Historical Roots of Implicit Bias in Slavery
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Puritan Pedagogy in Uncle Tom's Cabin
Molly Dying Instruction: Puritan Pedagogy in Farrell Uncle Tom’s Cabin To day I have taken my pen from the last chapter of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” . It has been the most cheering thing about the whole endeavor to me, that men like you, would feel it. —Letter from Harriet Beecher Stowe to Horace Mann, 2 March 1852 n 1847, three years before Harriet Beecher Stowe I began Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Horace Mann and his wife Mary offered Miss Chloe Lee, a young black student who had been admitted to the Normal School in West Newton, the spare room in their Massachusetts home.1 Mann had recently been corresponding with Stowe’s sister Catherine Beecher about their shared goals for instituting a new kind of edu- cation that would focus more on morals than on classical knowledge and would target the entire society. Beecher enthusiastically asserted that with this inclusive approach, she had “no hesitation in saying, I do not believe that one, no, not a single one, would fail of proving a respectable and prosperous member of society.”2 There were no limits to who could be incorporated into their educational vision—a mission that would encompass even black students like Lee. Arising from the evangelical tradition of religious teaching, these educators wanted to change the goal of the school from the preparation of leaders to the cultivation of citizens. This work of acculturation—making pedagogy both intimate and all-encompassing—required educators to replace the role of parents and turn the school into a multiracial family. Stowe and her friends accordingly had to imagine Christian instruction and cross-racial connection as intimately intertwined. -
The End of Uncle Tom
1 THE END OF UNCLE TOM A woman, her body ripped vertically in half, introduces The End of Uncle Tom and the Grand Allegorical Tableau of Eva in Heaven from 1995 (figs.3 and 4), while a visual narra- tive with both life and death at stake undulates beyond the accusatory gesture of her pointed finger. An adult man raises his hands to the sky, begging for deliverance, and delivers a baby. A second man, obese and legless, stabs one child with his sword while joined at the pelvis with another. A trio of children play a dangerous game that involves a hatchet, a chopping block, a sharp stick, and a bucket. One child has left the group and is making her way, with rhythmic defecation, toward three adult women who are naked to the waist and nursing each other. A baby girl falls from the lap of one woman while reaching for her breast. With its references to scatology, infanticide, sodomy, pedophilia, and child neglect, this tableau is a troubling tribute to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin—the sentimental, antislavery novel written in 1852. It is clearly not a straightfor- ward illustration, yet the title and explicit references to racialized and sexualized violence on an antebellum plantation leave little doubt that there is a significant relationship between the two works. Cut from black paper and adhered to white gallery walls, this scene is composed of figures set within a landscape and depicted in silhouette. The medium is particularly apt for this work, and for Walker’s project more broadly, for a number of reasons. -
Gender Bias in Sexual Assault Response And
End Violence Against Women International (EVAWI) Gender Bias in Sexual Assault Response and Investigation Part 1: Implicit Gender Bias Heather Huhtanen Contributions by Kimberly A. Lonsway, PhD Sergeant Joanne Archambault (Ret.) November 2017 Updated October 2020 . This project is supported by Grant No. 2016-TA-AX-K010 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, US Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women. Gender Bias in Sexual Assault Response and Investigation October Part 1: Implicit Gender Bias Huhtanen 2020 Public Domain Notice Unless something is excerpted directly from a copyrighted source, all the material in this document is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without specifically requesting permission from End Violence Against Women International (EVAWI) or the authors. Any direct quotes or excerpts should be properly cited, however. No one may reproduce or distribute this material for a fee without the specific, written authorization of End Violence Against Women International (EVAWI). Electronic Access The publication may be downloaded from End Violence Against Women International’s Resource Library. Recommended Citation Huhtanen, H. (2020). Gender Bias in Sexual Assault Response and Investigation. Part 1: Implicit Gender Bias. End Violence Against Women International. End Violence Against Women International 2 www.evawintl.org Gender Bias in Sexual Assault Response and Investigation October Part 1: Implicit Gender Bias Huhtanen 2020 Authors Heather Huhtanen is currently based in Geneva, Switzerland where she works to promote gender equality in the context of international development, security and justice reform and peace and transition processes. -
