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Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? and Thought-Provoking Critique of Sustainable Tourism Development

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Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? and Thought-Provoking Critique of Sustainable Tourism Development pb 234x156mm, spine 17.3mmmm Beyond Sustainability? T is a timely, refreshing, ourism Development and the Environment: Tourism, Environment and Development Series ‘Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? and thought-provoking critique of sustainable tourism development. Challenging us to re- examine the very nature of sustainability, globalization and the tourism industry as a capitalist endeavour, it is essential reading [which is] sure to generate future debate.’ David J. Telfer, Department of Tourism and Environment, Brock University, Canada ‘Is sustainable tourism an idea “whose time has now passed”? Or does uncritical allegiance to this notion blind us to the substantial economic benefits tourism brings to (differentially structured) global destinations? Sharpley says it does, and his case is cogently argued, empirically based and compelling. The debate over international tourism has been raised to a new level.’ Cover credits: Dubai photo David Harrison, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of the South Pacific, Fiji Islands Tourism challenges the Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? sustainable tourism development paradigm that has come to dominate both theoretical and © Development practical approaches to tourism development over the last two decades. It extends the Sean Randall/istockphoto.com Bathing in the Blue Lagoon sustainable tourism debate beyond the arguably managerialist ‘blueprint’ and destination- Hotel Los Jasmines Pool in Vinales Valley, Cuba focused approach that continues to characterize even the most recent ‘sustainability’ agenda within tourism development. Reviewing the evolution of the sustainable tourism development and the Environment: concept, its contemporary manifestations in academic literature and policy developments and processes, the author compares its limitations to prevailing political-economic, socio- cultural and environmental contexts. He then proposes alternative approaches to tourism Beyond Sustainability? development which, nevertheless, retain environmental sustainability as a prerequisite of tourism development. This book also acts as an introduction to the Earthscan series ‘Tourism, Environment and Development’. Richard Sharpley Richard Sharpley is Professor of Tourism and Development at the University of Central Lancashire, UK © Richard Sharpley Susana Morales/istockphoto.com © Rob Broek/istockphoto.com About the series: ‘Tourism, Environment and Development’ aims to explore, within a variety of contexts, the developmental role of tourism as it relates explicitly to its environmental consequences. Each book will review critically and challenge ‘traditional’ perspectives on (sustainable) tourism development, exploring new approaches that reflect contemporary economic, socio-cultural and political contexts. www.earthscan.co.uk Earthscan strives to minimize its impact on the environment Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? Tourism, Environment and Development Series Series Editor: Richard Sharpley School of Sport, Tourism & The Outdoors, University of Central Lancashire, UK Editorial Board: Chris Cooper, Oxford Brookes University, UK; Andrew Holden, University of Bedfordshire, UK; Bob McKercher, Hong Kong Polytechic University; Chris Ryan, University of Waikato, New Zealand; David Telfer, Brock University, Canada Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? Richard Sharpley Titles in preparation Tourism and Poverty Reduction Pathways to Prosperity Jonathan Mitchell and Caroline Ashley Slow Travel and Tourism Janet Dickinson and Les Lumsdon Sustainable Tourism in Island Destinations Sonya Graci and Rachel Dodds Please contact the Series Editor to discuss new proposals at [email protected] Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? Richard Sharpley London • Sterling, VA First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2009 Copyright © Professor Richard Anthony John Sharpley, 2009 All rights reserved ISBN: HB 978-1-84407-732-8 PB 978-1-84407-733-5 Typeset by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan Cover design by Yvonne Booth For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Dunstan House 14a St Cross St London, EC1N 8XA, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7841 1930 Fax: +44 (0)20 7242 1474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sharpley, Richard, 1956- Tourism development and the environment : beyond sustainability? / Richard Sharpley. p. cm. – (Tourism, environment, and development) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84407-732-8 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-84407-733-5 (pbk.) 1. Tourism–Environmental aspects. 