Allow the Wizard of Oz to Reply to His Critic
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Essays-Mechanics / Electrodynamics/Download/8831
WHAT IF THE GALILEO AFFAIR NEVER HAPPENED? ABSTRACT From the 5th Century A.D. to the advent of Scholastic Aristotelianism, the curriculum in Roman Catholic universities in Europe taught a Rotating Geocentric Earth. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 A.D.-1274 A.D.) introduced the writings of Aristotle (384 B.C.-322 B.C.) and of Claudius Ptolemy (100 A.D.-170 A.D.) in the 13th Century A.D., and the curriculum changed to teach a Non-Rotating Geocentric Earth. In this GSJ presentation, an Alternate History is presented. The famous Trial of Galileo never happened and the book by Nicolaus Copernicus was never banned by the Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church simply ignored Galileo & his insulting book of 1632 A.D. The Roman Catholic Church Astronomers produced the Gregorian Calendar in 1583 A.D. The Roman Catholic Astronomers had abandoned the Aristotle/Ptolemy Model of Astronomy and had replaced it with the Non-Rotating Tychonian Model. This is NOT Alternate History. Johann Kepler published. That is NOT Alternate History. Isaac Newton published Principia, too. Christian Huygens contributed to the technology of the Mechanical Clock. Mechanical Time and Sundial Time demonstrate two similar but not identical paths. This is NOT Alternate History, either. The writer that is known as Voltaire (1694-1778) campaigned for Newton’s Principia as did Willem Gravesande (1688-1742). Pierre-Simon LaPlace (1748-1827) rescued Newton’s Celestial Mechanics of Universal Gravitation and Kepler’s Elliptical Orbits from disequilibrium issues in 1804A.D. Friedrich Bessel (1784-1846) discovered the first star to exhibit Stellar Parallax in 1838. -
Rosseau, Brendan 2019 Astronomy Thesis Title
Rosseau, Brendan 2019 Astronomy Thesis Title: The Intellectual Marketplace: The Evolution of Space Exploration from Copernicus to von Braun & Beyond Advisor: Jay Pasachoff Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: Yes Contains Copyrighted Material: No The Intellectual Marketplace: The Evolution of Space Exploration from Copernicus to von Braun & Beyond by Brendan L. Rosseau Dr. Jay Pasachoff, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Astronomy WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 8, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Thesis Prologue ………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………... 6 Part I: Early Astronomy ………………………………………………………………….. 11 Part II: Space Exploration in the New World ……………………………….….... 25 Part III: Spaceflight ………………………………………………………………………... 43 Looking Back & Looking Ahead ….………………………………………………….… 60 Appendix Endnotes ………………………………………………………………………………………. 64 About the Author …………………………………………………………………………… 68 Citations ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my great appreciation to Professor Jay Pasachoff, Field Memorial Professor of Astronomy at Williams College, for his invaluable contributions to this thesis and to my education in astronomy. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by -
Februar 2019
Februar 2019 Vor 551 Jahren geboren JOHANNES WERNER (14.02.1468 – Mai 1522) Im Jahre 1472 wurde in Ingolstadt die erste Universität Bayerns durch Herzog LUDWIG IX von Bayern-Landshut ge- gründet. Nach der Kirchenspaltung ab 1530 entwickelte sich die Hochschule unter dem Einfluss des Jesuitenordens zu einem der Zentren der Gegenreformation. Kurfürst MAXI - MILIAN , der spätere bayerische König MAXIMILIAN I, ver- legte 1800 die Universität zunächst nach Landshut, dann nach München – seit 1802 trägt sie den heutigen Namen: LUDWIG -MAXIMILIAN s-Universität (LMU). 1484 schreibt sich der in Nürnberg geborene 16-jährige JOHANNES WERNER an der theologischen Fakultät der Ingolstädter Hochschule ein. Auch wenn es von Kind an sein Wunsch gewesen ist, Mathematiker zu werden, verfolgt er nun doch konsequent den Weg zum Priesterberuf: 1490 wird er als Kaplan in Herzogenaurach tätig, verbringt einige Jahre in Rom, wechselt 1498 an eine Pfarrei in Wöhrd bei Nürnberg, bis er schließlich Pfarrer der Johanniskirche in Nürnberg wird. Die Pflichten dieses Amtes nimmt er gewissenhaft bis zu seinem Tod wahr. Seine Zeit in Rom hatte WERNER bereits zu intensiven Studien der Mathematik und der Astronomie genutzt. Nach Nürnberg zurückgekehrt, vertieft er sich in eigene Forschungen. So beo- bachtet er im Jahr 1500 die Bewegung eines Kometen, führt Messungen mit selbstgebauten Instrumenten aus und dokumen- tiert alle Daten mit Sorgfalt. Mit großem Geschick baut er Astrolabien (Sternhöhen- messer) und Sonnenuhren, konstruiert einen besonderen Jakobsstab mit Winkeleinteilung. 1514 erscheint WERNER s Übersetzung der Geographia des CLAUDIUS PTOLEMÄUS (In Hoc Opere Haec Continentur Nova Translatio Primi Libri Geographicae Cl. Ptolomaei ). Zusätzlich zu umfangreichen Kommentaren entwickelt er eigene Ideen, die in Astronomie und Geografie angewandt werden können. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Journal for the History of Astronomy