The PAS and American Abolitionism: a Century of Activism from the American Revolutionary Era to the Civil War
The PAS and American Abolitionism: A Century of Activism from the American Revolutionary Era to the Civil War By Richard S. Newman, Associate Professor of History Rochester Institute of Technology The Pennsylvania Abolition Society was the world's most famous antislavery group during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Indeed, although not as memorable as many later abolitionists (from William Lloyd Garrison and Lydia Maria Child to Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth), Pennsylvania reformers defined the antislavery movement for an entire generation of activists in the United States, Europe, and even the Caribbean. If you were an enlightened citizen of the Atlantic world following the American Revolution, then you probably knew about the PAS. Benjamin Franklin, a former slaveholder himself, briefly served as the organization's president. French philosophes corresponded with the organization, as did members of John Adams’ presidential Cabinet. British reformers like Granville Sharp reveled in their association with the PAS. It was, Sharp told told the group, an "honor" to be a corresponding member of so distinguished an organization.1 Though no supporter of the formal abolitionist movement, America’s “first man” George Washington certainly knew of the PAS's prowess, having lived for several years in the nation's temporary capital of Philadelphia during the 1790s. So concerned was the inaugural President with abolitionist agitation that Washington even shuttled a group of nine slaves back and forth between the Quaker State and his Mount Vernon home (still, two of his slaves escaped). The PAS was indeed a powerful abolitionist organization. PAS Origins The roots of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society date to 1775, when a group of mostly Quaker men met at a Philadelphia tavern to discuss antislavery measures. -
•Understanding Bias: a Resource Guide
Community Relations Services Toolkit for Policing Understanding Bias: A Resource Guide Bias Policing Overview and Resource Guide The Community Relations Service (CRS) is the U.S. Justice Department’s “peacemaker” agency, whose mission is to help resolve tensions in communities across the nation, arising from differences of race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, and disability. CRS may be called to help a city or town resolve tensions that stem from community perceptions of bias or a lack of cultural competency among police officers. Bias and a lack of cultural competency are often cited interchangeably as challenges in police- community relationships. While bias and a lack of cultural competency may both be present in a given situation, these challenges and the strategies for addressing them differ appreciably. This resource guide will assist readers in understanding and addressing both of these issues. What is bias, and how is it different from cultural competency? The Science of Bias Bias is a human trait resulting from our tendency and need to classify individuals into categories as we strive to quickly process information and make sense of the world.1 To a large extent, these processes occur below the level of consciousness. This “unconscious” classification of people occurs through schemas, or “mental maps,” developed from life experiences to aid in “automatic processing.”2 Automatic processing occurs with tasks that are very well practiced; very few mental resources and little conscious thought are involved during automatic processing, allowing numerous tasks to be carried out simultaneously.3 These schemas become templates that we use when we are faced with 1. -
Trauma of Slavery: a Critical Study of the Roots by Alex Haley
Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8435 An International Peer-reviewed Journal DOI: 10.7176/JLLL Vol.57, 2019 Trauma of Slavery: A Critical Study of the Roots by Alex Haley Faiza Javed Dar M.Phil. (English Literature), Department of English Government College Woman University, Faisalabad. Pakistan Abstract Roots by Alex Haley is a critical analysis of the traumas of slavery experienced by the Africans. As an Afro- American writer, he gives voice to the issues like racism, subjugation, identity crises of the Blacks, but most of all the institution of slavery. Slavery has been an important phenomenon throughout history. Africa has been intimately connected with this history through Americans. Slavery in America began when the African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such lucrative crops like tobacco and cotton. After the research of twelve years, Haley describes the experiences of Kunta Kinte before and after his enslavement, who is the great-great-grandfather of the writer. Roots is not just a saga of one Afro-American family, it is the symbolic saga of a people. The dehumanization process of slavery assaults the mind, body, and soul of African slaves. The purpose of this paper is to highlight and investigate the slow momentum of social reform for Blacks in the U.S.A. This will be qualitative research and critical race analysis will be applied as a tool to analyze the text under discussion. By using the theory of Derrick Bell the researcher will try to explore racism and black identity in this work. -
Following in His Footsteps: Maryland's Frederick Douglass Driving Tour
Photo: Frederick Douglass painting by Hughie Lee-Smith, courtesy of Banneker Douglass Museum’s Fine Art Collection. Following in His Footsteps: Maryland’s Frederick Douglass Driving Tour Self-Determination, Autonomy, Empowerment Frederick Douglass held a strong connection to Maryland, woven into the fabric of his identity. His homeland – the banks of the Tuckahoe River near Hillsboro – hold the bittersweet memories of his beginnings in slavery. An extraordinary visionary, Douglass believed in his own self-worth and was determined to be free, despite harsh experiences in slavery. He longed for autonomy, and put into action a plan to attain it. In Baltimore, learning to read opened a world of knowledge and sparked an intense desire for freedom. He didn’t let failure, fear, or severe punishment stand in his way. After he took flight from Baltimore in 1838, Douglass worked relentlessly to gain freedom for others through his eloquent speeches and writings that demanded abolition. Douglass changed the world as he traveled, but for him, Maryland was home. Frederick Douglass’s Beginnings on Maryland’s Eastern Shore Begin your journey to discover Frederick Douglass’s deep roots in Maryland on the Eastern Shore, at The Frederick Douglass Park on the Tuckahoe near Holme Hill Farm, his birthplace. The park offers outdoor exhibits describing Douglass's humble beginnings and formative years, and his legacy as a fighter for civil rights. An overlook with tranquil views of the Tuckahoe River is a sacred touchstone to his deep roots in this area. In 1877, Douglass proclaimed, “I am an Eastern Shoreman, with all that name implies. -
Mother-Women and the Construction of the Maternal Body in Harriet Jacobs, Kate Chopin, and Evelyn Scott
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2013 “Taming the Maternal”: Mother-women and the Construction of the Maternal Body in Harriet Jacobs, Kate Chopin, and Evelyn Scott Kelly Ann Masterson [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the American Literature Commons Recommended Citation Masterson, Kelly Ann, "“Taming the Maternal”: Mother-women and the Construction of the Maternal Body in Harriet Jacobs, Kate Chopin, and Evelyn Scott. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1647 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Kelly Ann Masterson entitled "“Taming the Maternal”: Mother-women and the Construction of the Maternal Body in Harriet Jacobs, Kate Chopin, and Evelyn Scott." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English. Mary E. Papke, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Katherine L. Chiles, William J. Hardwig Accepted -
Sexism at Work: How Can We Stop It? Handbook for the EU Institutions and Agencies Acknowledgements
Sexism at work: how can we stop it? Handbook for the EU institutions and agencies Acknowledgements This handbook was developed by the European The personal stories were collected in person Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). It was or in writing during the drafting of the hand- adapted from JUMP’s handbook Libérez votre book. They include experiences from the EU entreprise du sexisme* by Dorothy Dalton, who institutions and agencies, as well as from bod- was contracted as an External Expert. EIGE co- ies that work closely with these organisations. ordinated the work and provided quality assur- Stories were collected by the External Expert ance (Veronica Collins, Valentina Canepa, Vasiliki during workshops and coaching sessions, as Saini). well as through conversations. All stories are On 20 September 2019, EIGE held an expert real, though some names have been changed meeting in Vilnius, Lithuania, to receive com- to protect identities. EIGE would like to thank ments on a draft of the handbook. The meeting the Directorate-General (DG) for Justice and was attended by EU institutions and agencies, Consumers and DG Human Resources and non-governmental organisations and the pri- Security of the European Commission for their vate sector. The final version of this handbook valuable input, as well as Dr Sonja Robnik, mem- reflects the input of these organisations. ber of EIGE’s Expert Forum. The European Institute for Gender Equality The European Institute for Gender Equality Email: [email protected] (EIGE) is an autonomous body of the European Union established to strengthen gender Tel. +370 52157444 equality across the EU. -
