213 Supreme Being of, 51 , 52 and messianism, 212 – 213 Iglesia La Luz del Mundo (The Light of Pizarro and Christianization of, 175 the World Church). See La Luz regional cosmologies, 28 – 30 del Mundo ritual specialists, 29 , 31 Igreja Presbiteriana Renovada (Brazil), 301 role of disease in conquest of, 174 Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD, social/kinship unit as basis of society, 28 Brazil) state religion, 27 – 30 architectural pastiche of, 757 inculturation, defi ning, 591 , 593 attitude toward Candomblé, 621 inculturation theology, 591 – 601 charitable arm of, 753 and ADRs, 621 and demonic possession, 421 – 423 basic premises of, 591 – 593 and dramatization of struggle against evil, and CELAM, Santo Domingo, 566 , 595 421 – 423 contemporary case studies on, 596 – 600 emphasis on exorcisms, 441 Bolivian Aymara, 597 – 599 ethical teachings of, 441 Chimborazo, Ecuador, 597 , 599 – 600 “kick to the saint” episode of, 451 , Guatemalan Maya, 598 , 599 457 , 742 Tzotzil Maya, Chiapas, Mexico, 597 , 599 and mimesis, 758 emergence as explicit missionary objective, origins of, 433 , 436 , 440 – 442 593 – 596 and prosperity gospel, 424 and indigenous mobilization, 565 – 566 and prosperity theology, 441 and Liberation Theology, 594 , 595 – 596 and reproduction/sexuality, 553 limitations of, 600 – 601 ritual in, 756 – 757 and neoliberalism, 596 and televangelism, 426 and “new” evangelization, 594 television network of, 442 and use of indigenous languages, television station of, 452 , 457 – 458 600 – 601 and transnationalism, 420 , 675 – 676 and Vatican II, 565 – 566 , 594 – 595 use of visual/symbolic elements, 458 independence, and Catholic Church, See also Pentecostalism 231 – 248 Ikenga-Metuh, Emefi e , 5 7 in Argentina, 399 ILEMP (Immigration Law Enforcement background to, 231 – 233 Monitoring Project), 521 in Bolivia, 274 , 399 Imagen de la Virgen María (Sánchez), 325 in Chile, 243 – 245 images clerical support/opposition, 232 – 233 in Baroque era, 164 Creole clergy, 235 – 238 as ixiptla, 1 4 5 in Cuba, 246 – 247 and Tridentine Catholicism dictatorships, 399 Christ, 112 enlightened bishops and clergy, 235 – 236 Mary (mother of Jesus), 112 – 114 infl uence of expelled Jesuitson, 233 234– saints, 110 , 112 – 115 , 117 in Mexico, 235 , 399 Immaculate Conception, 279 , 319 in New Granada, 239 – 240 Immigration Act of 1965 (US), 681 papal response to, 245 – 246 Immigration Law Enforcement Monitoring in Peru, 240 – 242 Project (ILEMP), 521 and popular Catholicism, 270 , 274 Império do Belo Monte (Canudos) movement, in Río de la Plata, 243 210 – 211 , 281 – 282 , 489 , 744 roots of, 233

799

Index

Independent Democratic Union (UDI, religious context of, 565 – 570 Chile), 502 dependency theory, 566 Indians, Iberian friar/missionary Ecclesial Base Communities, 566 understanding of, 62 – 76 in Ecuador, 569 and encomenderos, 6 4– 6 6, 6 7, 6 9 in El Salvador, 568 ethnic origins, 62 – 63 , 64 in Guatemala, 568 – 569 idolatrous practices, 63 inculturation theology, 565 – 566 intellectual capacity, 63 , 64 – 66 in Mexico, 567 – 568 opposing images of nature by, 66 – 75 Pentecostal growth, 566 – 567 Alonso de la Vera Cruz, 72 Protestant growth, 569 Antonio de la Calancha, 75 reaction of local conditions/actors to Bartolomé de las Casas, 66 , 69 – 70 changes, 567 – 569 Bernardino de Sahagún, 71 – 72 religious frames/resources for, 570 – 574 Diego de Landa, 73 – 74 Adventist, 572 Diego Durán, 73 Catholic, 572 – 573 Domingo de Santo Tomás, 75 for mobilization in southern Mexico, Gaspar de Vera, 75 5 7 0– 5 7 1 Jacobo de Tastera, 67 – 68 , 70 – 71 neo-native spirituality, 573 – 574 Jerónimo de Mendieta, 74 Protestant, 573 José de Acosta, 75 religious resources for, 571 – 574 Juan de Chávez, 75 surge in, 559 New Spain and Sublimis Deus, 6 8– 6 9 In Face of Mystery (Kaufman), 363 i n P e r u , 74 – 7 5 infant mortality, indigenous/non-indigenous Tomás de San Martín, 75 gap, 561 Toribio de Benavente Motolinía, 70 Inglehart, Ronald, 10 overview of Iberian friars, 62 – 63 Inka. See Incas indigenous. See conquest/colonization ; Inkarrí myth cycle, 214 indigenous mobilization Inquisition, New World, 133 – 142 indigenous mobilization, 559 – 586 decline/abolishment of, 141 – 142 context of, 560 – 565 foundation of tribunals, 135 – 138 advocacy networks, 564 – 565 Inquisition before “Inquisition,” 133 – 135 decentralization/devolution of power, Dominicans, 134 , 135 562 – 563 early tribunes, 133 – 134 economics, 563 – 564 Franciscans, 134 – 135 globalization, 564 Monastic Inquisition, 134 – 135 and indigenous agenda, 565 inquisitorial action, 138 – 142 internal diversity, 561 – 562 main objective of, 138 number of indigenous, 560 – 561 number of proceedings, Portuguese, 140 social indicators, 561 number of proceedings, Spanish, 140 transnationalism, 564 – 565 public autos-da-fé ceremonies, 141 critique of identity politics, 579 – 581 punishment for heresy, 139 evaluation of, 581 – 586 and secular court cases, 139 – 140 alliances, 583 sentencing/punishments, 139 cultural awareness, 583 – 584 trials, 139 diversity among indigenous, 585 types of off enses, 138 – 139 external agendas, 585 – 586 investigations into unoffi cial local saints, 148 goals of movements, 581 – 582 Ometochtzin trial and murder by, 71 role of religion, 584 – 585 Portuguese dominions, 136 , 138 threats to movements, 582 – 583 exemption of Indians from and identity politics, 574 – 579 jurisdiction, 138 Catholic vs. indigenous goals, 574 – 576 , 578 lack of autonomy of inquisitors, 137 Protestant vs. indigenous goals, 576 – 577 types of off enses specifi c to, 138 , 139 nongovernmental organizations, 563 – 564 proceedings against false mystics, 125 – 126

800

Index

Spanish dominions, 135 – 137 IURD. See Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus autonomy of inquisitors, 136 – 137 (IURD, Brazil) Cartegena de Indias tribunal, 136 Ivereigh, Austen, 272 – 273 , 279 exemption of Indians from ixiptla, images of saints as, 145 jurisdiction, 137 lay offi cials, 137 Jalics, Francisco, 410 Lima tribunal, 136 , 140 Jalisco, Mexico, Franciscans in, 93 Mexican tribunal, 136 Jamaica types of off enses specifi c to, 139 , 140 Afro-Caribbean religions in, 635 See also Inquisition, Old World Chinese immigrants in, 727 Inquisition, Old World James (Saint), 147 in Portugal, 133 Japan in Spain, 5 , 133 Japanese Buddhist immigration to See also Inquisition, New World Brazil, 683 In Search of Respect (Bourgois), 537 – 538 Latin Americans in, 723 Institute of Religious Studies (ISER, Pentecostalism in, 675 Brazil), 554 Japanese-based religions, 723 , 724 – 726 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI, Afro-Okinawan sects, 726 Mexico), 494 in Brazil, 724 , 725 , 726 Instruction on Christian Freedom, 3 8 9 Japanese-Catholic movements, 724 “Instruction on Christian Freedom and New Religions, 726 Liberation,” 367 Okinawan, 726 Instructions on Certain Aspects of the “Theology Shindo Renmei movement, 724 of Liberation,” 3 6 7, 3 8 8– 3 8 9 Shintoism, 724 Inter-American Commission on Human Zen Buddhism, 725 Rights, 410 Jara, José de la, 406 Interethnic Association for the Development JCA (Jewish Colonization of the Peruvian Rainforest Association), 710 (AIDESEP), 561 Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW), 690 , 700 – 702 International Church of the Foursquare controversy over doctrines/practices Gospel (US), 418 of, 700 International Church of the Grace of God Latin American membership, 701 (Pentecostal; Brazil), 436 in Mexico, 700 , 701 – 702 International Labor Organization’s Convention organization of, 700 – 701 169, 564 – 565 , 582 , 583 , 596 origins of, 700 Isabella (Spain), 5 teachings of, 700 ISER (Institute of Religious Studies, worldwide membership, 700 Brazil), 554 Jeje, 606 – 607 , 618 Isidore (Saint), 149 Jenkins, Henry, 452 Islam, 714 – 721 Jesuits, 175 dissemination of, 718 – 720 and Brazilian messianic indigenous as ethnic religion, 716 movements, 208 globalization of, 18 and canonization of Catharina de San and media, 458 Juan, 162 membership data discrepancies, 714 – 715 contemporary schools/universities, radical, 717 74 8– 74 9 training of sheikhs in Latin America, expulsion from Americas, 220 – 229 717 – 718 from Argentina by Rosas, 259 women as converts, 720 Charles III on, 223 – 224 See also Muslims detrimental eff ects of, 227 – 229 Israel, immigration of Latin American Jews enemies among clerical and lay public in to, 713 Spain, 224 Iturbide, Agustín de, 238 , 239 from Guatemala, 260 , 265 , 400

801

Index

Jesuits (cont.) Liberal Judaism, 710 from Haiti by Duvalier, 512 and media, 458 infl uence on independence movements, number of followers, 711 233 – 234 Sephardic, 709 – 710 , 711 justifi cation for, 222 – 227 traditional practices among, 709 – 710 in Americas, 224 – 227 variation in ritual practices, 711 in Spain, 224 Jimena Villanueva, Gaspar de, 149 process of, 220 Jímenez, Francisco, 161 as prototype of progressive Catholicism, 374 Jiménez, María, 521 reactions to, 221 – 222 , 227 , 232 Joan of Arc, 44 reasons for, 220 – 221 João Reis, José, 715 – 716 support for Mexican nationalism, 399 Joaseiro do Norte movement, 210 – 212 and Treaty of Madrid (1750), 226 John of the Cross (Saint), 533 and inculturation theology, 594 John Paul II (pope) mastery of Indian languages by, 181 , 182 and beatifi cation of Junípero Serra, 194 , 195 murder of, in El Salvador, 511 , 670 and canonization of Juan Diego, 322 in New Spain, 94 – 95 and canonization of Óscar Romero, 487 , 488 educational eff orts, 94 – 95 and Christian Democratic Party in festivities honoring relics of European Chile, 497 saints, 148 continuities with Pope Francis I, 395 – 396 martyrs, 95 and El Salvador, 408 numbers/resources of, 1766, 220 on evangelization, 591 – 592 and Portuguese millenarianism, 210 and Guatemala, 409 and tithing, 225 and inculturation theology, 596 See also Francis I (pope); missions, and Liberation Theology, 9 , 507 , 551 , 746 , 747 Jesuit in Paraguay new evangelization crusade of, 390 – 391 Jesús, Juan Bautista de, 150 opening address at Puebla conference by, Jesus Christ 387 – 388 inculturation theology on, 598 on Our Lady of Guadalupe, 328 metaphor of Christ as bridegroom, 533 and Paraguay, 579 – 580 sacred immanence of images of, 112 on political involvement, 503 Spiritism on, 651 on popular religion, 747 Jesus Christ, Liberator (Boff ), 362 and progressive Catholicism, 385 – 389 Jesus the Nazarene (image), 155 Redemptoris Missio, 566 , 595 Jewish Colonization Association (JCA), 710 and Vicariate of Solidarity, 405 Jews, 709 – 713 visit to Cuba, 495 Ashkenazi, 709 – 710 , 711 Johnson, Lyndon B., 681 Central European, 710 , 711 Johnson, Maxwell, 329 – 330 Chabad Lubavitch movement, 712 – 713 Johnson, Paul, 620 , 624 claim of indigenous as descendants of, John the Baptist (Saint), 152 6 4, 7 1 2 John XXIII (pope), 8 , 375 , 497 conversions to Judaism, 712 See also Vatican II countries of origin, 711 José Manuel, 280 crypto Jews, 141 , 210 , 709 , 711 – 712 Joseph (Saint), 116 , 147 , 156 Eastern European, 710 – 711 Joyos (Hoyos), Juan, 320 emigration of Latin American Jews to Joyos (Hoyos), Rodrigo, 320 Israel, 713 Juan Diego, 150 , 322 , 323 , 326 , 329 , 454 , 483 forced conversions of, 133 Juárez, Benito, 260 immigration to Latin America, 683 Juazeiro, 744 in colonial period, 709 Judaizing heresy, 133 , 140 – 141 in nineteenth century, 709 – 711 Junta de Valladolid (rationality debates), 69 sending countries, 711 Jurema (Catimbó), 454 – 455 Judaizing heresy, 133 jurisdictionalism, 332 , 333 , 343 – 344

