Sranan Tongo
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Kyoli (Cori) [Cry] Language of Kaduna State, Nigeria
DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2020-012 A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Kyoli (Cori) [cry] Language of Kaduna State, Nigeria Ken Decker, John Muniru, Julius Dabet, Benard Abraham, Jonah Innocent A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Kyoli (Cori) [cry] Language of Kaduna State, Nigeria Ken Decker, John Muniru, Julius Dabet, Benard Abraham, Jonah Innocent SIL International® 2020 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2020-012, October 2020 © 2020 SIL International® All rights reserved Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication. Abstract This report describes a sociolinguistic survey conducted among the Kyoli-speaking communities in Jaba Local Government Area (LGA), Kaduna State, in central Nigeria. The Ethnologue (Eberhard et al. 2020a) classifies Kyoli [cry] as a Niger-Congo, Atlantic Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic language. During the survey, it was learned that the speakers of the language prefer to spell the name of their language <Kyoli>, which is pronounced as [kjoli] or [çjoli]. They refer to speakers of the language as Kwoli. We estimate that there may be about 7,000 to 8,000 speakers of Kyoli, which is most if not all the ethnic group. The goals of this research included gaining a better understanding of the role of Kyoli and other languages in the lives of the Kwoli people. Our data indicate that Kyoli is used at a sustainable level of orality, EGIDS 6a. -
Annex H. Summary of the Early Grade Reading Materials Survey in Senegal
Annex H. Summary of the Early Grade Reading Materials Survey in Senegal Geography and Demographics 196,722 square Size: kilometers (km2) Population: 14 million (2015) Capital: Dakar Urban: 44% (2015) Administrative 14 regions Divisions: Religion: 95% Muslim 4% Christian 1% Traditional Source: Central Intelligence Agency (2015). Note: Population and percentages are rounded. Literacy Projected 2013 Primary School 2015 Age Population (aged 2.2 million Literacy a a 7–12 years): Rates: Overall Male Female Adult (aged 2013 Primary School 56% 68% 44% 84%, up from 65% in 1999 >15 years) GER:a Youth (aged 2013 Pre-primary School 70% 76% 64% 15%,up from 3% in 1999 15–24 years) GER:a Language: French Mean: 18.4 correct words per minute When: 2009 Oral Reading Fluency: Standard deviation: 20.6 Sample EGRA Where: 11 regions 18% zero scores Resultsb 11% reading with ≥60% Reading comprehension Who: 687 P3 students Comprehension: 52% zero scores Note: EGRA = Early Grade Reading Assessment; GER = Gross Enrollment Rate; P3 = Primary Grade 3. Percentages are rounded. a Source: UNESCO (2015). b Source: Pouezevara et al. (2010). Language Number of Living Languages:a 210 Major Languagesb Estimated Populationc Government Recognized Statusd 202 DERP in Africa—Reading Materials Survey Final Report 47,000 (L1) (2015) French “Official” language 3.9 million (L2) (2013) “National” language Wolof 5.2 million (L1) (2015) de facto largest LWC Pulaar 3.5 million (L1) (2015) “National” language Serer-Sine 1.4 million (L1) (2015) “National” language Maninkakan (i.e., Malinké) 1.3 million (L1) (2015) “National” language Soninke 281,000 (L1) (2015) “National” language Jola-Fonyi (i.e., Diola) 340,000 (L1) “National” language Balant, Bayot, Guñuun, Hassanya, Jalunga, Kanjaad, Laalaa, Mandinka, Manjaaku, “National” languages Mankaañ, Mënik, Ndut, Noon, __ Oniyan, Paloor, and Saafi- Saafi Note: L1 = first language; L2 = second language; LWC = language of wider communication. -
Language Classification in the Ethnologue and Its Consequences (Paper)
Sarah E. Cornwell The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Language Classification in The Ethnologue and its Consequences (Paper) Abstract: The Ethnologue is a widely used classificatory standard for the world’s 7000+ natural languages. However, the motives and processes used by The Ethnologue’s governing body, SIL International, have come under criticism by linguists. This paper investigates how The Ethnologue answers the question “What is a language?” through the theoretical lens presented by Bowker and Star in Sorting Things Out (1999) and presents some consequences of those classificatory decisions. 