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Pyrenophora Teres F. Teres Isolates and Its Implications for Resistance Breeding

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Pyrenophora Teres F. Teres Isolates and Its Implications for Resistance Breeding 9 The virulence of Finnish Pyrenophora teres f. teres isolates and its implications for resistance breeding Doctoral Dissertation MTT is publishing its research findings in two series of publications: MTT Science and MTT Growth. Marja Jalli MTT CREATES VITALITY THROUGH SCIENCE www.mtt.fi/julkaisut The MTT Science series includes scientific presentations and abstracts from conferences arranged by MTT Agrifood Research Finland. Doctoral dissertations by MTT research scientists will also be published in this series. The topics range from agricultural and food research to environmental research in the field of agriculture. MTT, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. Tel. +358 3 4188 2327, email [email protected] 9 The virulence of Finnish Pyrenophora teres f. teres isolates and its implications for resistance breeding Doctoral Dissertation Marja Jalli Academic Dissertation: To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki, for public criticism in Viikki, Auditorium C1 (Latokartanonkaari 5), on 23rd April 2010, at 12:00 o’clock. Supervisor: Professor Aarne Kurppa Plant Production Research MTT Agrifood Research Finland Jokioinen, Finland Pre-reviewers: Associate Professor Lisa Munk Department of Plant Biology University of Copenhagen ISBN 978-952-487-273-7 (Print) Copenhagen, Denmark ISBN 978-952-487-274-4 (Electronic) ISSN 1798-1824 (Printed version) Associate Professor Erland Liljeroth ISSN 1798-1840 (Electronic version) Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural http://www.mtt.fi/mtttiede/pdf/mtttiede9.pdf Sciences Copyright MTT Agrifood Research Finland Alnarp, Sweden Marja Jalli Distribution and sale Opponent: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Adjunct Professor Andrej Tekauz Media and Information services, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada FI-31600 Jokioinen, phone +358 3 41881, Cereal Research Centre e-mail [email protected] Winnipeg, Canada Printing year 2010 Custos: Cover picture Marja Jalli: Helena and net blotch resistant barley landraces. Professor Minna Pirhonen Printing house Plant Pathology Laboratory Tampereen Department of Agricultural Sciences Yliopistopaino Juvenes Print Oy University of Helsinki, Finland 2 MTT SCIENCE 9 The virulence of Finnish Pyrenophora teres f. teres isolates and its implications for resistance breeding Marja Jalli MTT, Plant Production Research, Jokioinen, FI-31600 Jokioinen [email protected] Abstract n Finland, barley, Hordeum vulgare L., barley seedlings under greenhouse condi- covers 50 % of the total acreage devot- tions is a feasible and cost efficient meth- ed to cereal cultivation. The most com- od to describe the virulence spectrum of Imon disease of barley in Finland is net the pathogen. However, the environmental blotch, a foliar disease caused by the asco- conditions of temperature, light and hu- mycete Pyrenophora teres Drechsler. Dis- midity, need to be stable to achieve reliable ease resistance based on plant genes is an and comparable results between different environmentally friendly and economical studies. Inoculum concentration and the way to manage plant diseases caused by bi- seedling leaf used to gauge virulence had otic stresses. Development of a disease re- significant effects. Barley grain size, mor- sistance breeding programme is dependent phological traits of P. teres isolates, spore on knowledge of the pathogen. In addi- production and growth rate on agar did tion to information on the epidemiology not affect the expression of virulence. A and virulence of a pathogen, knowledge on common barley differential set to charac- how the pathogen evolves and the nature terize the P. teres virulence was developed of the risks that might arise in the future and is recommended to be used globally: are essential issues that need to be taken c-8755, c-20019, CI 5791, CI 9825, Cana- into account to achieve the final breed- dian Lakeshore, Harbin, Prior, Skiff, and ing aims. Harrington. The main objectives of this study were The virulence spectrum of FinnishP. teres to establish reliable and efficient testing f. teres isolates collected in 1994-2007 was methods for Pyrenophora teres f. teres viru- constant both within and between the lence screening, and to understand the role years. The results indicated differences in of virulence of Pyrenophora teres f. teres in the pathogen’s aggressiveness and in barley Finland from a disease resistance breed- genotypes resistance. However, differenc- ing point of view. The virulence of P. teres es in virulence were rarely significant. No was studied by testing 239 Finnish P. teres virulent reactions were recorded on barley f. teres isolates collected between 1994 – genotypes CI 5791 and CI 9819. Unlike 2007 originating from 19 locations, and in laboratory conditions, no indications of 200 P. teres progeny isolates originating changes in virulence caused by the sexual from artificially producedP. teres matings. reproduction have been observed in Finn- ish barley fields. According to the results of this study, screening for P. teres f. teres isolates on MTT SCIENCE 9 3 In Finland, durable net blotch resistance to the P. teres f. teres isolates collected glo- has been achieved by introducing resist- bally and all of them showed excellent re- ance from other barley varieties using tra- sistance to Finnish P. teres f. teres isolates. ditional crossing methods, including wide crossing, and testing the breeding materi- al at early generations at several sites under natural infection pressure. Novel resist- Keywords: ance is available, which is recommended Hordeum vulgare, barley, Drechslera to minimize the risk of selection of vir- teres, net blotch, net form of net blotch, ulent isolates and breakdown of current- virulence testing, differential set, sex- ly deployed resistance. Barley genotypes ual reproduction, evolution, tillage c-8755, CI 9825 and CI 5791 are poten- method, disease resistance tial resistance sources to be used in Finn- ish barley. They differed in their reaction 4 MTT SCIENCE 9 Suomalaisten Pyrenophora teres f. teres - isolaattien virulenssi ja sen huomioiminen taudinkestävyysjalostuksessa Marja Jalli MTT, Kasvintuotannon tutkimus, 31600 Jokioinen [email protected] Tiivistelmä ilmankosteuden tulee olla testeissä va- kioidut, jotta eri testien tulokset ovat kes- uolella Suomen viljanviljelyalas- kenään vertailukelpoiset. Tartukkeen itiö- ta kasvaa ohraa. Yleisin ohran kas- pitoisuus sekä havainnoitavan ohralehden vitauti on lehtiä vioittava verkko- ikä vaikuttivat merkittävästi virulenssin Plaikku, jonka aiheuttaja on kotelosieniin ilmenemiseen. Sitä vastoin ohran sieme- kuuluva Pyrenophora teres Drechsler. Tau- nen koko, P. teres -isolaattien morfologi- dinkestävyys on ympäristöystävällinen ja set ominaisuudet, itiöntuottokyky tai kas- taloudellinen keino hallita pieneliöiden ai- vunopeus agar-maljalla eivät vaikuttaneet heuttamia kasvitauteja. Taudinaiheuttajan virulenssiin. Tutkimuksessa määritettiin tuntemus on taudinkestävyysjalostuksen ohragenotyypit, joiden reaktiot ilmentä- perusta. Taudinaiheuttajan yleisyyden li- vät P. teres -sienen virulenssia eri maissa säksi on huomioitava taudinaiheuttajan ja joita suositellaan käytettäväksi kansain- virulenssi (taudinaiheuttamiskyky) ja sen välisesti. Virulenssia tehokkaasti mittaa- muuntelun todennäköisyys. Taudinaiheut- viksi ohragenotyypeiksi osoittautuivat: tajan kyky muuntua tuo mukanaan riske- c-8755, c-20019, CI 5791, CI 9825, Ca- jä, joiden ennakoiminen on oleellinen osa nadian Lakeshore, Harbin, Prior, Skiff, ja onnistunutta taudinkestävyysjalostusta. Harrington. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää Suomalaisten P. teres f. teres -isolaattien luotettavat ja tehokkaat menetelmät Py- virulenssi on pysynyt muuttumattoma- renophora teres f. teres – virulenssin testaa- na vuosien 1994 ja 2007 välillä. Tulokset miseksi ja selvittää, mikä on suomalaisten osoittivat eroja taudinaiheuttajan aggressii- P. teres f. teres –isolaattien virulenssi ja mi- visuudessa mutta erot isolaattien virulens- ten se huomioidaan taudinkestävyysjalos- sissa olivat harvoin merkittäviä. Yksikään tusohjelmassa. Aineisto koostui vuosina testatuista P. teres f. teres -isolaateista ei ol- 1994–2007 Suomesta 19 paikkakunnalta lut virulentti ohragenotyypeillä CI 5791 ja kerätyistä 239 P. teres f. teres –isolaatista CI 9819. Toisin kuin laboratoriotesteissä, sekä 200 laboratoriossa tuotetusta suvullis- Suomen ohrapelloilla ei havaittu suvulli- ten P. teres –risteytysten jälkeläisisolaatista. sesta lisääntymisestä johtuvaa virulenssin muuntelua. Tutkimus osoitti, että kasvihuoneessa to- teutettava virulenssitesti on luotettava ja Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että suoma- taloudellinen menetelmä P. teres f. teres laisissa ohralajikkeissa esiintyy pitkäkes- -sienen virulenssin kuvaamiseksi. Ympä- toista verkkolaikunkestävyyttä. Tämä on ristöolosuhteiden, lämpötilan, valon ja saavutettu laajoilla perinteisiin menetel- MTT SCIENCE 9 5 miin perustuvilla risteytyksillä, sekä tes- sa ohranjalostuksessa. Näillä on toisistaan taamalla jalostusaineistoa jo ensimmäis- poikkeava yhdysvaikutus eri P. teres f. te- ten sukupolvien aikana eri ympäristöissä res -isolaattien kanssa, ja kaikki genotyypit luonnon tartunnalle altistettuna. Tutki- ovat erityisen kestäviä suomalaisia P. teres muksessa valikoitui jalostustyössä aiem- f. teres -isolaatteja vastaan. min käyttämätöntä, hyvin verkkolaikun kestävää ohramateriaalia. Laaja-alaisuudel- taan ja tehokkuudeltaan poikkeavien tau- dinkestävyyslähteiden käyttö on suositelta- Asiasanat: vaa, jotta
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