802

Index

“just war” doctrine, 199 La Navas, Francisco de, 85 Juventud Obrera Católica, 355 Lancasterian educational system, 289 J W. See Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW) Landa, Diego de, 73 – 74 , 134 – 135 Landázuri, Juan, 386 Kalley, Robert, 292 – 293 land distribution, 518 – 519 Kalley, Sarah, 292 – 293 in Brazil, 519 Karam, John Tofi k, 716– 717 in Guatemala, 518 , 519 Kardec, Allan (Hoppolyte Léon Denizard in Paraguay, 518 – 519 Rivail), 637 – 638 La Paz, Bolivia, Lutherans in, 305 , 307 Kardecism, 637 – 638 See also Bolivia Karlstadt, Andreas, 79 la religion vécue (sociology of religion), Katarists (Bolivia), 572 526 – 527 Kaufman, Gordon, 363 Larraín, Joaquín, 244 Kechwa (Inka) cosmology, 212 – 213 Larraín, Manuel Vicuña, 244 – 245 , 744 Keck, Margaret E., 564 , 565 Larraín, Vincente, 244 Kennedy, John F., 361 La Santa, Remigio, 242 “kick to the saint,” 451 , 457 , 742 las Casas, Bartolomé de Casas, 66 , 68 – 70 King, Rufus, 234 canonization of, 745 Kingdom of Kongo as champion of Indians, 93 , 177 Christianization in, 199 , 201 comparison of indigenous to ancients, 77 ritual specialists in, 203 and Council of Valladolid, 360 , 373 Kino, Francisco Eusebio, 95 on enslavement of Africans, 200 , 634 Klaiber, Jeff r e y, 2 5 4 on evangelization, 14 Knight, Alan, 743 on human sacrifi ce, 80 – 81 Kongo. See Kingdom of Kongo on idolatry, 80 Korea on Indian enslavement, 199 Pentecostal megachurch in, 676 infl uence on Dominicans, 74 – 75 See also South Korea infl uence on progressive Catholicism, Korean immigrants 373 – 374 in Argentina, 727 joins Dominican order, 66 in Brazil, 723 , 727 request for inquisitorial tribunal, Christianity of, 727 – 728 133 – 134 in Mexico, 727 theology of liberation of, 360 in Paraguay, 723 , 727 Las Heras, Bartolomé, 242 and Protestant rituals, 723 Laso de la Vega, Luis, 325 Kovic, Christine, 571 , 573 Las Patronas, 522 Kubitschek, Juscelino, 439 late medieval Europe, 34 – 45 Ku Klux Klan, 686 Corpus Christi feast in, 38 Kulick, Donald, 538 – 539 fasting in, 40 Küng, Hans, 382 Latin as language of Church in, 38 Mass in, 37 Lacan, Jacques, 532 – 533 piety in, 36 – 44 Lacrimabili Statu, 400 practical focus of religion in, 35 laicization. See secularism and secularization Protestant criticism of piety in, 108 Lalive d’Epinay, Christian, 419 , 442 Protestant view on religion in, 44 – 45 La Luz del Mundo, 702 – 705 religion as integral to life in, 34 – 35 female members, 703 sacred behavior, 42 – 43 founder of, 702 ethics/morality, 43 membership, 702 private devotion, 42 in Mexico, 702 – 703 , 704 – 705 sacred bonds, 40 – 42 missionary outlook in, 703 confraternities, 41 – 42 theology of, 702 – 703 cult of saints, 41 in United States, 703 – 704 godparent relationship, 41

803

Index

late medieval Europe (cont.) number of Catholics, 12 , 341 – 342 sacred contention, truth vs. error, 43 – 44 number of “other religions,” 12 sacred rites, 36 – 38 number of Protestants, 12 , 342 Eucharist, 37 unaffi liated persons, 12 list of sacraments, 37 television ownership in, 426 Masses for the dead, 37 and traditional Catholic identity, 11 Protestant criticism of, 108 Latin American Bishops’ Conference (CELAM) sacred space, 38 – 39 creation of, 355 – 356 , 377 churches, 38 , 39 See also individual conference graves and relics of saints, 38 – 39 Latin American Bishops’ Conference outdoor processions, 39 (CELAM), Aparecida pilgrimages, 39 Aparecida Document (DA), 471 – 475 , 477 sacred images/relics, 39 on cultural change, 472 sacred time, 39 – 40 importance of, 472 Carnival, 40 polarizing eff ect of, 473 Easter/Christmas seasons, 40 on youth, 473 feast days, 39 – 40 Great Continental Mission, 4 7 1– 4 7 7 Sundays, 39 and door-to-door missions, 475 – 476 social structures in, 35 – 36 and sanctifi cation of popular votive masses in, 37 traditions, 476 Latin America Latin American Bishops’ Conference (CELAM), contemporary centrality of religion in, 10 Medellín, 8 , 377 – 382 , 400 , 594 continued vitality of religion/religious bishops’ support for progressive reforms expression in, 766 after, 386 diff erence from other Old/New World CEBs as result of, 378 – 381 regions, 11 grassroots pastoral projects as result of, diversity between countries within, 12 – 13 386 – 387 double origin of concept of, 13 and human rights, 507 future of, 15 – 17 , 764 – 774 and inculturation theology, 566 adaptability of Catholic Church, 16 on institutionalized violence of poverty, charismatic practices, 770 3 8 1– 3 8 2 continued vitality of religion/religious use of radio and print media in context of expression, 766 CEBs, 456 demographic change, 769 – 770 Latin American Bishops’ Conference demographic superiority of Catholic (CELAM), Puebla, 387 – 388 Church, 16 conclusions of, 388 gender and sexuality, 770 and human rights, 507 globalization, 770 and Liberation Theology, 383 – 384 , 388 – 389 new violence, 771 – 772 opening address by John Paul II, 387 – 388 political change, 770 , 771 Latin American Bishops’ Conference religious pluralism, 764 – 766 (CELAM), Santo Domingo, 9 , secularization, 766 – 769 566 , 595 social change, 770 Latin American Council of Churches (CLAI, strong Catholic resistance to Brazil), 734 Protestantism, 16 Latin American Evangelical Social Action historical centrality of religion in, 1 – 9 (ASEL, Cuba), 731 , 733 implications of changes in, 13 – 16 Latin American Mission, 295 life expectancy in, 417 Latter-Day Saints (LDS, Mormons), 690 , rapid change in religious fi eld in, 10 – 17 691 – 696 social organization at Conquest, 176 – 177 Central American Mission of, 693 – 694 statistics church hierarchy, 691 – 692 belief in God, 10 controversy over doctrines/practices importance of religion in life, 10 of, 691

804

Index

essential doctrines of, 691 and Antonio de Montesinos, 359 – 360 , 373 founding of, 691 and Bartolomé de las Casas, 360 , growth in Latin America, 692 – 693 373 – 374 in Guatemala, 693 – 696 consolidation of, 366 – 368 retention rates, 693 , 699 changes in intellectual/political context revision of worldwide missionary of 1989, 368 program, 694 , 695 political infl uence of, 366 typical convert, 693 Vatican reaction to, 366 – 368 urbanization eff ect on membership, 694 , foundational texts, 362 – 366 6 9 5, 6 9 9 epistemological break as element of, la Virgen Mambisa (Revolutionary 362 – 364 Virgin), 321 practical/moral imperative as element Law, Bernard, 393 of, 365 – 366 Law 1420 (Argentina), 266 presuppositions of, 362 Laws of Burgos (1512), 360 growth of, 362 – 366 LDS. See Latter-Day Saints history of, 359 – 362 Legionarios de Cristo, 390 – 391 , 748 , 750 , 751 political/economic trends, 361 Leguía, Augusto, 351 religious trends, 361 Leo XII (pope), 245 – 246 renewal of, 368 – 370 Leo XIII (pope), 7 , 273 , 283 , 375 , 400 expansion into other disciplines, 370 Lerdo Law (1856), 263 lay people as producers of, 368 – 370 Lettre aux Espagnols-Américains (Viscardo), 228 new disciplinary tools, approaches, Levine, Daniel, 380 , 401 , 584 – 585 , 739 topics, 369 – 370 Ley de reforma del clero (1822, Río de la Libro de los Guardianes, 8 2– 8 3 Plata), 257 life expectancy, in Latin America, 417 Libanio, João, 474 ligas campesinas (Peasant Leagues), 518 – 519 liberal Judaism, 710 The Light of the World Church. See La Luz The Liberation of Theology (Segundo), 362 del Mundo Liberation Theology, 8 – 9 , 317 Lima, Peru and Banzer Plan, 595 Baroque church in, 122 and Catholic Charismatic Renewal, canonization campaign of Francisco 464 – 465 Solano, 136 and CEBs, 551 Creole clergy in, 235 – 236 critique after Puebla CELAM meeting, Inquisition in, 136 , 140 388 – 389 Lutheran merchant/craftsmen e ff ect of collapse of socialism on, 368 congregations in, 305 and human rights, 507 – 508 patron saint of, 162 and inculturation theology, 594 , 595 – 596 pilgrimages, 152 infl uence of, 745– 746 succor outside offi cial male hierarchy, infl uence on NGOs, 745 – 746 162 – 163 infl uence on progressive Catholicism, See also Peru ; Rose of Lima (Saint) 3 8 2– 3 8 5 Lisboa, Antonio Francisco, 166 and Lutheranism, 317 Lisson, Emilio, 351 and Marxism, 367 , 388 – 389 , 745 Lobo Guerrero, Bartolomé, 96 and Pope Francis I, 393 – 394 Lograño, Maria, 714 , 715 , 720 and popular religion, 746 – 747 Lombardi, Federico, 410 and prosperity gospel, 424 López, José Hilario, 261 – 263 and secularization, 338 , 340 López Trujillo, Alfonso, 387 See also Christian Base Communities; Lorentzen, Lois Ann, 585 Liberation Theology, intellectual Lorenzana, Francisco Antonio de, 111 – 112 , 221 , roots of 222 – 223 Liberation Theology, intellectual roots of, Lovejoy, Paul, 606 , 607 359 – 370 low Spiritism (mesa branca), 659

805

Index

Loyola, Ignacio de Macedo, Edir, 433 , 441 , 452 , 457 , 675 . See also death of, 94 Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus founding of Society of Jesus, 175 (IURD, Brazil) infl uence on mysticism, 124 Maciel, António Mendes (Conselheiro), 211 sainthood of, 149 Maciel, Marcial, 521 Lozano, Jorge Tadeo, 240 Macumba, good/bad work distinction in, 611 Lubac, Henri de, 382 Madrid, Raúl L., 582 Lué, Benito de, 243 Mãe Stella, 620 Lugo Albarracin, Pedro de, 166 Magesa, Laurenti, 54 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 390 , 488 magic, healing as, 203 Lumen Fidei, 395 Mahikari, 726 Luther, Martin, 110 Mahon, Leo, 379 , 402 – 403 Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, 306 , 307 , Mainwaring, Scott, 584 – 585 308 , 313 Maldonado, Martín, 94 Lutheranism, 304 – 317 Malês revolt, 716 beginnings of in, 311 – 312 malquis, 104 – 105 colonist-pastors, 312 Mam (Mayan god), 482 , 573 and Curitiba Document, 316 – 317 Manco Capac, 215 and demographic transition, 317 Manso, Alonso, 134 diversity of piety of, 310 Manso y Zúñiga, Francisco, 324 – 325 e ff ect of World Wars on, 314 – 315 Manz, Beatrice, 518 establishment of immigrant, Mapuches (Araucanians), 234 304 – 305 Maradiaga, Oscar Rodríguez, 393 and evangelical pietistic movement, 317 María Lionza cult, 659 faith missions, 306 , 307 Marianism in Latin America, 319 – 330 historical development/legal status adaptability of, 320 of, 304 African infl uence on, 320 , 321 and human rights, 513 ambiguity of, 320 – 321 , 547 – 548 immigrant churches, 307 – 309 and Catholic Charismatic Renewal, 391 in Argentina, 307 – 308 commonalities, 322 , 324 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 329 in Brazil, 308 and contemporary popular religion, 485 in Chile, 308 and double participation, 620 – 621 incorporation of Marianism, 329 – 330 and Immaculate Conception, 319 initial church structures, 313 – 314 origins of, 319 – 320 and land reform, 519 and Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico (See and Liberation Theology, 317 Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico)) marriage restrictions, 312 plethora of patronesses, 319 , 454 merchant/craftsmen congregations, 305 Protestant incorporation of, 329 – 330 origins of missions in, 305 – 307 Santería incorporation of, 620 overall characteristics of, 309 Marian Zodiac (Florencia), 113 post-World War II, 315 – 316 Mariátegui, José Carlos, 265 role of women in, 315 Maritain Jacques, 743 – 744 on Roman Catholics as Christians, 305 Mariz, Cecilia, 446 , 719 theological training, 315 Marquis de Pombal, 141 use of print media in conversions, 455 Marquis de Puysegur, 652 See also Evangelical Church of the marriage Lutheran Confession in Brazil bigamy, 140 (IECLB) civil, 334 , 352 – 353 “Lutheranism,” and Spanish American polygamy, 691 Inquisition, 140 racialization in Paraguay, 257 – 258 Lutheran World Federation (LWF), 306 , restrictions on mixed, 312 308 , 316 restrictions on Protestant, 312 Lyons, Barry, 599 – 600 same-sex, 343 , 503 , 769 – 770