1. Introduction Language is central to human culture and experience. It is the central core of our communicative capacity, running through all media of communication. Due to this essential role, there is a need to classify and count languages and their speakers1. Governments need to communicate with citizens, libraries need to catalogue books by language, and search engines need to return webpages in the appropriate language for each searcher. For these reasons among others, there is a strong institutional need for a standardized classification structure and labelling system for languages. The most widespread current classificatory infrastructure for languages is based on The Ethnologue. This essay will critically evaluate The Ethnologue using the Foucauldian theory developed for investigating classification structures by Bowker and Star (1999) in Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences. 2. The Ethnologue The Ethnologue is a catalogue of all the world’s languages. First compiled in 1951, The Ethnologue is currently in its 20th edition and contains descriptions of 7099 living languages (2017). Since 1997, The Ethnologue has been available freely online and widely accessible (Simons & Fennig, 2017). -
Mapping India's Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and Its
Mapping India’s Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and its Exclusion in the Indian Census Dr. Shivakumar Jolad1 and Aayush Agarwal2 1FLAME University, Lavale, Pune, India 2Centre for Social and Behavioural Change, Ashoka University, New Delhi, India Abstract In this article, we critique the process of linguistic data enumeration and classification by the Census of India. We map out inclusion and exclusion under Scheduled and non-Scheduled languages and their mother tongues and their representation in state bureaucracies, the judiciary, and education. We highlight that Census classification leads to delegitimization of ‘mother tongues’ that deserve the status of language and official recognition by the state. We argue that the blanket exclusion of languages and mother tongues based on numerical thresholds disregards the languages of about 18.7 million speakers in India. We compute and map the Linguistic Diversity Index of India at the national and state levels and show that the exclusion of mother tongues undermines the linguistic diversity of states. We show that the Hindi belt shows the maximum divergence in Language and Mother Tongue Diversity. We stress the need for India to officially acknowledge the linguistic diversity of states and make the Census classification and enumeration to reflect the true Linguistic diversity. Introduction India and the Indian subcontinent have long been known for their rich diversity in languages and cultures which had baffled travelers, invaders, and colonizers. Amir Khusru, Sufi poet and scholar of the 13th century, wrote about the diversity of languages in Northern India from Sindhi, Punjabi, and Gujarati to Telugu and Bengali (Grierson, 1903-27, vol. -
The Components of Sustainable Multilingual Education Programs
A Two-Way Bridge The Components of Sustainable Multilingual Education Programs Studies demonstrate that learning is most effective when the instruction is received in the language the learner knows best. This simple truth extends from basic reading and writing skills in the first language to second language acquisition. In multilingual education programs (MLE) that start with the mother tongue, learners use their own language for learning in the early grades, while also learning the official language as a classroom subject. As learners gain competence in understanding, speaking, reading and writing the language of education, teachers begin using it for instruction. This instructional bridge between the community language and the language of wider communication enables learners—children and adults alike—to meet their broader multilingual goals while retaining their local language and culture. This booklet addresses several important aspects of MLE: ■ The voices of ethnolinguistic minority communities are often not heard. Therefore, advocacy is appropriate for these communities to meet their MLE needs. ■ Conventional instructional methods are not adequate for MLE programs. Educators at both community and national levels need to develop their capacity to design and implement MLE programs. ■ Developing a writing system for a non-dominant language is a challenging but essential early step in developing an MLE program. ■ MLE not only requires the commitment and resources of the local community, but also the resources and expertise available from government agencies, NGOs or others. Resource linking brings the partners together so that each one contributes its own particular resources. ■ MLE gives children and adults a firm foundation for continuing to learn throughout their lives. -