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Journal for the History of Astronomy Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 10 May 2021 Version 1.28 Title word cross-reference $8.95 [Had84]. $87 [CWW17]. $89.95 [Gan15]. 8 = 1;2;3 [Cov15]. $90 [Ano15f]. $95 [Swe17c]. c [Kin87, NRKN16, Rag05]. mul [Kur19]. muld [Kur19]. [Kur19]. · $100 [Apt14]. $120 [Hen15b]. $127 [Llo15]. 3 [Ano15f, Ash82, Mal10, Ste12a]. ∆ [MS04]. $135.00 [Smi96]. $14 [Sch15]. $140 [GG14]. $15 [Jar90]. $17.95 [Had84]. $19.95 -1000 [Hub83]. -4000 [Gin91b]. -601 [Mul83, Nau98]. 20 [Ost07]. 2000 [Eva09b]. [Hub83]. -86 [Mar75]. -Ft [Edd71b, Mau13]. $24.95 [Lep14, Bro90]. $27 [W lo15]. $29 -inch [Ost07]. -year [GB95]. -Year-Old [Sha14]. $29.25 [Hea15]. $29.95 [Eva09b]. [Ger17, Mes15]. 30 [Mau13]. $31.00 [Bra15]. $34 [Sul14]. $35 Zaga´_ n [CM10]. [Ano15f, Dev14b, Lau14, Mir17, Rap15a]. $38 [Dan19b, Vet19]. $39.95 [Mol14b]. /Catalogue [Kun91]. /Charles [Tur07]. $39.99 [Bec15]. $40 [Dun20, LF15, Rob86]. /Collected [Gin93]. /Heretic [Tes10]. 40 [Edd71b]. $42 [Nau98]. $45 [Kes15]. /the [War08]. $49.95 [Ree20]. $49.99 [Bec15]. $50 [Kru17, Rem15]. $55 [Bon19b]. $60 [Mal15]. 0 [Ave18, Hei14a, Oes15, Swe17c, Wlo15, 600 [GB95]. $72 [Ave18]. $79 [Wil15]. 1 2 Ash82]. [Dic97a]. 1970 [Kru08]. 1971 [Wil75]. 1973 [Doe19]. 1975 [Ost80]. 1976 [Gin02d]. 1979 1 [Ano15f, BH73a, Ber14, Bru78b, Eva87b, [Ano78d]. -
Astronomer Frischlin Among Slovenians Stanislav Južnič
S tudia Historica S lovenica Studia Historica Slovenica Časopis za humanistične in družboslovne študije Humanities and Social Studies Review letnik 10 (2010), št. 1 MARIBOR 2010 Studia Historica Slovenica ISNN 1580-8122 Časopis za humanistične in družboslovne študije / Humanities and Social Studies Review Izdajatelj / Published by ZGODOVINSKO DRUŠTVO DR. FRANCA KOVAČIČA V MARIBORU/ HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF DR. FRANC KOVAČIČ IN MARIBOR http://www.zgodovinsko-drustvo-kovacic.si/ Uredniški odbor / Editorial Board dr. Ivo Banac (ZDA / USA), dr. Rajko Bratuž, dr. Neven Budak, (Hrvaška / Croatia), dr. Darko Darovec, dr. Darko Friš, dr. Stane Granda, dr. Andrej Hozjan, dr. Mateja Matjašič Friš, dr. Jože Mlinarič, dr. Jurij Perovšek, dr. Jože Pirjevec (Italija / Italy), dr. Dragan Potočnik, dr. Anton Ožinger, dr. Tone Ravnikar, dr. Imre Szilágyi, (Madžarska / Hungary), dr. Peter Štih, dr. Andrej Vovko, dr. Marija Wakounig (Avstrija / Austria), dr. Zinka Zorko Glavni in odgovorni urednik / Chief and Responsible Editor dr. Darko Friš Zgodovinsko društvo dr. Franca Kovačiča Koroška cesta 160, SI – 2000 Maribor, Slovenija telefon / Phone: 00386 2 229 36 58 fax / Fax: 00386 2 229 36 25 e-pošta / e-mail: [email protected] Urednica / Editor dr. Mateja Matjašič Friš Članki so recenzirani. Za znanstveno vsebino prispevkov so odgovorni avtorji. Ponatis člankov je mogoč samo z dovoljenjem uredništva in navedbo vira. The articles have been reviewed. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their articles. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the publisher’s prior consent and a full mention of the source. Žiro račun / Bank Account: Nova KBM d.d. SI 56041730001421147 Prevajanje / Translation: Knjižni studio, d.o.o. -
The Birth of Mathematical Physics - Kepler’S Proof of the Planets’ Elliptical Orbits from Causal Hypotheses
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY The birth of mathematical physics - Kepler’s proof of the planets’ elliptical orbits from causal hypotheses Sigurd Tønnessen A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor Spring 2012 “If you want to know something about scientists and their methods you should stick to one principle: don’t listen to what they say, but look to what they are doing.” Albert Einstein The birth of mathematical physics – Kepler’s proof of the planets’ elliptical orbits from causal hypotheses Sigurd Tønnessen A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor University of Tromsø Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education Department of Philosophy Spring 2012 2 Contents Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Acknowledgements…………………………………………….................................. 