806

Index

Martí, José, 247 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 418 Martin, David, 14 – 15 , 430 , 449 , 749 – 750 , 755 McWilliams, Carey, 194 Martínez, Teodoro Hampe, 146 Mecham, J. Lloyd, 270 – 271 Martínez-Fernández, Luis, 299 media Marxism Charismatic Catholicism use of, 471 , 678 and Cuban Revolution, 669 See also religious media and visual culture and Liberation Theology, 367 , 388 – 389 , 745 Medina, José Toribio, 243 Mary (mother of Jesus). See Virgin Mary Mello, Manoel de, 433 , 439 – 440 Maryknoll (Catholic Foreign Mission Society Mendicant Orders, 177 , 181 of America), 354 , 402 , 406 Mendieta, Gerónimo de, 74 , 94 , 181 MAS (Movimiento al Socialismo, Bolivia), Mendoza, Antonio de, 92 562 , 583 Mendoza, Pedro de, 185 – 186 Mass, Catholic Menem, Carlos Saul, 720 in late medieval Europe, 37 Mennonites, 513 Tridentine Catholicism on, 117 – 118 Mercedarians, 175 Mateo, Olivorio (Dios Oliverio), 349 Mérida, Mexico, Jehovah’s Witnesses Mater et Magistra (1961), 361 , 375 in, 702 Matheus, Rosângela, 753 Mesa, Carlos, 556 matlazahuatl (typhus/typhoid fever) epidemic mesa branca (low Spiritism), 659 Matory, Lorand, 618 – 619 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 652 Maxwell, John, 670 Mesoamerica, religion in from Formative to M a y a Postclassic, 22 – 27 ceremonial centers of, 24 ceremonial centers, 23 – 26 Chiapanec, nativist movement among, 216 Classic Maya architecture, 24 communal piety of, 168 – 169 Classic Zapotec architecture, 24 – 25 and costumbre, 349 – 350 , 488 – 489 cross-regional infl uences, 25 – 26 Guatemalan Postclassic Chichén Itzá, 25 – 26 contemporary case studies on, 598 , 599 Postclassic Cholula, 26 millenarianism among, 216 Postclassic Tula, 25 religious identity of, 577 Teotihuacan, 25 rural Catholic Action groups among, 355 codices, 26 transnationalism of, 673 Borgia Group, 26 land distribution issues, 518 Central Mexican codices, 26 Maya Long Count cycle, 23 Mexica tradition, 26 movements by, 517 Mixtec tradition, 26 participation in Holy Week Precolumbian Maya texts, 26 processions, 486 contrasts with Christianity, 30 and Popul Vuh, 600 major periods correlating with shifts in Precolumbian texts, 26 religious practices, 22 representation of Jesus by, 482 Maya Long Count cycle, 23 Tzotzil Maya Mexica society, 26 – 27 contemporary case studies on, 597 , 599 teixiptla notion in, 27 converts to Islam, 597 , 599 , 718 Templo Mayor structure, 26 mobilization by, 571 , 573 teotl notion in, 27 violence against, 514 parallel calendrical cycles, 22 – 23 Yucatán as rooted in autonomous territorial/social assessemnt by Diego de Landa, 73 – 74 units, 30 – 31 communal piety of, 168 – 169 sacrifi cial off erings destruction of sacred texts of, 134 – 135 animal, 24 human sacrifi ce practiced by, 79 complexity of, 23 – 24 Mbiti, John, 47 human, 24 McAlister, Elizabeth, 623 temporal structure for collective religious McDannell, Colleen, 452 observances, 22 – 23

807

Index

messianic/revitalization movements, 207 – 217 Charismatic, 678 Andean religious movements, 212 – 216 Church-state relationship, 350 – 351 , indigenous cosmological background, 494 – 495 2 1 2– 2 1 3 dictatorship opposition/support, 400 indigenous millenarian movements, diff erence of opinion from sexual 2 1 3– 2 1 6 morality of Vatican, 552 pachakuti concept, 213 eroding dominance, 13 Spanish infl uences, 213 images, 740 – 741 Brazilian millenarianism, 208 – 212 Legionarios de Cristo, 748 folk-Catholic movements, 210 number of followers, 12 , 342 Império do Belo Monte (“Canudos”) Opus Dei, 748 movement, 210 – 211 popular, 270 , 488 – 489 indigenous movements, 208 – 210 post-independence, 400 Joaseiro do Norte movement, 210 – 212 progressive, 385 – 386 messianic movement of Conselheiro survey on what Church should devote in, 269 attention to, 341 in northeast, 210 – 212 Vatican response to persecution of in northwest/upper Amazon, 209 Catholics, 666 Portuguese infl uences, 210 views on gender issues, 341 reasons precipitating, 212 wealth of Church, 260 santidade movements, 209 Central Mexican codices, 26 sources of, 210 Borgia Group, 26 terra-sem-mal concept, 208 Mexica tradition, 26 characterizations of millenarianism, 207 Mixtec tradition, 26 and Incas, 212 – 213 challenges to laicicism in, 343 Mexican millenarian movements, 216 – 217 Chinese immigrants in, 723 , 727 in Paraguay, 209 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , 499 mestizaje, 581 , 583 controversy over education in, 743 Methodist Chile Conference, 300 Creole clergy in, 235 – 236 Methodist Episcopal Church (Brazil), 288 Cristero War in, 271 , 744 Methodist Pentecostal Church (Chile), 433 cult of Santísima Muerte in, 741 – 742 Methodists decline in institutional religious practice in Brazil, 288 , 292 – 293 in, 340 in Chile, 300 , 433 early Protestant missionaries in, 293 – 294 schools in Peru, 297 – 298 emigration from, 681 use of print media in conversions, 455 emigration to US from, 684 – 685 , 686 Metz, Johan Baptist, 365 – 366 1901–2000, 682t42.2 Mexica codice, 26 foreign born by birth region/date of Mexican-American War, Protestant arrival, 681t42.1 missionary eff orts during, 291 evangelical involvement in politics, 752 Mexican Conference of Bishops, 520 expulsion of Jesuits from, 221 , 222 – 223 Mexican Revolution, 353 , 374 faith and politics in, 302 Mexica society, 26 – 27 faith healers in, 348 , 349 human sacrifi ce in, 79 and inculturation theology, 597 , 599 teixiptla notion in, 27 independence, 235 , 237 – 239 , 270 , 399 Templo Mayor structure, 26 indigenous mobilization in teotl notion in, 27 Dominican role in, 570 – 571 Mexico indigenous vs. religious institutional abortion in, 549 goals, 578 Alcoholics Anonymous in, 539 – 540 interaction between religious/local anticlericism in, 347 context, 567 apparitions of Virgin Mary in, 350 religious framing, 570 – 571 Catholicism in religious resources for, 572 , 573

808

Index

Inquisition in, 136 and popular-erudite dialectic, 740 – 741 Japanese immigrants in, 724 religious art in, 89 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 700 , 701 – 702 religious orders in, 90 – 95 Jesuits Augustinians, 92 – 94 expulsion from, 221 , 222 – 223 cooperation with Crown in higher education institutions in, colonization/conversion, 90 – 91 contemporary, 748 Dominicans, 68 – 69 , 73 , 93 Jews in, 709 , 710 , 711 Franciscans, 68 , 70 – 72 , 73 – 74 , 91 – 93 , Korean immigrants in, 727 74 0– 74 1 La Luz del Mundo in, 702 – 703 , 704 – 705 Jesuits, 94 – 95 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 and Sublimis Deus, 6 8– 6 9 Lutheran merchant/craftsmen syncretism in, 96 – 97 congregations in, 305 Tlacatecolotl as substitution migrants in, 520 – 521 , 522 devil in, 97 millenarian movements, 216 – 217 Mexico City Muslims in, 716 , 717 , 718 black confraternities in, 202 – 203 , 205 Pentecostalism in Corpus Christi processions in, 116 beginnings of, 432 – 433 Creole clergy in, 235 – 236 founders of, 433 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 702 internationalization of, 420 Jews in, 709 popularity of Santería in, 624 Marian shrines surrounding, 151 poverty rate of indigenous in, 561 pilgrimage to Virgin of Guadalupe, 152 Precolumbian Maya texts, 26 relics of European saints donated to, 148 Protestantism in, 447 See also Mexico early missionaries, 293 – 294 Meyer, Albert, 402 faith missions, 296 Meyer, Jean, 254 , 271 , 744 growth, 444 Meyer, Marshall, 711 during Mexican-American War, 291 Miami, Florida, Cuban immigrants in, 685 , number of followers, 12 687 – 688 Reform Wars (1858-1860), 262 Michael (Saint), 147 , 151 , 154 – 155 religious orders in, 90 – 95 Michoacán, Mexico religious self-identifi cation, 684 Augustinians in, 94 secularization of public institutions in, e ff ect of expulsion of Jesuits on education 335 – 339 in, 227 – 228 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 Franciscans in, 93 sponsorship of audiovisual centers in, 456 Nueva Jerusalén colony in, 216 – 217 state recognition of religious bodies reform-minded clergy in, 235 in, 752 Mier, Servando Teresa de, 232 , 239 , 258 syncretism examples, 88 Mignone, Emilio, 409 manifestations of Virgin Mary, 88 milagros, 483 Sanctuary of Jesus the Nazarene, 88 millenarianism. See messianic/revitalization television ownership in, 426 movements and tithing, 260 Miller, William, 696 Zapatista rebellion in, 488 – 489 , 517 , 559 Mills, Kenneth, 105 See also Mexico (New Spain); Our Lady of Minaya, Bernardino de, 68 – 69 Guadalupe (Mexico) Ministry of the Nations, 674 Mexico (New Spain) Miranda, Carmen, 459 epidemics in, 100 Miranda, David, 416 , 440 , 676 indigenous reactions to Christianity in, See also God is Love Pentecostal Church 100 – 101 (IPDA, Brazil) Inquisition in Miranda, Francisco, 234 number of proceedings, 140 Miskito Coast, 291 types of off enses specifi c to, 139 Mission Purísima Concepción, 191

809

Index

missions, Franciscan in Alta California, Mission San Buenaventura, 191 190 – 195 Mission San Diego de Alcalá, 190 coerced labor in, 193 Mission San Francisco de Solano, 190 corporal punishment in, 193 – 194 Mission Santa Barbara, 191 Crown impetus for, 190 – 191 Mixtec disease in, 192 – 193 bundles in iconography of, 83 – 84 Franciscan impetus for, 191 codice of, 26 Indian labor issues, 191 modernization theory, 364 restoration of, 192 Mogrovejo, Toribio Alfonso de, 96 role of Serra in, 190 Moixó, Benet María, 242 sexual abstinence/regulation in, 193 Molina, Alonso de, 165 missions, Franciscan in New Mexico, Molina, Juan Ignacio de, 234 178 – 185 Molina, Rene, 676 approach to Natives as caciques, 179 Moltmann, Jürgen, 365 – 366 concentration patterns, 179 Monroe Doctrine, 305 conversion model, 179 – 180 Montaigne, Michel de, 81 conversion strategies, 180 – 182 Monte Albán site, 24 – 25 explication/understanding of Montenegro, Silvia, 719 sacraments, 181 – 182 Monterrey, Mexico, Jehovah’s Witnesses intensive instruction at doctrinas, 181 in, 702 linguistic limitations of, 181 – 182 Montesinos, Antonio de, 160.130, 66 , 87 , purging of lust, 180 359 – 360 , 373 substitution of Christian rites for native, Montevideo, Uruguay, immigrant 180 , 182 , 183 Lutheranism in, 304 – 305 success of, 182 – 183 Montúfar, Alonso de, 135 use of young Indian boys, 180 – 181 Montúfar, Lorenzo, 290 and Pueblo Revolt, 184 Moody, Dwight L., 295 types of missions, 178 – 179 Moors, 2 – 3 , 633 missions, Jesuit in Paraguay, 185 – 190 Mora, José Maria, 260 , 399 concubinage, 186 – 187 Mora, Victor, 433 conversion methods, 189 – 190 Morais, Zélio de, 660 demise of, 190 Morales, Evo, 521 , 559 , 562 , 583 disease as threat to, 188 morality establishment of reduccións/ doctrinas, and Catholic Charismatic 188 – 189 Renewal, 469 fi rst Jesuits, 187 – 188 of Catholics vs. morality of Vatican, 552 formation of encomiendas, 187 in late medieval Europe, 43 geography and establishment of Moravians, 291 missions, 185 Morazán, Francisco, 255 , 275 – 276 change in geographical location, 188 Moreira, Maria, 714 Indian labor issues, 189 Morell de Santa Cruz, Pedro mineral wealth as impetus for, 185 – 186 Agustín, 321 slave raiders as threat to, 188 – 189 Morelos, José María, 237 – 238 , 247 , 248 , 273 social organization of Guaraní, 186 Morelos, Mexico Spanish colonists as threat to, 189 Augustinians in, 94 success of, 190 Franciscans in, 93 use of native boys to assist in conversions, Moreno, Juan, 320 – 321 189 – 190 Moreton, Bethany E., 543 – 544 missions, Protestant Morgan, David, 451 historical, 6 Morgan, Ronald, 147 Protestant mission hospitals, 297 Mormons. See Latter-Day Saints (LDS) missions, Spanish, 173 – 196 Moscoso y Peralta, Juan Manuel de, 399 background to, 173 – 178 Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de, 255 , 263 conclusions about, 195 – 196 Mota Padilla, Matias de la, 151