English Planning for Global Cooperation in Sign Language Development Through Networks, Finland, the US, Colombia and Japan Consultants and Resources
SIL International 2009 Partners in Language Development UPDATE YEARS 1934–2009 “No one has ever seen a book in our language before.” Until this year, the Koda community in Bangladesh did not have a written form of their language. Some Koda people thought it was impossible to write their language. A cooperative education and development program for this community was started by Food for the Hungry and SIL. In 2009, a group of eager Koda men met several times with SIL staff to make decisions about a writing system for their language. The men—some of whom had only attended school for two years—participated in an orthography workshop with SIL consultants and began to write in their own language. They worked together to identify the speech sounds that are the same as in Bangla (the national language), the several sounds that are different, and how to Each workshop represent each sound in an alphabet—the first step towards uniform spelling. participant wrote When workshop participants were asked to write stories about their daily lives and a story in Koda and culture, they responded, “We have never written a story before.” But by the end of made his own book. These men have the workshop, each participant had written a short story and made his own book to started to fulfill their take back to his village—an achievement that gave them confidence and increased community’s desire to self-esteem. protect and preserve SIL grew out of one man’s concern for people speaking languages that lacked written their language. -
A Sketch of the Linguistic Geography of Signed Languages in the Caribbean1,2
OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 38 A SKETCH OF THE LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHY OF SIGNED LANGUAGES IN THE CARIBBEAN Ben Braithwaite The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine June 2017 SCL OCCASIONAL PAPERS PAPER NUMBER 38—JUNE 2017 Edited by Ronald Kephart (2014–2016) and Joseph T. Farquharson (2016–2018), SCL Publications Officers Copy editing by Sally J. Delgado and Ronald Kephart Proofreading by Paulson Skerritt and Sulare Telford EDITORIAL BOARD Joseph T. Farquharson The University of the West Indies, Mona (Chair) Janet L. Donnelly College of the Bahamas David Frank SIL International Ronald Kephart University of North Florida Salikoko S. Mufwene University of Chicago Ian E. Robertson The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Geraldine Skeete The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Donald C. Winford Ohio State University PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY FOR CARIBBEAN LINGUISTICS (SCL) c/o Department of Language, Linguistics and Philosophy, The University of the West Indies, Mona campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica. <www.scl-online.net> © 2017 Ben Braithwaite. All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author. ISSN 1726–2496 THE LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHY OF SIGNED LANGUAGES 3 A Sketch of the Linguistic Geography of Signed Languages in the Caribbean1,2 Ben Braithwaite The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 1. Introduction HE Caribbean… is the location of almost every type of linguistic “Tphenomenon, and of every type of language situation. For example, trade and contact jargons, creole languages and dialects, ethnic vernaculars, and regional and nonstandard dialects are all spoken. There are also ancestral languages used for religious purposes…, regional standards, and international standards. -
Global Volatility Steadies the Climb