5 List of original papers…………………………………………………………….... 8 1! Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9! !"!! #$%&'()'&$()')&*+,'%-.*&/'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'0! !"1! 2%3456.*7+'8.6'&$9')&*+,':'&$9';%)9'<&*+,'=9&$.+'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'!>! !"?! #$,'*)9'@.$%779)'A9BC96'%)'%'3%)9')&*+,/'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'!D! 2! Kepler’s theory of science and its influence on his new astronomy ................ 17! 1"!! E$9')39B&(3F)'G(9H'.7'%)&6.7.I(3%C'&$9.6(9)'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'!0! -
PROSTHAPHAERESIS1 - the Forerunner of the Logarithm
PROSTHAPHAERESIS1 - The forerunner of the logarithm (for a+c < 90°) by Klaus Kuehn and Jerry McCarthy Nienstaedt (D) and Wokingham (UK) 1 This is a shortened version of a paper published in 2012: see www.oughtred.org/jos/articles/PROSTHAPHAERESISandWERNERfinal.jmccLR8.8.pdf Abstract For most of his life Johannes Werner (1468-1522) was a priest and astronomer living in Nuremberg, Germany. He first published the prosthaphaeretic formulae (the term “prosthaphaeretic” coming from the Greek for addition and subtraction) around 1513 in a manuscript; this information is mainly supported by very intensive research carried out by Axel Anthon Björnbo (1874-1911) [Björnbo]. It is not exactly known if Werner was aware at that time of the advantageous use of the prosthaphaeretic formula for calculations with very large numbers; however, this can be assumed as being the case. Moreover, strong evidence shows that neither the astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) nor his student Paul Wittich (1555?-1587) invented the prosthaphaeretic formula. However, Tycho Brahe was among the first, who - from 1580 to 1601 - took intensive advantage of the prosthaphaeretic formula for his astronomical calculations. This paper reviews the historical background for the formulation and "re-invention" of prosthaphaeresis. On the basis of the relevant literature it gives some practical examples as well as the mathematical-geometrical proof of the formula. Introduction For a long time, people have looked for ways to simplify computing procedures. It was not so important how difficult the calculations might have been; the goal was always to reduce the cost of computation, but without losing any accuracy. -
Bürgi's Progress Tabulen
Bürgi’s Progress Tabulen (1620): logarithmic tables without logarithms Denis Roegel To cite this version: Denis Roegel. Bürgi’s Progress Tabulen (1620): logarithmic tables without logarithms. [Research Report] 2010. inria-00543936 HAL Id: inria-00543936 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00543936 Submitted on 6 Dec 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Bürgi’s “Progress Tabulen” (1620): logarithmic tables without logarithms Denis Roegel 6 December 2010 This document is part of the LOCOMAT project: http://www.loria.fr/~roegel/locomat.html In 1620, Jost Bürgi, a clock and instrument maker at the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in Prague, had printed (and perhaps published) a mathematical table which could be used as a means of simplifying calculations. This table, which ap- peared a short time after Napier’s table of logarithms, has often been viewed by historians of mathematics as an independent invention (or discovery) of logarithms. In this work, we examine the claims about Bürgi’s inventions, clarifying what we believe are a number of misunderstandings and historical inaccuracies, both on the notion of logarithm and on the contributions of Bürgi and Napier. -
Johannes Kepler - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
7/13/2015 Johannes Kepler - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Johannes Kepler From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Johannes Kepler (German: [ˈkʰɛplɐ]; December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German Johannes Kepler mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. During his career, Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, Austria, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Later he became an assistant to astronomer Tycho Brahe, and eventually the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors Matthias and Ferdinand II. He was also a mathematics teacher in Linz, Austria, and an adviser to General Wallenstein. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an A 1610 portrait of Johannes Kepler by an unknown improved version of the refracting telescope (the artist Keplerian Telescope), and mentioned the telescopic discoveries of his contemporary Galileo Galilei. Born December 27, 1571 Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt, Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction Holy Roman Empire between astronomy and astrology, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of mathematics Died November 15, 1630 (aged 58) within the liberal arts) -