810

Index

Mothers and Relatives of Political Prisoners, European interpretations of Disappeared, and Assassinated of idolatry of, 85 El Salvador (CoMadres), 514 – 515 incorporation of Christian Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo in Argentina, 516 images by, 127 Mother Teresa, 395 social organization of, 31 Movement of Landless Rural Workers traditional elements used in conversion of, (Movimento dos Sem Terra, MST, 8 1– 8 2, 9 1 Brazil), 390 , 519 , 745 Napoleon, 233 , 238 Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS, Bolivia), National Action Party (PAN, Mexico), 562 , 583 4 9 4– 4 9 5, 4 9 9 Movimento dos Sem Terra (MST, Brazil), 519 , 745 National Association of Evangelicals Mukti Revival (1905), 300 (Bolivia), 556 Müller, Gerhard, 393 – 394 National Catholic Party (Mexico), 335 MULT (Truique Unifi ed Movement for National Conference of Brazilian Bishops Struggle), 575 (CNBB), 385 , 404 Muñecas, Ildefonso de las, 241 National Council of Christian Churches of Muñoz, Hortensia, 573 Brazil (CONIC), 734 Muñoz, Miguel, 277 , 278 National Council of the Churches of Christ Murabitun community in Chiapas, 720 (US), 456 Muslims National Debate for Peace (Debate Nacional in Brazil, 280 por la Paz), 513 census data on, 714 , 715 National Foundation for the Indians (FUNAI, dissemination of Islam, 718 Brazil), 317 early immigrants, 716 National Methodist Church (Chile), 300 enslaved Africans, 715 – 716 National Offi ce for Social Information (ONIS, gender of followers, 720 Peru), 386 growth of population, 715 , 720 National Party (Uruguay), 493 – 494 mosques, 718 National Security Doctrine, 337 – 338 settlement patterns, 716 – 717 National Wesleyan Church (Chile), 433 Sunnis/Shias in, 717 Navarro, Alfonso, 678 uprising of 1835, 281 , 716 Nebel, Richard, 329 urbanites, 720 Neocatecumene, 390 – 391 , 748 early immigrants, 716 neoliberalism, and inculturation economic/social status of, 720 theology, 596 mosque building, 717 , 718 neo-native spirituality, 573 – 574 of non-Arab descent, 719 neo-Pentecostalism and racial equality, 719 coining of term, 756 in Senegal, 203 diabolic in, 756 settlement patterns, 716 – 717 exchange concept in, 757 – 758 Shias, 717 formations of citizenship, 542 – 543 slaves and religion, 608 , 683 and mimesis, 758 and Sufi s , 7 1 9 ritual promiscuity in, 756 – 757 Sunnis, 717 , 720 similarity to Catholicism, 742 See also Islam and subjectivity, 541 – 544 Mustelier Garzón, Hilario (San Hilarón), 348 and tithing, 757 Muzi, Giovanni, 245 – 246 transmission of, 755 mysticism See also Pentecostalism false mystics, 125 – 126 Never Again (Nunca Más), 513 – 514 and Teresa of Ávila, 532 – 533 Neves, Tancredo, 615 and Tridentine Catholicism, 124 – 126 , 128 New Age movements, 458 New Evangelization crusade, 390 – 391 Nagô religion, 618 New Granada Nahua people expulsion of Jesuits from, 227 bundles in iconography of, 83 – 84 independence of, 239 – 240

811

Index

New Granada (cont.) Nuestro Clamor por la Vida (Our Cry for Life, Inquisition in, 136 Aquino), 529 – 530 See also Caribbean Nueva Jerusalén, 216 – 217 New Laws (1542), 177 , 187 , 360 Nunca Más (Never Again), 513 – 514 New Mexico. See missions, Franciscan in Nunes, Clara, 459 New Mexico Nunis, Doyce, Jr., 195 New Spain. See Mexico (New Spain) New Tribes Mission, 577 , 670 Oaxaca, Mexico Nican mopohua, 3 2 5, 3 2 9 Church-state relationship in, 350 – 351 Nican motecpana, 322 , 323 , 324 , 325 Classic Zapotec ceremonial centers Nicaragua in, 24 – 25 belief in God in, 10 indigenous mobilization in Catholicism in indigenous vs. religious institutional number of followers, 12 goals, 578 opposition to/support of dictatorship, interaction between religious/local 405 – 407 , 409 context, 567 – 568 popular, 487 inquisition in, 135 progressive, 385 See also Mexico; Mexico (New Spain) CEBs in, 379 , 380 , 507 , 511 , 551 Obando y Bravo, Miguel, 406 dictatorship in, 405 – 407 , 409 , 510 Oberkirchenrat Berlin, 313 , 314 fund raising for Contras through TV Ocampo, Melchor, 261 , 262 evangelism in, 456 – 457 Ocosingo, Mexico, indigenous mobilization human rights in, 511 , 513 in, 570 – 571 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 O’Higgins, Bernardo, 244 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 – 693 Okinawan religions, 726 Liberation Theology in, 424 , 487 Oliva, Isabel Flores de. See Rose of Lima Lutheran missions in Managua, 306 (Saint) military rule in, 378 Oliveira, Vitória Peres de, 718 , 719 patron saint of, 319 Olmedo, Bartolomé de, 90 , 175 Pentecostalism in, 444 , 552 – 553 Olmos, Andrés de, 85 Protestantism in, 12 , 444 , 684 Olodumare (Creator deity), 640 , 642 Sandinista Revolution in, 301 , 366 ololiuhqui, 1 3 9 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 O’Malley, Sean Patrick, 393 See also Sandinista Front for National Ometochtli-Chichimecatecuhtli, Carlos, Liberation (FSLN) 100 – 101 Nigeria Ometochtzin, Carlos, 71 and internationalization of Oñate, Juan de, 182 Pentecostalism, 420 ONIS (National Offi ce for Social Information, See also Igbo people; Yoruba Peru), 386 Noble, Mercedes, 644 On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) (Schleiermacher), 363 and indigenous mobilization, 563 – 564 , 583 On the Origin of the Indians of Brazil infl uence of Liberation Theology on, (Cardim), 78 74 5– 74 6 O Paraíso Terrestre, 210 – 211 Norget, Kristin, 568 , 574 – 576 Opus Dei, 390 – 391 , 489 , 552 , 670 , 748 , North American Evangelical movement, 305 7 5 0, 7 5 1 “Notes for a Theology of Liberation” Order of Preachers. See Dominican Order (Gutiérrez), 382 Ordinances of Discovery (1573), Nova Friburgo, Brazil, fi rst Lutheran 177 – 178 , 188 congregation at, 304 – 305 , 311 – 312 O Reino Encantado, 210 – 211 Noya, Emilio, 280 Organization of American States, as Nuestra Señora de la Defensa, 150 – 151 indigenous advocate, 564 – 565 Nuestra Señora del Carmen, 2 74 Orishas. See Santería

812

Index

Ortiz, Dianna, 535 – 536 as symbol of Mexican nationalism, 6 Ortiz, Fernando, 634 tetralogy of, 88 , 151 Ortiz, Tomás, 66 – 67 , 93 and Zumárraga, 322 – 323 Osborn, T. L., 423 Our Lady of Lujan (Argentina), 278 – 279 , 454 Oshún (goddess), 321 Our Lady of Mercy (Ecuador), 153 , 319 Ossio, Juan, 215 Our Lady of Perpetual Help (Haiti), 620 “other religions” in Latin America, Our Lady of Piety (Mexico), 151 statistics on, 12 Our Lady of Remedies (Latin America), Our Cry for Life (Nuestro Clamor por la Vida, 116 , 319 Aquino), 529 – 530 Our Lady of Sorrows (Latin America), 319 Our Lady of Altagracia (Dominican Our Lady of the Bullet (Mexico), 151 Republic), 319 Our Lady of the Defense (Mexico), 150 – 151 Our Lady of Aparecida (Brazil), 319 , 451 , 454 , Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception of 468 – 469 El Viejo (Nicaragua), 319 Our Lady of Charity of El Cobre (Cuba), Our Lady of the Miracles of Caacupé 320 – 321 , 620 , 685 (Paraguay), 319 , 454 Our Lady of Chiquinquirá (Colombia), 454 Our Lady of the Rosary (Brazil), 620 – 621 Our Lady of Copacabana (Bolivia), 319 , 454 Outline to a Theory of Practice (Bourdieu), 537 Our Lady of Coromoto (Venezuela), 454 Our Lady of Exile (Miami), 621 Pacem in Terris (1963), 361 , 375 Our Lady of Good Death (Brazil), 620 – 621 Pachamama (Earth Mother), 97 , 165 , 482 Our Lady of Grace (New Spain), 149 Pagden, Anthony, 77 Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico), 322 – 329 Pagelança, and Spiritism, 653 appearance to Juan Diego, 114 , 150 Palacios, Edgar, 513 and Charismatic Catholicism, 468 – 469 Palacios, Felipe Vázquez, 752 as counternarrative to complete defeat of Palacios, Vicente Riva, 95 native peoples, 329 Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de, 147 , 148 , 150 , foundational text of apparitions, 322 , 323 , 151 , 152 324 , 325 Pallares, Amalia, 580 healing powers of, 116 Palma, Joaquín de, 299 historical origins of, 322 – 324 Palo (Cuba), 606 – 607 , 644 – 646 and human rights, 328 and ancestor worship, 644 , 645 and immigrant ritual practices, 687 nganga as focus of magic/rituals, 645 – 646 indigenous forerunners of, 97 origins of, 644 and Mexican independence, 237 – 238 , origins of Spanish name of, 644 273 – 274 , 399 , 486 Palo Brillumba branch of, 646 as model for evangelization, 328 Palo Kimbisa branch of, 646 origin of tilma of Juan Diego, 323 – 324 Palo Mayombe branch of, 646 as patroness of San Antonio, 685 “voodoo dolls,” 645 – 646 pilgrimage in Mexico City, 152 Palo Monte. See Palo (Cuba) and popular Catholicism, 273 – 274 PAN (National Action Party, Mexico), 266 , popularity of, 145 – 146 , 322 – 329 , 454 4 9 4– 4 9 5, 4 9 9 popularity of name Guadalupe among PAN (National Autonomy Party, non-Indians, 274 Argentina), 266 reasons for prominence of, 322 , 324 – 325 Panama celebrations/building projects/art, Catholicism in 326 – 327 Church-state relationship in, 495 codifi cation of worship, 325 dictatorship opposition/support, link to national pride and identity, 402 – 403 327 – 328 Chinese immigrants in, 727 location of Tepeyac, 327 Día de la Raza in, 559 spread of devotion through preaching, grassroots organizations in, 379 325 – 326 Lutheran missions in, 306

813

Index

Panama (cont.) patronato real (padroado), 4 , 135 – 136 , 226 , Pentecostalism in 332 – 333 , 334 megachurches, 676 374 , 400 , 410 sex education, 555 Pauccar, Hernando, 96 Protestantism in Paul III (pope), 68 – 69 , 91 converts from Catholicism, 445 Paul VI (pope), 497 , 512 Pentecostal percentage, 446 – 447 Paz Solórzano, Juan, 278 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 PCP-SL (Shining Path), 403 Panama City, grassroots organizations in, 379 PDC (Christian Democratic Party, Chile), papal infallibility, 279 , 374 496 , 497 Paraguay PDC (Christian Democratic Party, El Catholicism in Salvador), 496 , 499 Church-state relationship, 495 , 579 – 580 PDC (Christian Democratic Party, Uruguay), dictatorship opposition/support, 400 493 , 498 erosion of dominance, 13 Peasant Leagues (ligas campesinas), 5 1 8– 5 1 9 number of followers, 12 , 342 Pedro II (Portugal), 211 expulsion of Jesuits from, 222 , 224 – 226 Pedro of Cordoba, 134 indigenous in Peel, J.D.Y., 47 – 48 identity politics, 576 , 578 , 579 – 580 Pentecostal Deus é amor, 416 messianic movements, 209 Pentecostalism, 430 – 449 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 attack on Umbanda, 440 Korean immigrants in, 723 , 727 attitude toward Candomblé, 621 land distribution issues, 518 – 519 and Azusa Street Revival, 300 , 415 , 431 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 – 693 and Catholic Church, 415 messianic movements in, 209 Charismatic Catholicism similarity to, 468 military rule in, 378 and current era ( see Protestantism, in Muslims in, 716 – 717 current era) oath of clerical loyalty, 257 denomination composition/ patron saint of, 319 , 454 nationalization process, 433 – 442 Protestantism in in Argentina, 434 – 435 Catholic converts, 445 in Brazil, 435 – 442 growth, 444 in Chile, 434 number of followers, 12 in El Salvador, 434 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 in Guatemala, 435 , 699 unaffi liated in, 12 in Peru, 434 See also Guaraní people; missions, Jesuit in descarrego (release) concept of, 423 Paraguay features of Paredes, Otoniel Ríos, 676 African churches, 422 – 423 Parliamentary Front in the Defense of divine healing, 417 – 418 , 439 Life, 556 dramatization of struggle against evil, Parra, Porfi rio, 267 421 – 423 Parrinder, Geoff r e y, 5 4 migration/immigration, 420 Parteli, Carlos, 498 nationalization/transnationalization, Partido Autonomista Nacional (PAN, 419 – 423 , 552 Argentina), 266 poverty discourse, 423 – 424 pastoral indígena, 567 , 568 – 569 , 575 radiophonic culture, 418 – 419 Pastoral Land Commission (CPT, Comissão speaking in tongues, 415 – 417 Pastoral da Terra), 519 televangelism, 424 – 426 Pastorals, 746 forerunners of, 432 Patagonia Missionary Society, 291 founding of, 433 patriarchy, 547 abroad vs. homegrown Patria Vieja (1811-1814), 244 denominations, 433 Patronage Law (1824; Gran Colombia), 257 social composition of founders, 433