2. Tourism–Economic aspects. 3. Economic development–Environmental aspects. 4. Sustainable development. I. Title. G155.A1S473 2009 338.4'791–dc11 2009007598 At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our CO2 emissions, including those created through publication of this book. For more details of our environmental policy, see www.earthscan.co.uk. This book was printed in the UK by The Cromwell Press Group. The paper used is FSC certified and the inks are vegetable based. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Series Preface ix Introduction xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xix 1 Tourism, Development and the Environment: An Introduction 1 2 Tourism and Development: From Economic Growth to Sustainability 29 3 Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique 57 4 Tourism, Globalization and ‘Post-development’ 85 5 Tourism Environments 119 6 Tourism as Capitalism 147 7 Destination Capitals: An Alternative Framework for Tourism Development 175 References 199 Index 217 List of Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 The tourism system 12 1.2 Tourist experiences of destination environments 25 3.1 Müller’s ‘magic pentagon’ 60 4.1 The Gambia 110 5.1 A conceptual model of the tourism-environment relationship 126 5.2 The tourism-environment relationship: The destination 129 5.3 Location of the Lake District 142 7.1 A basic model of strategic management 180 7.2 A destination capitals model of tourism development 181 Tables 1.1 Technical definitions of tourists 7 1.2 Tourism arrivals and receipts growth rates 1950–2000 15 1.3 International tourist arrivals and receipts 1950–2007 18 1.4 The world’s top ten international tourism destinations 2007 19 1.5 The world’s top ten international tourism earners 2007 19 1.6 Percentage share of international tourist arrivals by region 1960–2007 20 2.1 The Millennium Project: Goals and Targets 33 2.2 Per capita GNI country classifications 34 2.3 The relationship between development and capitalism 37 2.4 Development theory from the 1950s 39 2.5 Characteristics of mass versus alternative tourism 44 2.6 Sustainable tourism development: A summary of principles 50 2.7 Cuba: Key tourism indicators 1990–2005 55 3.1 Principles of sustainable tourism 62 3.2 Sustainable development and tourism: Principles and objectives 70 3.3 Tourist arrivals: Iceland 1990–2007 81 3.4 Hotels and guest houses in Iceland by region 2007 82 4.1 The globalization debate and tourism: A summary 100 4.2 Least developed countries: Selected development and tourism indicators 104 viii TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 4.3 The Gambia: Selected development indicators 2005 112 4.4 Tourist arrivals (air charter) in The Gambia: 1972/3–1994/5 113 4.5 Tourist arrivals in The Gambia: 1995–2006 114 5.1 Climate change impacts, implications and tourism outcomes 140 6.1 Economic influences on tourism demand 157 6.2 The Five Capitals 159 6.3 Tourism growth rates in Cyprus 1960–1973 169 6.4 Tourism in Cyprus 1975–2007: Key indicators 170 6.5 Arrivals from major markets 1990–2007 (% of total) 171 7.1 Dubai international tourist arrivals 1985–2006 184 7.2 Dubai hotel data 1998–2007 185 7.3 Seaside resorts’ market share of English tourism 1973–1988 (%) 190 7.4 Estimated visits to Blackpool 1989–2007 (millions) 191 7.5 Tourist arrivals and receipts Bhutan 1989–2006 195 7.6 Tourism: Purpose of visit 1996–2006 196 Series Preface The relationship between tourism and the physical, socio-cultural, economic and political environments within which it occurs and upon which it impacts has long been recognized and considered within the academic literature. At the same time, the potential role of tourism as an agent of socio-economic development has also long been promoted and debated, although it is only relatively recently that a more critical and theoretically informed perspective on this role has been adopted. However, these two issues have been implicitly connected within the concept of sustainable tourism, a tourism development paradigm that, since the early 1990s, has dominated the tourism literature but which, to a great extent, has focused on prescriptive, managerialist or ‘blueprint’ approaches to tourism development. Moreover, it is now increasingly accepted that the sustainable tourism development debate has reached something of an impasse. The purpose of the Earthscan Tourism, Environment and Development series, therefore, is to advance knowledge and understanding of the relation- ship between tourism and the environment at a time when not only is the environmental agenda in
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