WORLD AIRLINER CENSUS Global volatility steadies the climb Cirium Fleet Forecast’s latest outlook sees heady growth settling down to trend levels, with economic slowdown, rising oil prices and production rate challenges as factors Narrowbodies including A321neo will dominate deliveries over 2019-2038 Airbus DAN THISDELL & CHRIS SEYMOUR LONDON commercial jets and turboprops across most spiking above $100/barrel in mid-2014, the sectors has come down from a run of heady Brent Crude benchmark declined rapidly to a nybody who has been watching growth years, slowdown in this context should January 2016 low in the mid-$30s; the subse- the news for the past year cannot be read as a return to longer-term averages. In quent upturn peaked in the $80s a year ago. have missed some recurring head- other words, in commercial aviation, slow- Following a long dip during the second half Alines. In no particular order: US- down is still a long way from downturn. of 2018, oil has this year recovered to the China trade war, potential US-Iran hot war, And, Cirium observes, “a slowdown in high-$60s prevailing in July. US-Mexico trade tension, US-Europe trade growth rates should not be a surprise”. Eco- tension, interest rates rising, Chinese growth nomic indicators are showing “consistent de- RECESSION WORRIES stumbling, Europe facing populist backlash, cline” in all major regions, and the World What comes next is anybody’s guess, but it is longest economic recovery in history, US- Trade Organization’s global trade outlook is at worth noting that the sharp drop in prices that Canada commerce friction, bond and equity its weakest since 2010. -
Saramaka Maroons on the Brazilian Frontier Richard Price College Of
Saramaka Maroons on the Brazilian Frontier Richard Price College of William and Mary, Virginia, USA, and Anse Chaudière, Martinique Maroons in the Americas have always been champions at seizing the moment, whether in battles against their colonial enemies or in carving out imaginative economic niches in more recent times. This essay focuses on Maroon men from central Suriname who, in the second half of the nineteenth century, migrated to French Guiana where they monopolized the river transport system that supplied thousands of non-Maroon goldminers in that colony and, in the process, created a new of way of life for themselves and their descendants. The Oyapok region of French Guiana, which borders the Brazilian state of Amapá, might best be considered the distant frontier of a distant frontier B many thousands of kilometers from the metropolitan political center of Paris, many hundreds through the forest from the colonial capital of Cayenne, and, from the perspective of the Saramaka Maroons of central Suriname, at the farthest edge of the known geographical universe. In 1900, the mayor of the Commune de l=Oyapok gave the total population as 304. (He did not include members of the Aindigenous tribes of autochthonous or African origin living in the region@ which, according to a 1901 document, lived there Aunder the administrative protection of the customs service.@) Despite plans on the drawing board in 2002 for a bridge between St.- Georges-de-l'Oyapok and the Brazilian town of Oiapoque and for a road between St.- Georges-de-l'Oyapok and Cayenne (which would in theory permit direct road travel between, say, Macapá and Cayenne) the region has long remained a backwater B in 1971, for example, the largest town in the region, St-Georges-de-l'Oyapok, boasted only two cars.1 By 1900, when Saramaka Maroon migrants from Suriname (the main Atribe . -
Aviation Regulatory Update Digest
January 2018 AVIATION REGULATORY UPDATE DELTA PREVAILS OVER DOT ENFORCEMENT OFFICE IN DISPUTED CONSENT ORDER CASE A DOT Administrative Law Judge recently issued an order in favor of Delta’s challenge of a DOT Notice of Enforcement Proceeding and Proposed Assessment of Civil Penalties for the carrier’s alleged violation of DOT’s codeshare disclosure rule (14 C.F.R. 257.5(b)), the prohibition against unfair and deceptive trade practices (49 U.S.C. § 41712(c)), and the violation of a prior cease and desist order that prohibited Delta from failing to comply with the Department’s codeshare disclosure requirements. The proposed civil penalty was for $660,000. Delta refused to pay the penalty, and DOT filed a formal enforcement complaint under 14 C.F.R. Part 302. This is quite unusual as most carriers choose to follow the consent order process rather than risk formal litigation with DOT. The penalty resulted from a lengthy investigation by DOT’s enforcement office, during which DOT analysts called the Delta reservations line, pretending to be passengers interested in booking one‐way flights on a codeshare partner. If the DL reservation agent failed to disclose that the flight was operated by a codeshare partner, DOT noted a violation even though no tickets were purchased. Delta argued, and the ALJ agreed, that the applicable statute and regulation specify ticket purchase or booking as the triggering event for codeshare disclosure. Because there were no tickets purchased during DOT’s investigation, the ALJ determined that Delta’s actions could not have violated the codeshare disclosure rule and thus the penalty was improper. -