814

Index

and gang violence, 756 Pérez Armendáriz, José de, 241 and gender equity, 553 – 554 Perfect Liberty, 726 and globalization Perón, Eva Duarte de, 494 as conversionist, 17 Perón, Juan Domingo, 352 , 494 as decentralized religion, 18 P e r u and human rights movement, 19 abortion in, 343 as one of most globalized religions, 18 Catholicism in growth of, 430 – 431 , 552 – 553 , 764 , 765 , Church-state relationship, 351 , 400 , 766 , 770 496 , 580 historical churches, 432 – 433 dictatorship opposition/support, 403 historical research on, diffi culty in, 431 eroding dominance, 13 and iconoclastism, 451 , 452 lay organizations, 355 and indigenous mobilization, 566 – 567 number of followers, 342 religious resources for, 573 Opus Dei, 748 infl uence on popular/erudite religion popular, 279 – 280 relationship, 755 – 756 progressive, 386 and institutional politics, 552 – 553 status of Church, 752 international expansion of, 431 – 432 Chinese immigrants in, 723 , 727 and land reform, 519 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , 498 and Latin Americans of Asian descent, 723 Comunione e Liberazione in, 748 media use Creole clergy in, 235 – 236 purpose of media productions, 457 emergency contraception in, 550 use of media, 456 – 458 idolatry in, 80 , 103 , 104 – 105 use of visual/symbolic elements, 458 independence in Upper Peru, 241 – 242 mission work in Chile, 300 independence movements in, 240 – 242 , 399 as new form of popular religion, 414 – 427 independence of, 240 – 242 , 492 origins in US, 431 indigenous in prospects for, 447 – 449 chancas worship, 103 gender issues, 448 conopas worship, 103 historical Protestantism, 448 – 449 diversity among, 561 socio-economic change/government huacas worship, 102 – 103 policy, 448 numbers of, 560 – 561 stronger Catholic resistance to religious resources for mobilization, Protestant advance, 447 5 7 2, 5 7 3 and reproduction/sexuality, 553 resistance/adaptation to Christianity, abortion, 553 , 554 – 555 100 – 101 contraception, 554 success of mobilization, 581 – 582 on sex education, 553 , 555 introduction of concept of the devil ritual in, 756 in, 104 and Satan, 414 – 415 , 421 Japanese immigrants in, 723 , 724 and secularization of public institutions in Lutheran merchant/craftsmen Brazil, 339 congregations in, 305 and subjectivity, 541 – 544 Lutheran missions in, 307 in United States Methodist schools in, 297 – 298 megachurches, 676 military coup in, 378 origins of, 431 missionary views on Indians in, 74 – 75 prosperity gospel, 423 opposing images of nature of Indians and urbanization, 419 , 436 , 669 , 694 in, 74 – 75 use of elements of Umbanda, 441 , 458 participation in Holy Week See also Assemblies of God (AG); processions, 486 Brazil, Pentecostalism in; patron saint of, 162 neo-Pentecostalism Pentecostalism in Peredo, Antonio, 583 beginnings, 433

815

Index

Peru (cont.) Pius XI (pope), 7 , 353 – 354 , 400 , 666 denomination composition/ Pius XII (pope), 353 – 354 nationalization process, 434 Pizarro, Francisco and institutional politics, 552 – 553 and Christianization of Incas, 175 Pentecostal percentage of Protestants and conquest of Inca Empire, 173 – 174 in, 446 – 447 Pizarro, Luna, 242 sex education, 555 Plan of Iguala (1821), 238 , 239 status of church, 752 PLN (National Liberation Party, Costa pluri-confessionalism in, 343 Rica), 498 Protestantism in, growth of, 444 , 447 Plotting Women (Franco), 529 reform-minded clergy in, 235 pluralism religious orders in, 74 – 75 , 95 – 96 competitive, 443 Dominicans, 95 in Latin America, 508 , 764 – 766 Jesuits, 96 and reactivation of laicity of public resistance to evangelization in, 100 – 101 institutions, 341 – 342 rural Indians and Tridentine Catholicism pluri-confessionalism, 343 – 344 in, 127 Poewe, Karla, 420 – 421 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 political change, as pathway to the future, 770 , 771 Tupac Amaru II, 234 , 240 , 399 political parties, and Catholicism, 491 – 503 unaffi liated in, 12 from 1880 to 1970s, 492 – 496 See also Incas ; Lima, Peru in Argentina, 494 Pessar, Patrica R., 208 in Brazil, 495 – 496 Peterson, Anna, 384 , 511 in Colombia, 493 peyote, 139 , 166 – 167 , 203 in Cuba, 495 pharmaceutical industries, and subjectivity, in Ecuador, 496 541 – 542 enduring authoritarian regimes, 494 – 495 Philip II (Spain), 135 – 136 , 360 liberalizing authoritarian regimes, 495 – 496 Philip III (Portugal), 136 in Mexico, 494 – 495 Philip IV (Portugal), 136 oligarchic democracies, 493 – 494 Philippines, spread of Santería to, 625 in Peru, 496 Philips, Miles, 324 in Uruguay, 493 – 494 piety, as element of Tridentine Catholicism, in Venezuela, 496 109 – 126 Christian Democratic parties, 496 – 499 collective nature of devotion, 122 – 124 in Chile, 496 , 497 mysticism, 124 – 126 conservative vs. progressive, 497 ornate decoration of sacred space, 120 – 122 in Costa Rica, 497 – 498 ritual and performance, 115 – 120 in Dominican Republic, 496 , 499 sacred immanence, 110 – 115 in Ecuador, 496 , 498 Pigafeta, Francesco A., 78 in El Salvador, 496 , 499 pilgrimages in Mexico, 496 , 499 in late medieval Europe, 39 in Peru, 496 , 498 to Lima, 152 in Uruguay, 496 , 498 to Mexico City, 152 variables in emergence/roles among, and Tridentine Catholicism, 115 – 116 496 – 499 Pimería Alta, Jesuit missions in, 184 in Venezuela, 496 , 498 – 499 Pinochet, Augusto, 308 , 386 , 404 – 405 , 497 , 509 , military rule, impact of, 499 – 501 510 , 515 – 516 on Church, 500 – 501 Piñol y Aycinena, José Bernardo, 265 on people in general, 500 , 501 Pinto, Paulo Hilu Rocha, 717 , 719 on political parties, 501 Pittini, Ricardo, 353 nineteenth century, 492 Pius IX (pope), 263 , 273 , 279 , 374 colonial period, 492 Pius VII (pope), 245 independence era, 492 Pius X (pope), 355 , 400 overview of, 491

816

Index

political secularization, defi ning, 331 – 332 Popularum Progressio, 361 The Politics of Religion in an Age of Revival Popul Vuh, 600 (Ivereigh), 272 – 273 Porras, Martín de, 145 polygamy, 691 Portugal, Inquisition in, 133 Popé, 180 Positivism, infl uence on anticlericism, popular Catholicism, contemporary, 480 – 489 251 – 255 , 264 , 265 , 266 and Church hierarchy, 486 Potosí, Bolivia, silver discovered at, 186 confl ict with state authorities, 485 – 486 poverty cultural-historical legacies, 481 – 482 indigenous/non-indigenous gap in, 561 colonial, 481 Latin American Bishops’ Conference on, indigenous, 481 – 482 3 8 1– 3 8 2 infl uence on contemporary practice, 482 and Pentecostalism, 423 – 424 and healing, 664 Pope Francis I on, 392 – 393 , 395 overview of, 480 Prado, José “Pepe,” 678 politics of, 487 – 489 Precht, Cristián, 510 in El Salvador, 487 – 488 pre-Contact New World. See Incas ; relationship to ecclesial religion, 485 Mesoamerica, religion in from as religion of the poor, 485 Formative to Postclassic and Spiritism, 653 pre-Contact Old World. See Africa, religion in as votive culture, 482 – 484 pre-contact; late medieval Europe and devotion to Virgin of Guadalupe, predestination, 438 483 – 484 Presbyterians in domestic sphere, 484 early missionaries in Guatemala, 293 pilgrimage as votive act, 483 – 484 early missionaries in Mexico, 293 por promesa/manda concept, 482 – 483 , 484 missionaries in Chile, 292 relationality/aff ectivity of, 484 use of print media in conversions, 455 votive objects, 483 , 484 PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party, See also popular Catholicism, nineteenth Mexico), 494 century priests, shortage of Catholic, 102 , 346 , 349 , 669 popular Catholicism, nineteenth century Prieto, Guillermo, 261 and Catholic revival, 272 – 273 Proaño, Leonidas, 518 , 594 eighteenth century infl uences on, 269 , 272 – 273 processions elite-popular dynamic on, 270 – 271 Corpus Christi, 116 – 117 , 455 historical context of, 270 – 271 , 272 in Cuzco, 117 , 126 , 127 and independence movements and shrines, in late medieval Europe, 38 273 – 275 in Mexico City, 116 Argentina, 274 participation by confraternities, 116 , 153 Bolivia, 274 Maya participation, 486 Cuba, 274 as performative piety, 116 – 117 Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico, 273 – 274 in Puebla, 155 multifaceted views of, 271 – 272 as ritual and performance, 116 – 117 plebian expressions of faith, 271 as sacred space, 39 post-independence prosperity gospel, and Pentecostalism, 423 – 424 Argentina, 278 – 279 Protestantism Brazil, 280 – 282 and African spirituality, 635 Guatemala, 275 – 278 on Catholic Eucharistic beliefs, 108 messianism, 281 – 282 on Charismatic Catholicism, 465 Peru, 279 – 280 in current era, 442 – 447 shrines, 275 – 283 apostasy, 442 and response to independence competitive pluralism, 443 movements, 270 external factors in growth of, 445 See also popular Catholicism, contemporary fl attening growth curves, 442 Popular Christian Party (Peru), 498 growth rate, 443 – 444

817

Index

Protestantism (cont.) missionaries under Liberal rule, 6 internal factors in growth of, 445 – 446 numbers of native constituents, beginning lack of regular attendance, 442 20th century, 294 leveling off of growth, 442 – 443 shifts to local leadership, 298 – 300 percentage as Pentecostals, 446 – 447 in Chile, 300 proportion of converts from in Cuba, 299 – 300 Catholicism, 445 underreporting of native reasons to convert from Catholicism, contributions to missionary 445 – 446 work, 298 regional patterns of, 444 – 445 variations in church nationalization faith missions ( see faith missions) movements, 298 – 300 growth in Latin America, 683 – 684 , 766 Protestant transition, 15 – 16 and human rights, 508 – 509 , 512 – 514 Prussian Moravians, 291 incorporation of Marianism, 329 – 330 public education. See education and inculturation theology, 591 Puebla, Mexico and indigenous mobilization, 573 apparitions in, 150 – 151 and Korean immigrants, 723 Baroque artwork in, 165 number in Latin America, 12 , 342 , 508 enslaved woman as nun in, 202 and post-colonial body, 534 – 535 feast day celebrations in, 155 , 156 purpose of media productions, 457 Franciscans in, 93 on transubstantiation, 108 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 702 on Tridentine Catholicism, 108 – 109 , 110 , religious processions in, 155 118 , 121 Pueblo Indians use of print media, 455 – 456 fusion of Christian calendar with lunar See also diversifi cation in Latin America ; calendar of, 182 ecumenism ; Lutheranism ; population decline, 182 Pentecostalism ; Protestantism, See also missions, Franciscan in historical; individual countries New Mexico Protestantism, historical, 286 – 303 Pueblo Revolt, 184 denominationalism, 291 – 294 Puerto Rico in Brazil, 292 – 293 emigration to US from, 681 in Chile, 292 female role in local religious practices in, educational eff orts, 292 – 294 348 – 349 faith missions as challenge to, 294 – 298 internationalization of Pentecostal in Guatemala, 293 churches in, 420 liberal politics as impetus for, 292 – 294 Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 701 in Mexico, 293 – 294 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 early nineteenth century, 286 – 291 Lutheran missions in, 305 , 306 colporteurs, 288 – 290 Protestantism in, 684 educational eff orts of, 289 growth, 444 in Guatemala, 289 – 290 number of followers, 12 Miskito Coast, 291 religious diversifi cation in, 12 political impediments to entry of Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 Protestantism, 287 Spiritism in, 652 Moravians, 291 See also Afro-Caribbean religions Society for the Propagation of the Pumachua, Mateo, 241 Gospel, 290 – 291 PURS (Dominican Social Christian Reform theological impediments to entry of Party), 499 Protestantism, 287 – 288 PUSC (United Social Christian Party, Costa US vs. European missionary eff orts, 288 Rica), 497 – 498 at end of twentieth century, 300 – 302 Putnam, Robert, 753 faith-politics relationship, 301 Putumayo River Indians, 536 rise of Pentecostalism, 301 puyomate, 1 3 9