Underdetermination and Indirect Measurement A
UNDERDETERMINATION AND INDIRECT MEASUREMENT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Teru Miyake June 2011 © 2011 by Teru Miyake. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/cs884mb1574 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Michael Friedman, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Helen Longino I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Patrick Suppes I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. George Smith Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. -
Chapter 11 Fragmentation, Competition, and Cultural Change
Chapter 11 Fragmentation, Competition, and Cultural Change As we have seen, one bias in cultural evolution is what I call coercion bias, the ability of those in power who have a strong stake in the cultural status quo—be it religious, artistic, or scientific—to suppress inno- vation and persecute heterodox cultural entrepreneurs who deviate from the received wisdom. Innovations can undermine an existing structure of beliefs and in the process “erode beliefs” that provide certain groups with rents and legitimization (Benabou, Ticchi, and Vindigni, 2014). Another way of looking at this bias is to note that incumbents erect high barriers to entry into the market for ideas to protect their monopoly. These barriers often rely on such terminology as “heresy,” “apostasy,” and “blasphemy” and depend on raw political power to prevent new ideas from competing. In other cases, the educational system may have built-in protection for the intellectual status quo, such as the Chinese civil-service examination system or Jewish religious education. Unlike highly competitive economic systems—where entry and exit in the limit are effort- and cost-free—at some level all evo- lutionary and cultural systems must have such a system in place, to lend some modicum of stability to existing beliefs and prevent complete chaos. The question is to what extent is such resistance too hermetic? If it is too air- tight, it may make innovation of any kind practically impossible and condemn a society to cultural stasis. Degree is everything here. By the early sixteenth century, the forces of repression and resistance were beginning to lose ground in Europe in every cultural domain, making accelerated change possible. -
Bibliographical Index
Bibliographical Index Bibliographical Access to This Volume A construção do Brasil, 1500 –1825. Exhibition catalog. Lisbon: Two modes of access to bibliographical information are used in this CNCDP, 2000. 1028, 1029 De natvra novi orbis libri duo. volume: the footnotes and the Bibliographical Index. Acosta, José de. Salamanca: Guillel- The footnotes provide the full form of a reference the first time it is mum Foquel, 1589. 632 Das Gold des Kondors: Berichte aus der Neuen Welt, 1590. cited in each chapter; on subsequent citations, the author’s last name ———. and a short title are used. Some citations have chapter-specific abbrevi- Ed. Rudolf Kroboth and Peter H. Meurer. Stuttgart: Erdmann, ations listed in a first, unnumbered, footnote. 1991. 1235 Acts of the Privy Council of England: Vol. VII, A.D. 1558–1570. The Bibliographical Index constitutes a complete list of published works cited in the footnotes, tables, appendixes, and figure and plate London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1893. 1626 Acts of the Privy Council of England: Vol. X, A.D. 1577–1578. legends. Numbers in bold type indicate the page(s) in this volume on Ed. which the references are cited. John Roche Dasent. London: For Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, For dictionaries, lexicons, biographical dictionaries, and similar 1895. 1760 Relaciones geográficas del siglo XVI. works, citations may be found under the author’s name or the entry ti- Acuña, René, ed. 10 vols. Mex- tle, depending on the work. Articles in multiauthored books will be ico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de In- found only under the author’s name, regardless of whether the Biblio- vestigaciones Antropológicas, 1982–88.