The Status of Dutch in Post-Colonial Suriname
Manuscript of: Diepeveen, Janneke & Matthias Hüning (2016): The status of Dutch in post-colonial Suriname. In: Daniel Schmidt-Brücken, Susanne Schuster & Marina Wienberg (Hrsg.), Aspects of (post)colonial linguistics. Current perspectives and new approaches, 131-155. (Koloniale und Postkoloniale Linguistik / Colonial and Postcolonial Linguistics - KPL/CPL 9). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. [DOI: 10.1515/9783110436907-007] Janneke Diepeveen & Matthias Hüning The status of Dutch in post-colonial Suriname Abstract: Dutch is an official language not only in the Netherlands and Bel- gium, but also in Suriname, a country in South-America. Before its independ- ence, Suriname was a colony of the Netherlands, starting as early as 1667. After its independence in 1975, the multilingual Republic of Suriname main- tained Dutch as its official language, the language of education and public life. In this paper, we shall address two seemingly conflicting developments which take place in this former Dutch colony: on the one hand, the growing use of the creole language Sranantongo as a lingua franca across Suriname and on the other hand, the persistence of Dutch. We shall argue that the linguistic developments in Suriname must be understood against the background of a young nation which is constructing its own post-colonial national identity. Keywords: Suriname, Dutch, Sranantongo, diglossia, standardization, post- colonialism Janneke Diepeveen & Matthias Hüning Institut für Deutsche und Niederländische Philologie Freie Universität Berlin Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin (Germany) [email protected] | [email protected] The status of Dutch in post-colonial Suriname 3 1 Introduction: Suriname and the Dutch 1 language area Dutch is a West-Germanic language and the mother tongue of about 23 mil- lion people. -
Suriname-Ports-Handbook.Pdf
PORTS HANDBOOK 2010-11 To advertise in this e-edition please contact Ray Deekes at Land & Marine Publications Ltd. Tel: +44 (0)1206 752902 or Email: [email protected] CONTENTS 3 FOREWORD 5 EVERYTHING IN PLACE TO FACE THE FUTURE WITH CONFIDENCE 9 PORT MANAGEMENT COMPANY STEERS A STEADY COURSE 10 LOCATION SURINAME 12 LAND SWAP THAT LED TO 300 YEARS OF DUTCH RULE 14 LAND OF UNDISCOVERED BEAUTY AND OPPORTUNITIES 18 MODERNISATION OF NIEUW HAVEN BRINGS MAJOR NEW BENEFITS 20 DEDICATED FACILITIES ADD POWER TO SURINAME’S ECONOMY 21 FUTURE LOOKS BRIGHT FOR SURINAME’S SECOND PORT 23 AMBITIOUS EXPANSION PROJECT CHANGES THE FACE OF THE PORT 28 AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS DRIVE UP NATIONAL EARNINGS 32 GREAT TIMES AHEAD FOR BURGEONING OIL INDUSTRY 35 REVITALISED PORT AT MOENGO OPEN FOR NEW BUSINESS 39 QUALITY COMES AS STANDARD AT FULLSERVICE SHIPYARD 40 OUT OF THE ORDINARY LOCATION HAS EXTRAORDINARY APPEAL 41 PLAYING A PROMINENT ROLE IN SURINAME’S SHIPPING INDUSTRY 43 CRANE HERALDS NEW ERA FOR VERSATILE COMPANY SURINAME PORTS HANDBOOK 44 VAST POTENTIAL FOR INVESTMENT AND GROWTH 2010-11 was published by: 46 MODERN TRANSPORT NETWORKS KEEP PASSENGERS AND CARGO ON THE MOVE 49 A LAND OF UNDISCOVERED BEAUTY AND WORLDCLASS ATTRACTIONS 52 NEW FOCUS FOR LONGESTABLISHED SHIPPING COMPANY Land & Marine Publications Ltd 1 Kings Court, Newcomen Way, 53 NATURAL RESOURCES ARE BIG BUSINESS FOR SURINAME Severalls Business Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 9RA, United Kingdom 54 FAMILY OWNED SHIPPING AGENCY BUILDS ON ITS FINE REPUTATION Tel: +44 (0)1206 752902 Fax: +44 (0)1206 842958 55 MARITIME EXPERTISE ON SURINAME’S COAST AND RIVERS E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.landmarine.com 57 SKY IS THE LIMIT FOR MULTIFACETED GROUP OF COMPANIES The opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily 58 HYDRO POWER MAKES A GREEN COUNTRY EVEN GREENER those of the editor nor of any other organisation associated with this 61 CONFIDENCE IN FUTURE SPARKS NATIONWIDE INVESTMENT publication.