818

Index

Quadragesimo Anno (1931), 7 , 352 , 375 Reglas de Congo (Rule of the Kongo). See Palo Quakers, and migrant justice, 521 Regnum Christi movement, 748 Quechua reincarnation, 650 – 651 language of, 75 Relación de las cosas de Yucatán (Landa), 73 – 74 patron saint of, 319 relativism vs. fundamentalism model, 17 Queen of the Incas, 319 “Religion in Latin America” survey (Pew Queiroz, Maria Isaura Pereira de, 212 , 281 Forum), 444 – 447 Querétaro, New Spain, Franciscans in, 93 religious, percentage of people identifying Quetzalcoatl, 25 , 26 as, 340 Quichua (Ecuador), and inculturation religious media and visual culture, 448 theology, 597 , 599 – 600 African religions, 458 – 459 Quigley, Thomas, 510 audiovisual materials, 456 Quiroga, Vasco de, 94 Catholics Quito, Ecuador media in context of CBCs, 456 independence movement in, 239 response to Protestant productions, 457 patron saint of, 153 in colonial period, 453 – 454 as site of fi rst Protestant radio Franciscan use of Baroque style, 453 transmission, 456 Marian images, 454 and St. Isidore confraternity, 149 defi nitions, 451 – 452 See also Ecuador in independence era, 454 – 455 and marketing mentality, 459 – 460 racial equality, and Muslims, 719 minority religions, 458 Radical Civic Union (Argentina), 494 from nineteenth to twenty-fi rst centuries, radio, use by Charismatic Catholicism, 471 455 – 459 Radio Estrella, 471 Pentecostals radio schools (escolas radiofônicas), 379 media, 456 – 458 Rahner, Karl, 363 , 382 purpose of productions, 457 Ramírez, Ignacio, 261 , 262 visual/symbolic elements, 458 Ramírez de Fuenleal, Sebastián, 68 pre-Colombian societies, 452 – 453 Ramos, Juan, 289 Protestants rancherías, 1 7 6 print media, 455 – 456 Rankin, Melinda, 293 purpose of productions, 457 rationality debates (Junta de Valladolid), 69 radio transmission, 456 Ratzinger, Joseph, 366 – 367 , 387 , 389 , 393 , 521 role of media, 459 See also Benedict XVI (pope) See also Baroque era real patronato de las Indias, 398 religious pluralism, in Latin America, 764 – 766 Reconçavo movement of Bahia, 209 REMHI (Recovery of Historical Memory Reconquista, 2 – 3 , 633 Project), 409 , 513 – 514 Recovery of Historical Memory Project Rémond, René, 253 (REMHI), 409 , 513 – 514 reproduction and sexuality, 541 – 542 Rede Brasil Cristão, 471 abortion ( see abortion) Rede Canção Nova, 457 birth control pill eff ect on, 548 Rede Global, 452 , 457 and Catholic Charismatic Renewal, 551 – 552 Redemptoris Missio, 566 , 595 and CEBs, 551 Rede Record, 452 , 457 – 458 contraceptives ( see contraceptives) Rede Século XXI, 457 duplicity in moral standards eff ect on, 548 Rede Vida, 457 , 471 and evangelicals, 552 – 556 reducciones, 179 Marianism eff ect on, 547 – 548 The Reformation of Machismo (Brusco), 534 – 535 patriarchy eff ect on, 547 regalism, and secularism/secularization, sex education, 553 , 555 343 – 344 social movements eff ect on, 548 , 551 Regla de Ocha (Cuba), 611 , 616 – 617 , 618 Reproductive Health and Assisted Procreation Regla de Palo Monte (Cuba), 611 , 618 Law (2000; Argentina), 555

819

Index

republicanism, 331 mysticism of, 110 , 124 requerimiento, 1 74 overview of life of, 107 , 279 – 280 Rerum Novarum (1891), 7 , 352 , 375 , 400 , 593 , 743 as patron saint, 274 retalbo (wooden cabinet to house statues), piety of, 109 , 118 – 119 163 , 165 relics of, 111 , 115 Rethorica Christiana (Valadés), 89 representation in artwork, 165 Revillagigedo (Viceroy of Mexico), 228 as symbol, 146 Revolutionary Virgin (la Virgen Rossi, Marcelo, 457 , 465 , 749 Mambisa), 321 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 236 , 262 Ricard, Robert, 1 royal patronage (atronato real), 332 – 333 , 334 Richman, Karen, 625 – 626 Rubial, Antonio, 147 Riego, Rafael de, 238 Rubin, Jeff rey, 586 Right to Decide, 550 Ruether, Rosemary Radford, 369 Río, Vial del, 245 Ruiz, Samuel, 386 , 488 , 567 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Ruiz García, Samuel, 517 , 594 Catholic University at, 749 Russell, Charles Taze, 700 CEBs in, 379 Rutherford, Joseph Franklin, 700 Church-state relationship in, 352 – 353 fi rst Lutheran congregation in, 311 – 312 sacraments Institute of Religious Studies in, 554 decline in practice of, 340 – 341 Lutheran merchant/craftsmen Eucharist, 37 , 110 , 114 – 115 congregations in, 305 in late medieval Europe, 36 – 38 Muslims in, 716 list of, 37 Pentecostalism in, 436 , 439 – 440 and Masses for the dead, 37 Protestant use of radio for conversions use by Franciscans in conversions, 181 – 182 in, 456 Sacred Congregation of Holy Rites religious diversity in, 15 (Vatican), 162 See also Brazil Sacred Heart missionaries, recruitment Río de la Plata during Catholic resurgence, 354 expulsion of Jesuits from, 221 – 222 , 223 Sacred Heart of Jesus (Ecuador), 6 independence of, 243 sacred immanence, as element of Tridentine Ley de reforma del clero (1822), 257 Catholicism, 110 – 115 Rio Grande Synod, 313 Council of Trent on, 110 – 111 Ríos Montt, José Efraín, 286 , 435 , 512 , 694 – 695 Eucharist, 110 , 114 – 115 Ripalda, Gerónimo de, 119 images of Christ, 112 rite Petro (Haiti), 611 images of Mary (mother of Jesus), 112 – 114 rite Rada (Haiti), 611 images of saints, 110 , 112 – 115 Rivadavia, Bernardo, 246 , 252 , 259 , 279 Protestant criticism of, 110 Rivera Damas, Arturo, 408 relics of saints, 110 , 111 – 112 Roberts, Oral, 423 sacred space, and Tridentine Catholicism, Robertson, Pat, 425 , 426 , 456 – 457 120 – 122 , 128 Rocha, Cristina, 726 sacred time, in late medieval Europe, 39 – 40 Rodríguez, José Santiago, 244 Sáenz, Moisés, 296 , 297 Rodríguez de Mendoza, Toribio, 236 Sahagún, Bernardino de, 71 – 72 , 85 , 93 Romberg, Raquel, 652 Saint Michael of the Miracles, 151 , 152 Romero, Óscar, 384 , 407 – 408 , 487 – 488 , 511 , saints 514 , 568 in Baroque era, 160 – 161 , 163 – 164 Rosa, Pedro José Chávez de la, 235 beati status, 144 Rosa Figueroa, Francisco Antonio de la, 148 changes in canonization rules, 144 Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 251 , 252 , 258 – 259 , 279 in colonial Spanish America, 143 – 157 Rose of Lima (Saint) Council of Trent on, 143 – 144 , 160 – 161 becomes fi rst offi cial saint of America, 162 images as ixiptla, 1 4 5 as member of Dominican third order, 124 in late medieval Europe, 38 – 39 , 41

820

Index

patron saints, 152 – 156 San Salvador, El Salvador, progressive election by cabildos, 152 – 153 Catholicism in, 385 feast day celebrations, 154 – 156 Santa Barbara Mission, 191 as symbols of identity, 153 – 156 Santa Brígida movement (Brazil), 212 promotion of shrines and images, 147 – 152 Santa Catarina, Guatemala, fi rst Lutheran apparitions, 150 – 151 congregation at, 311 – 312 engravings of European saints, 148 Santería (Cuba), 4 , 204 , 603 , 639 – 644 images as ixiptla, 1 4 5 Africanization of, 616 – 617 pilgrimages, 148 – 149 , 152 animal sacrifi ce, 623 relics of European saints, 148 ashé as foundation of, 640 shrines, 151 – 152 divination, 642 – 643 Protestant challenges to belief in, 143 cowrie shells (regla de ocha/dilogún) Counter Reformation response, 143 system, 643 reasons to appeal to saints, 144 four coconut pieces (obi) system, 642 – 643 relics of Rose of Lima, 111 , 115 Ifá system, 643 role in evangelization, 145 double participation, 620 as symbol of local patriotism, 146 – 147 gender roles, 613 and Tridentine Catholicism, 110 , heterodoxy of followers, 643 111 – 115 , 117 as hybrid spirituality, 639 – 640 unifying potential of, 145 – 146 infl uence on Catholicism, 321 Sales, Eugenio, 379 nationalization of, 614 , 615 Salesians, recruitment during Catholic Olodumare (Creator deity), 640 , 642 resurgence, 354 origins of, 639 Salomon, Frank, 30 orishas (quasi-deities), 640 – 641 Salvador de Bahia, Brazil guerreros (warriors), 642 Educação Popular in, 746 – 747 la siete potencias africanas, 6 4 1 slave religions in, 4 , 204 patakis of (legends), 641 slave revolt in, 205 participation rates, 612 – 613 Salvatierra, Juan Manuel, 95 pathways to membership, 642 salvation, belief in role of natives in, 89 persecution of followers, 643 – 644 sambenito/sanbenito (penitential garment), 139 popularity in Mexico, 624 same-sex marriage, 343 , 503 , 769 – 770 purpose of, 643 Sanabria, Victor, 498 race issues, 616 San Alberto, Juana Esperanza de, 202 ritual in, 641 – 642 San Buenaventura Mission, 191 similarities to African diaspora religions, 603 Sánchez, Miguel, 114 , 325 , 326 Spiritism infl uence on, 659 Sanctuary of Jesus the Nazarene (Mexico), 88 as transnational, 671 – 672 San Diego de Alcalá Mission, 190 in US, 622 , 623 , 644 Sandinista Front for National Liberation Santiago, Chile (FSLN), 380 , 406 – 407 , 511 independence of, 243 – 245 See also Nicaragua Muslims in, 717 Sandinista Revolution, 301 , 366 , 380 See also Chile Sandoval, Alonso de, 200 Santiago de Costa Rica, patron saint of, 153 Sandoval, Francisco Tello de, 135 santidade movements, 209 San Francisco de Solano Mission, 190 Santísima Muerte, 741 – 742 San Isidro Labrador, 96 – 97 Santo Domingo San José Betancur, Pedro de, 150 Church-state relationship in, 353 San Luis Potosí, Mexico independence of, 246 Franciscans in, 93 religious orders in Marian devotion at, 326 Dominicans, 65 – 66 San Martín, José de, 240 , 242 , 244 , 274 Hieronymites, 64 – 65 , 66 San Martín, Tomás de, 75 Spanish views of Indians on, 64 – 66 San Miguelito, Panama, 402 – 403 Santo Tomás, Domingo de, 75

