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Space Ii - 2018 Persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies SPACE II - 2018 Marcelo F. Aebi Yuji Z. Hashimoto Strasbourg, 20 December 2018 pc-cp\space\documents\pc-cp (2018)13 PC-CP (2018) 13 Updated on 21 May 2019 This report has been written by Marcelo F. Aebi and Yuji Z. Hashimoto on behalf of the Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP) of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France. The report has been prepared under a contract with the Action against Crime Department, Information Society and Action against Crime Directorate, DGI - Directorate General Human Rights and Rule of Law of the Council of Europe. It has also received support from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. Country based information on persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies was collected through the SPACE II 2018 questionnaire (Ref: PC-CP (2018) 13) and analysed by the authors of this report. The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. Cover picture: Migrant European Robin (Erithacus rubecula), by Lucas Nicolás Muñoz. ©Lucas Nicolás Muñoz. Reproduction authorized for this publication by the author. Suggested citation [APA norms]: Aebi, M. F., & Hashimoto, Y. Z. (2018). SPACE II – 2018 – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies. Strasbourg: Council of Europe © Council of Europe & University of Lausanne, 2018 Reproduction is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided that the source is acknowledged. Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics – SPACE II – 2018 1 FINAL DRAFT REPORT: NOT FOR CIRCULATION – UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 21 MAY 2019 Key points of SPACE II 2018 The participation rate in the 2018 SPACE II Survey was satisfactory: 44 out of the 52 Probation Agencies (or equivalent institutions) of the 47 Council of Europe Member States answered the questionnaire. About 82% of the Probation Agencies of the responding countries are placed under the authority of the national Ministry of Justice. This authority is shared with the Prison Administration in around 32% of these cases. During the year 2017, 2,225,913 persons entered into supervision by the probation services, and 1,400,788 left that supervision. This represents an average rate of 279 entries and 186 exits per 100,000 inhabitants. On 31st January 2018, there were 1,764,043 persons under the supervision of the probation services of the responding countries. This represents an average rate of 202 probationers per 100,000 inhabitants. If we restrict the comparison to countries with more than one million inhabitants, the average rate on 31st January 2018 is 214 per 100,000. Non-custodial sanctions and measures are seldom used as an alternative to pre-trial detention: Roughly, only 10.5% of the probation population corresponds to persons placed under supervision before trial. On average, on 31st January 2018, among the 34 Probation Agencies that provided figures including female probation clients, the latter represented 10.6% of the total probation population. On average and on the same date, among the 25 Probation Agencies that provided figures including foreigners, the latter represented 13.3% of the total probation population. On average and on the same date, among the 24 Probation Agencies that provided figures including minors, the latter represented 3.8% of the total probation population. On average, there are 50 probationers per one (1) probation staff member, with large individual variation across countries. Each probation staff member across Europe is in charge, on average, of six (6) pre-sentence reports. In 30 countries, probation is used for all types of criminal offenses. PC-CP (2018) 13 Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics – SPACE II – 2018 2 FINAL DRAFT REPORT: NOT FOR CIRCULATION – UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 21 MAY 2019 Contents Key points of SPACE II 2018 ................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Main modifications introduced in 2018 ........................................................................................................ 6 Conventions used .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Measures of central tendency ...................................................................................................................... 7 Demographic data ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Response rate of the survey .......................................................................................................................... 8 Table 1. Administrative status of the Probation Agencies (Under the authority of which official body are the Probation Agencies placed?) ........................................................................................................ 9 Notes –Table 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Section A: Persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies in 2018 ..................................... 14 Items 1 and 2 (in Tables 2 to 5): Forms of probation/supervision .............................................................. 14 Definitions and explanations .................................................................................................................. 14 Table 2. Stock of probationers (persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies) in absolute numbers on 31st January 2018 ................................................................................................................ 16 Table 3. Stock of probationers (persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies) in rates and percentages on 31st January 2018 .......................................................................................................... 18 Notes – Tables 2 and 3 ............................................................................................................................ 20 Table 4. Flow of probationers entering probation (persons placed under the supervision of Probation Agencies) during the year 2017, in absolute numbers ........................................................................... 35 Table 5. Flow of probationers entering probation (persons placed under the supervision of Probation Agencies) during the year 2017, rates and percentages ........................................................................ 37 Notes – Tables 4 and 5 ............................................................................................................................ 39 Socio-demographic characteristics of the population under the supervision of Probation Agencies ....... 53 Table 6. Minors, women and foreigners under the supervision of Probation Agencies: Stock and flow in absolute numbers, and age range for minors..................................................................................... 54 Table 7. Minors, women and foreigners under the supervision of Probation Agencies: Stock and flow, in percentages......................................................................................................................................... 55 Notes – Tables 6 and 7 ............................................................................................................................ 56 Number of persons that ceased to be under the supervision of Probation Agencies during the year 2017 (FLOW OF EXITS) ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Definitions and Explanations .................................................................................................................. 59 Table 8. Flow of probationers exiting probation (persons that ceased to be under the supervision of Probation Agencies) during the year 2017, in absolute numbers .......................................................... 60 Table 9. Table 8. Flow of probationers exiting probation (persons that ceased to be under the supervision of Probation Agencies) during the year 2017, in percentages; and deaths per 10,000 probationers ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Table 10. Estimated turnover ratio per 100 probation clients in 2017. ................................................. 62 Notes – Tables 8, 9 and 10 ...................................................................................................................... 63 Section B: Probation Agencies in 2018 ............................................................................................. 69 Staff employed by Probation Agencies or working for Probation Agencies on 31st January 2018 ............. 69 Definitions and Explanations .................................................................................................................. 69 Table 11. Staff employed by Probation Agencies or working for Probation Agencies on 31st January 2018 .......................................................................................................................................................
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