821

Index

San Vicente, Juan Manuel de, 164 and regalism, 343 – 344 São Leopoldo, Brazil, fi rst Lutheran restraint in secularization of public congregation at, 304 – 305 , 311 – 312 institutions, 335 – 339 São Paulo, Brazil Catholic nationalism eff ect on, 335 – 339 Lutheran merchant/craftsmen Cold War eff ect on, 337 – 338 congregations in, 305 in Colombia, 336 – 337 Muslims in, 716 , 718 internal reaction within Catholic Pentecostalism in, 436 , 438 , 440 Church, 338 See also Brazil in Mexico, 335 – 339 Sarat, Leah, 673 and rise of Evangelical churches, 339 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 3 , 252 , 259 in Southern Cone, 338 – 339 Scataglini, Sergio, 674 – 675 secularism, defi ning, 331 Schillebeck, Edward, 382 Segundo, Juan Luis, 362 , 508 , 672 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 363 Seicho -no-ie, 726 Schmiedl, Ulrich, 304 self-fl agellation, 119 , 126 Schoenstatt, 748 self-mortifi cation, 118 – 119 scholarly networks, as indigenous Semán, Pablo, 422 advocates, 565 Seminário Regional do Nordeste II Schwartz, Stuart, 281 (SERENE II), 386 , 388 Scofi eld, C. I., 295 Seminole Wars, 636 Scottish Congregationalists, in Brazil, 292 – 293 Senna, Edmar Avelar de, 719 SDA. See Seventh-Day Adventists (SDA) separation of church and state, 334 séances, 653 – 654 Sephardic Jews, 709 – 710 , 711 Sebastian (Saint), 153 Sepulveda, Juan, 69 Sebastianismo ( Quinto Império, Fifth Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 360 , 373 Empire), 210 Serbin, Kenneth, 337 – 338 , 404 Sebastião (mythical king), 210 , 211 Serra, Junípero Second General Conference of Latin beatifi cation of, 194 – 195 American Bishops, 361 – 362 on corporal punishment, 193 – 194 Second Mexican Provincial Council See also missions, Franciscan, in Alta and Baroque, 160 – 161 California promotion of Saint Joseph by, 147 Serrano, Jorge, 435 Second Vatican Council. See Vatican II Seventh-Day Adventists (SDA), 690 , secularism and secularization, 331 – 344 696 – 699 and future of religion in Latin America, and AEMINPU, 214 – 216 7 6 6– 7 6 9 controversy over doctrines/practices of, and jurisdictionalism, 332 , 333 , 343 – 344 696 – 697 laicization, defi ning, 331 and divorce, 697 and liberal-conservative dichotomy, 331 – 332 growth in Latin America, 697 – 698 in new republics, 334 in Guatemala, 698 – 699 and political liberalism, 333 – 334 and indigenous mobilization, 572 and public education, 334 origins of, 696 and religious intolerance, 333 retention rates, 698 , 699 use of patronato real, 332 – 333 , 334 urbanization eff ect on membership, political secularization, defi ning, 331 – 332 698 , 699 reactivation of laicity of public institutions, use of print media in conversions, 455 factors in, 339 – 344 use of radio transmission for conversions democratization, 342 – 343 in, 456 gestation of eff ective/signifi cant sex education, 553 , 555 religious plurality, 341 – 342 sexuality greater consciousness of human and Candomblé, 613 rights, 342 changing norms of, 770 growing secularization of society, 340 – 341 See also gender ; reproduction and sexuality

822

Index

Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man Catholicism on theory of, 198 – 201 (Taussig), 536 legality of enslavement methods, 200 Shango, 2 0 4 Muslims in Brazil, 715 – 716 Shia Muslims, 717 uprisings, 281 , 716 Shindo Renmei movement, 724 places of origin, 605 – 606 , 634 Shining Path (PCP-SL), 403 revolts, 608 Shintoism, 724 run-away slaves, 636 A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies Small Ecclesial Communities, 467 (las Casas), 360 , 634 Smilde, David, 585 Shubsda, Thaddeus, 195 Smith, Joseph, 691 Sickness of the Dance (Taki Onqoy), 95 , Sobrinho, José Cardoso, 388 2 1 3– 2 1 4 Sobrino, Jon, 368 , 384 , 388 Sieber, Hans, 2 social change, as pathway to the future, 770 Sierra, Justo, 267 Social Christians (Ecuador), 498 Sigal, Peter, 533 Social Darwinism, 264 Sikkink, Kathryn, 564 , 565 Social Gospel movement, 295 SIL (Summer Institute of Linguistics, socialism, eff ect of collapse on Liberation Ecuador), 296 , 569 , 576 Theology, 368 Silva, Benedita da, 509 social movement theory, 570 Silva, Francisco Maldonado de, 140 Society and Culture in Early Modern France Silva, Marina, 509 (Davis), 271 – 272 Silveira Cintra, Leme da, 743 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, silver deposits, 178 290 – 291 Silvoso, Edgardo, 674 – 675 Society of Jesus, 175 Similox, Vitalino, 569 sociology of religion (la religion vécue), Simonton, Ashbel Green, 455 526 – 527 Simpson, George, 610 sodomy in Portuguese America, 138 Sinodal Federation in 1949 Sogolo, Godwin, 57 Sintora Constantino, José Fidencio (El Niño So ka Gakkai lay organization, 725 Fidencio), 348 Solano, Francisco, 136 , 163 slave religions, 198 – 206 Solís, Díaz de, 185 – 186 control issues, 205 Somoza Debayle, Anastacio, 406 , 509 , 511 fusion of religious ideas/imagery by slave Soto Reyes, Marcela, 550 c o n v e r t s , 3 – 4 Sôtô Zenshu school of Zen Buddhism, 725 outside Catholic Church, 203 – 205 South America in Brazil, 204 – 205 , 280 eroding Catholic dominance in, 13 healing practices, 203 – 204 religious self-identifi cation, 684 participation in Catholic life, 202 – 203 See also individual country confraternities, 202 – 203 South American Mission Prayer League non-European lay brothers, 202 (renamed World Mission Prayer non-European lay nuns, 202 League), 307 routes to Christianization of Africans, Southern Baptist Convention, 201 – 203 543 – 544 , 670 after arrival in Americas, 201 – 202 Southern Baptists, mission work in prior to enslavement, 199 , 201 Cuba, 299 at slaving posts in Africa, 201 Southern Cone See also Africans ; Candomblé (Brazil); Lutheran missions in, 305 – 306 s l a v e r y religious commitment in, 13 s l a v e r y religious/non-religious pluralism in, 13 abolishment of, 360 , 635 restraint in secularization of public amulets used by slaves, 203 institutions in, 338 – 339 António Vieira on, 374 violence of military regimes in, 499 brought to Caribbean, 634 See also Argentina ; Chile ; Uruguay

823

Index

South Korea Staden, Hans, 78 Pentecostalism in, 430 Staying Sober in Mexico City (Brandes), 539 – 540 prosperity gospel in, 423 stem cell research, 503 See also Korea Stoll, David, 531 Souza, Pero Lopes de, 78 Stradanus, Samuel, 324 Spain Stroessner, Alfredo, 509 , 518 – 519 , 579 – 580 La Luz del Mundo in, 704 St. Teresa in Ecstasy (sculpture), 532 – 533 Opus Dei in, 748 St. Thomas, as site of fi rst Lutheran Spanish Inquisition, 5 , 133 congregation, 304 speaking in tongues (glossolalia) Suárez, Francisco, 232 – 233 and Charismatic Catholicism, 415 , 463 , 464 , subjectivity, gendered, 541 – 544 467 – 468 focus on micro-politics, 541 – 544 and Pentecostalism, 415 – 417 and missionary manliness, 543 – 544 Spirit baptism, and Charismatic Catholicism, and neo-Pentecostalism, 541 – 544 463 , 464 and pharmaceutical industries, 541 – 542 Spiritism, 637 – 639 , 648 – 664 and retail business, 543 – 544 African origins of, 683 witnessing, 542 and ancestor worship, 639 Sublimis Deus (papal bull), 68 – 69 , 91 beginnings among elites, 638 sub-Saharan Africa, Pentecostalism in, 430 in Brazil, 648 , 652 – 655 Sucre, José Antonio de, 242 and African-derived religions, 655 – 656 , Suess, Paulo, 473 – 474 659 – 660 , 661 – 662 Sufi Muslims, 719 and animal magnetism, 654 – 655 Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL, and assistance to the poor, 655 Ecuador), 296 , 569 , 576 , 580 Catholic repression of, 653 Sung, Jung Mo, 369 charity as primary mission of, 655 Sunni Muslims, 717 , 720 and Christian evangelism, 653 Suriname and Dr. Adolph Fritz, 657 – 658 , 663 Hinduism in, 726 and healing, 655 – 659 , 663 – 664 as site of second Lutheran and Karma, 657 congregation, 304 number of followers, 655 , 656 Swaggart, Jimmy, 456 – 457 , 670 organizing themes of, 653 Swedish Pentecostals, 437 – 438 séances, 653 – 654 Sweet, James, 607 – 608 , 619 and syncretism, 653 , 657 Swenson, Gustav Sigfrid, 306 by teleporting to astral plane, 658 – 659 Syllabus of Errors, 2 7 9, 3 74 and Umbanda, 659 – 661 symbolism, and Tridentine Catholicism, and urbanization, 662 – 663 119 – 120 as hybrid spirituality, 638 – 639 syncretism low Spiritism (mesa branca), 659 anti-syncretism and ADRs, 617 , 619 – 620 and marketing mentality, 458 hierarchical, 443 modern origins of, 648 and Rivail (Allan Kardec), 637 – 638 , 648 – 652 Taíno people, 633 , 636 and animal magnetism, 651 – 652 Taki Onqoy (Sickness of the Dance), 95 , on charity, 655 2 1 3– 2 1 4 early life of, 649 Tambor-de-Mina, 454 – 455 on incarnations, 650 – 651 Tamez, Elsa, 369 on spirits, 650 – 651 Tarasco people, European interpretations of theology as diff erent/similar to idolatry of, 85 Judeo-Christian tradition, 649 – 650 Tastera, Jacobo de, 67 – 68 , 70 – 71 writings of, 649 Taussig, Michael, 536 spread beyond elites, 638 Taylor, William, 146 , 235 – 236 , 273 – 274 and syncretism, 653 Tecto, Juan de, 91 spiritual conquest, notion of, 1 telenovelas, 458

824

Index

televangelism, 424 – 426 Toronto Blessing, 674 television Toro y Zambrano, Mateo de, 244 use by Catholic Charismatics, 457 , 471 Torres, Camilo, 361 , 510 use by Protestants, 456 – 457 Torres Bollo, Diego de, 188 See also religious media and visual culture Torrijos, Omar, 402 – 403 Templo Mayor structure, 26 Tortolo, Adolfo Servando, 410 Tenochtitlán, 25 , 26 – 27 , 79 , 90 , 92 , 173 , 175 tourism, diaspora, 625 – 626 Tenrikyo , 7 2 6 Tovar, Juan de, 85 Ten Years War (1868–1878), 247 , 321 Townsend, Cameron, 296 Teotihuacan, 25 Townsend, Elvira, 296 Tepeyac, 327 tranquilly religious, 10 tequitqui (Indian-Christian) art, 98 Translated Woman (Behar), 530 – 531 Teresa (Saint; image), 166 transnationalism Teresa of Ávila (Saint), 149 , 532 – 533 and African-derived religions, 668 , 671 – 672 terra-sem-mal (land without evil) Batuque, 671 – 672 movements, 208 Candomblé, 671 – 672 Terrazas, Matías, 242 Santería, 671 – 672 terreiros (Umbanda centers), 620 , 655 Umbanda, 672 testimonio, 530 – 531 and African diaspora religions, 605 , 622 – 626 I, Rigoberta Menchú, 531 connection to homelands, 623 – 624 Translated Woman, 530 – 531 diaspora tourism, 625 – 626 Testino, Luis Miguel Glave, 146 within Latin America, 624 Texas, Franciscan missions in, 93 , 184 localization of, 624 Texcoco (New Spain), 83 , 92 , 135 primary diasporas, 622 Theodoro, Janice, 453 reactions from nonpractictioners/ Theological Institute of Recife, 386 state, 623 Theology for a Nomad Church (Assmann), 362 secondary diasporas, 622 A Theology of Liberation (Gutiérrez), 362 , 507 , 672 and United States, 622 – 624 Third Mexican Provincial Council, on use of technology to connect to self-fl agellation, 119 homeland, 624 – 626 Thompson, Damien, 215 and Catholicism, 667 Thomson, James, 289 Charismatic, 677 – 678 Tibesar, Antonine, 235 – 236 colonial Catholic Church, 668 Tijuana, Mexico, Jehovah’s Witnesses in, 702 human rights, 669 – 670 tithing traditional, 669 – 670 abolishment of, 256 , 334 and indigenous mobilization, 564 – 565 and Jehovah’s Witnesses, 701 and Liberation Theology, 672 – 673 and Jesuits, 225 new version of, 667 , 668 , 671 – 678 and Latter-Day Saints, 691 and new violence, 772 and neo-Pentecostalism, 757 and Pentecostalism, 667 , 673 – 677 and reforms in Mexico, 260 evangelization, 674 – 675 Tito, Diego Quispe, 165 God Is Love Pentecostal Church, 676 Tito Yupanqui, Francisco, 113 Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, Tlacatecolotl, 9 7 675 – 676 Tlaloc (Aztec god), 96 – 97 , 453 megachurches, 676 – 677 Tlaxcala (New Spain), 68 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 150 , 151 , migration, 673 – 674 154 – 155 and Protestantism, 670 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 768 recent changes in Latin American, 666 – 667 Todorov, Tzvetan, 81 fostering movement of peoples/ideas, Tojolabale people, mobilization by, 571 , 573 666 , 667 Toledo, Francisco de, 95 – 96 identity issues, 667 Tonal, Tomás, 84 movement of people/ideas, 666 , 667 Tonantzin (Aztec goddess), 97 traditional version of, 655 , 667

825

Index

transubstantiation, 108 , 110 in cities/towns dominated by Spanish Tratado acerca del dominio de los infi eles y de authority, 126 – 127 la guerra fusta (Treatise on the in Indian villages, 127 Subjugation of the Infi dels and Just Trinidad War; Vera Cruz), 72 African diaspora religions in, 617 Travestis (Kulick), 538 – 539 Afro-Caribbean religions in, 635 Treatise on Heathen Superstitions Hinduism in, 726 (Alarcón), 84 True History (Staden), 78 Treaty of Madrid (1750), 226 Truique Unifi ed Movement for Struggle Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), 199 (MULT), 575 treche Marists, 354 Truman Doctrine, 337 Trento, Jean-Batiste, 80 Trumbell, David, 292 Três Forquilhas, Brazil, fi rst Lutheran tuberculosis, 370 congregation at, 311 – 312 Tula, Postclassic, 25 Tridentine Catholicism Tupac Amaru, 95 , 214 late-eighteenth-century reforms, 128 – 130 Tupac Amaru II, 234 , 240 collective forms of piety, 128 , 130 Tupác Amarú rebellion, 399 funerals, 129 – 130 Tupi-Guaraní Indians mysticism, 128 and expulsion of Jesuits, 374 simplifi cation of church interiors, 128 motivation for migration of, 208 undermining of piety, 128 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico, Jehovah’s overview of, 107 – 108 Witnesses in, 702 piety elements in, 109 – 126 TV evangelism, during Cold War, 456 – 457 collective nature of devotion, 122 – 124 TV Record (Brazil), 426 , 436 , 442 mysticism, 124 – 126 Tweed, Thomas A., 621 ornate decoration of sacred space, Twelve Apostles, 91 – 92 , 175 120 – 122 Tzotzil Maya alter screens, 121 – 122 contemporary case studies on, 597 , 599 Baroque infl uences, 121 – 122 converts to Islam, 597 , 599 , 718 Protestant criticism of, 121 mobilization by, 571 , 573 ritual and performance, 115 – 120 bestowal of gifts on images and Ubico, Jorge, 354 relics, 117 UCIZONI (Union for Indigenous Council of Trent on, 120 Communities of the North Zone mass, 117 – 118 of the Isthmus), 575 numeric and temporal symbolism, UDI (Independent Democratic Union, 119 – 120 Chile), 502 pilgrimages, 115 – 116 Ugarte, Hernando Arias de, 103 processions, 116 – 117 Ugarte, Juan, 95 Protestant criticism of, 118 Uillacapitz, Tomás, 82 self-mortifi cation, 118 – 119 ULAJE (Union of Latin American Evangelical sign of the cross, 119 Youth), 731 – 732 , 733 sacred immanence (divine presence), UMAP (Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la 110 – 115 Producción) camps, 495 Council of Trent on, 110 – 111 Umbanda (Brazil) Eucharist, 110 , 114 – 115 cosmology, 660 – 661 images of Christ, 112 deities, 349 images of Mary, 112 – 114 good/bad work distinction in, 611 images of saints, 110 , 112 – 115 and healing, 664 Protestant criticism of, 110 multiracial/multicultural claim of, 660 relics of saints, 110 , 111 – 112 number of followers, 659 – 660 Protestant criticism of, 108 – 109 organization of, 661 social characteristics of, 126 – 128 origins of, 454 – 455 , 660

826

Index

Pentecostal attack on, 440 Universal Federation of Christian Student Pentecostal use of elements of, 441 , 458 Movements (FUMEC, Argentina), popularity in South America, 624 731 , 733 race issues, 616 urbanization rituals, 661 of Latin America, 419 and Spiritism, 659 – 661 and Latter-day Saints, 694 , 695 , 699 as transnational, 672 and Muslims in Brazil, 720 See also Brazil and Pentecostalism, 419 , 436 , 669 , 694 “unaffi liated” persons, number in Latin and Seventh Day Adventists, 698 , 699 America, 12 and Spiritism, 662 – 663 UN Commission for Historical Clarifi cation Urban VIII (pope), 144 , 162 , 164 – 165 (CEH), 513 – 514 Urioste, George, 30 UN Declaration of Human Rights, Ursula de Jesus, 202 505 – 506 Uruguay UN Declaration of Indigenous Rights, 582 abortion in Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Producción anticlericalism in, 347 (UMAP) camps, 495 atheists in, 342 Union for Indigenous Communities of belief in God in, 10 the North Zone of the Isthmus Broad Front coalition, 493 , 498 (UCIZONI), 575 Catholics in, 12 , 342 Union of Latin American Evangelical Youth Christian Democratic parties in, (ULAJE), 731 – 732 , 733 496 , 498 United Evangelical Churches (Bolivia), 556 Church-state relationship in, 493 – 494 United Evangelical Lutheran Church Civic Union, 493 (Argentina), 308 decline in institutional religious practice United Nations, as indigenous advocate, in, 340 564 – 565 , 583 immigrant Lutheran churches in, 307 – 308 United Nations Historical Clarifi cation importance of religion in life in, 10 Commission, 408 indigenous in, 560 – 561 United Social Christian Party (PUSC, Costa Jews in, 711 Rica), 497 – 498 Latter-Day Saints in, 692 United States (US) military coup in, 378 abolishment of slavery in, 635 military rule in, 499 – 500 Assemblies of God in, 433 National Party, 493 – 494 La Luz del Mundo in, 703 – 704 non-religious in, 446 Pentecostalism in Pentecostal percentage of Protestants in, megachurches, 676 446 – 447 origins of, 431 Protestantism in, 444 prosperity gospel, 423 religious/non-religious pluralism in, 13 use of media, 418 reproduction/sexuality Santería in, 622 , 623 , 644 abortion, 503 , 549 Spiritualism in, origins of, 648 gay marriage/civil unions, 503 sponsorship of audiovisual centers in Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 – 699 Mexico/Brazil, 456 Umbanda in, 624 statistics on importance of religion in unaffi liated in, 12 life, 10 See also Southern Cone televangelism in, 425 – 426 United States Conference of Catholic Valadés, Diego de, 89 , 99 – 100 Bishops, 520 Valdivieso, Antonio de, 374 Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Valencia, Martín de, 67 – 68 , 91 , 92 , 99 , 175 See Igreja Universal do Reino de Valladolid Council, 360 , 373 Deus (IURD, Brazil) Valley of the Dawn (Brazil), 212 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 510 Valparaiso, Chile, Pentecostalism in, 432

827

Index

Valverde, Vicente, 95 , 175 Vera Cruz, Alonso de la, 72 Varela, Felix, 247 Veracruz, Mexico, Santería in, 624 Vargas, Getúlio, 352 – 353 , 495 , 743 Vera Cruz, patron saint of, 153 Vargas Laguna, Antonio, 245 Verbitsky, Horacio, 410 Vásquez, Julia (La Samaritana), 348 – 349 Vicaría de la Solidaridad (Vicariate of Vásquez, Manuel, 585 Solidarity, Chile), 386 , 405 , 510 , 515 Vásquez, Marcos, 244 Victoria, Guadalupe, 238 Vásquez, Tabaré, 549 Victoria, Romeo Luna, 403 Vatican I, 374 Vidaurre, Manuel Lorenzo de, 256 , 257 Vatican II, 375 , 376 – 377 Videla, Jorge Rafael, 511 – 512 agg orniamento process, 376 Videla del Pino, Nicolás, 243 Gaudium et Spes, 376 – 377 , 506 – 507 , 565 , 594 Vieira, António, 210 , 374 and human rights, 506 Vierra Ferreira, Miguel, 432 and inculturation theology, 565 – 566 , 594 – 595 Vila, Martinho da, 459 infl uence on Catholic Charismatic Villagómez, Pedro de, 103 – 104 Renewal, 463 Villavicencio, Ignacio, 241 and liberation theology, 361 violence, new, 771 – 772 on liturgical change, 377 Virgin Mary overview of, 8 apparitions of, 150 – 151 and popular Catholicism, 486 as patron saint of Catholic Charismatic on social justice, 377 Renewal, 465 Vaughn, Mary Kay, 743 – 744 and popular Catholicism, 485 Vega, Garcilaso de la, 27 – 28 promotion by Cortés, 174 Velarde, Ramón López, 255 promotion by friars, 147 Velasco, Luis de, 92 , 176 sacred immanence of images of, 112 – 114 Velho, Octavio, 443 shrines to, 151 – 152 Velho, Pedro, 212 syncretism example in modern Mexico, 88 Venancio Christu movement, 209 syncretism example in New Spain, 97 Venezuela as universal saint, 41 anticlericalism in, 347 use of engravings to promote cult of, 148 Christian Democratic parties in, 496 , 498 – 499 See also Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico) Church-state relationship in, 496 Virgin of Aparecida. See Our Lady of “Day for Indigenous Resistance” in, 559 Aparecida (Brazil) eroding Catholic dominance in, 13 Virgin of Charity (Miami), 688 independence movement in, 240 Virgin of Copacabana (Bolivia), 113 Jews in, 711 Virgin of Guadalupe. See Our Lady of Latter-Day Saints in, 692 Guadalupe (Mexico) Lutheran merchant/craftsmen Virgin of Ixpantepec (Mexico), 350 congregations in, 305 Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos (Mexico), 88 Lutheran missions in, 307 Virgin of Sorrows (Mexico), 116 María Lionza cult in, 659 Virgin of Suyapa (Honduras), 468 – 469 Muslims in, 718 Virgin of Talpa (Mexico), 88 patron saint of, 454 Virgin of the Immaculate Conception (Spain/ Pentecostalism in Mexico), 155 , 156 beginnings of, 433 Virgin of the Remedies (Mexico), 151 exorcism and liberation sessions, 423 Virgin of the Rosary (Mexico), 217 institutional politics, 552 – 553 Virgin of Zapopan (Mexico), 88 sex education, 555 Viscardo y Guzmán, Juan Pablo, 228 , 234 , 248 Seventh-Day Adventists in, 698 visions, in late medieval Europe, 43 – 44 Umbanda in, 624 visual culture. See religious media and visual See also Chiribí Indians culture Vera, Gaspar de, 75 vocation, in colonial Catholic Church, 5 Veracruz, Alonso de la, 93 – 94 Vodou (Haiti), 508

828

Index

and anti-syncretism, 620 Witness to the Truth (Mignone), 409 gender roles, 613 Wojtyła, Karol Józef. See John Paul II (pope) infl uences on, 204 Wolf, Eric, 382 nationalization of, 614 , 615 women participation rates, 612 Catholic support of movements by, 514 – 517 race issues, 613 in Chile, 515 – 516 similarities to African diaspora religions, 603 CODIMUJ in Chiapas, 516 and tourism, 625 – 626 CoMadres in El Salvador, 514 – 515 “voodoo dolls,” 645 – 646 Housewives’ Committee of Siglo XX in Vodú in Cuba, participation rates, 612 – 613 Bolivia, 516 – 517 Volio, Jorge, 498 Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo in votive culture, 482 – 484 Argentina, 516 and devotion to Virgin of Guadalupe, and confraternities, 168 483 – 484 as healers, 349 in domestic sphere, 484 and La Luz del Mundo, 703 masses in late medieval Europe, 37 as leaders of CEBs, 551 pilgrimage as votive act, 483 – 484 and Lutheranism, 315 por promesa/manda concept, 482 – 483 , 484 role in local religion in Puerto Rico, relationality/aff ectivity of, 484 348 – 349 votive objects, 483 , 484 Wood, Leonard, 247 Worker-Peasant-Student coalition of wages, indigenous/non-indigenous gap, 561 the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Walker Bynum, Caroline, 533 (COCEI), 575 Wal-Mart, 543 Workers Party (Brazil), 509 WAMY (World Assembly of Muslim World Assembly of Muslim Youth Youth), 718 (WAMY), 718 War of Paraguay (1754-1756), 223 World Council of Churches, 405 , 440 , 510 War of the Pacifi c (1879-1884) World Missionary Conference (1910), 288 War of the Triple Alliance (1865-1869), 280 World Mission Prayer League, 317 Warren, Kay, 564 , 583 – 584 World Orisha Conference, 627 Warren, Rick, 670 World Vision, 580 , 670 Weber, Max, 425 Wright, Jaime, 386 , 513 Welser, Bartholomeus V., 304 Wright, Stuart, 207 Weschler, Lawrence, 513 Wycliff e Bible Translators, 295 , 296 , 301 , 670 West Africa early Protestant missions in, 288 Xangô (religion), 454 – 455 See also Africa ; Africa, religion in pre-contact; African diaspora Yage (hallucinogenic), 536 religions (ADRs) Yai, Olabiyi Babalola, 625 , 626 Westerlund, David, 58 yerba maté, 189 Willems, Emilio, 419 Yorio, Orlando, 410 Wilson, Bryan, 700 Yoruba Wirtz, Kristina, 612 – 613 Alafi a concept of, 55 – 56 witchcraft deities, 52 – 53 , 204 , 321 amulets/charms against, 203 healers, 59 and Andean beliefs, 103 – 104 infl uence on African diaspora religions, and Aztecs, 97 606 , 610 , 611 , 616 – 617 , 618 – 619 as cause of illness, 58 Nago, 618 and Charismatic Catholicism, 468 notion of religion, 48 in early modern Europe, 44 Supreme Being of, 51 , 52 healing as, 203 See also Candomblé (Brazil); Santería (Cuba) and Inquisition, 138 , 140 Young, Eric Van, 273 – 274 witch doctors, in Cuba, 643 Youth With A Mission, 670

829

Index

Zacatecas, Mexico, Franciscans in, 93 Zoques (Chiapas), 573 Zapatista rebellion, 488 – 489 , 517 , 559 Zumárraga, Juan de Zapotec Classic architecture, 24 – 25 denunciation of Nuño Beltrán, 68 Zé Arigó (José Pedro de Freitas), 658 inquisitorial powers of, 83 , 101 , 134 , 135 Zen Buddhism, 725 and Virgin of Guadalupe, 322 – 323 Zeraoui, Zidane, 720 Zúñiga, Olga Portuondo, 321 Zodiaco mariano (Florencia), 113 Zwingli, Huldrych, 79

830