Bias, Employment Discrimination, and Black Women's Hair: Another Way Forward
BYU Law Review Volume 2018 Issue 4 Article 7 Winter 2-28-2019 Bias, Employment Discrimination, and Black Women's Hair: Another Way Forward Crystal Powell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/lawreview Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, and the Labor and Employment Law Commons Recommended Citation Crystal Powell, Bias, Employment Discrimination, and Black Women's Hair: Another Way Forward, 2018 BYU L. Rev. 933 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/lawreview/vol2018/iss4/7 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Brigham Young University Law Review at BYU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in BYU Law Review by an authorized editor of BYU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 004.POWELL_FIN2_NOHEADERS.DOCX (DO DELETE) 2/17/19 8:33 PM Bias, Employment Discrimination, and Black Women’s Hair: Another Way Forward CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 933 II. HISTORY OF BLACK HAIR, IMPLICIT BIAS, AND WORKPLACE GROOMING STANDARDS ..................................................................... 937 A. History of Black Hair Texture and Hairstyle: Centuries of Stereotyping ...................................................................................... 938 B. Clean, Neat, and Kept Versus Extreme, Eye-Catching, and Unprofessional: Workplace Grooming Policies Reflect Racial Stereotypes ............................................................................ -
Implicit Racial Bias
December 2018 Implicit Racial Bias Bailey Maryfield, M.S. Introduction sciously reject racism or other bias may unwittingly act in ways that result in discrimination because of implicit Implicit racial bias and its potential effects on criminal bias” (Police Executive Research Forum, 2016). justice decision making have become highly visible issues in recent years. Driven by a myriad of factors, The following gives a brief overview of implicit racial including the well-documented disparity in criminal bias as it relates to the various stages of the criminal justice involvement across racial groups and several justice system. Various mechanisms used to address high-profile events that have exposed rifts in the re- implicit racial bias are also briefly discussed along with lationships between local police and the communities what is known about their effectiveness. they serve, both discourse and research on the topic of implicit bias arguably has become more prominent What is Implicit Racial Bias than ever before. This fact sheet is intended to raise awareness about the concept of implicit racial bias, the It is important to distinguish implicit racial bias effect of implicit racial bias in the criminal justice sys- from racism or discrimination. Implicit biases are tem, and how the issue is being addressed to enhance associations made by individuals in the uncon- the fair and equitable administration of justice. scious state of mind. This means that the individ- ual is likely not aware of the biased association. Although implicit bias can manifest itself in many different forms, such as gender, racial or religious bias, Implicit racial bias can cause individuals to un- this fact sheet is focused specifically on implicit racial knowingly act in discriminatory ways. -
Unconscious Bias
Conscious and Unconscious Gender Bias Response to DACOWITS RFI 4 Prepared for the December 2018 DACOWITS Quarterly Business Meeting Authors Rachel Gaddes Zoe Jacobson Sidra Montgomery Courtney Moore Submitted to Submitted by DACOWITS Insight Policy Research, Inc. 4800 Mark Center Drive 1901 North Moore Street Suite 04J25-01 Suite 1100 Alexandria, VA 22350-9000 Arlington, VA 22209 Project Officer Project Director DACOWITS Executive Staff Rachel Gaddes Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Definitions of Bias ....................................................................................................................... 2 A. Defining Bias and Gender Bias ......................................................................................................... 3 B. Defining Conscious and Unconscious Bias ....................................................................................... 3 C. Conscious and Unconscious Gender Bias in the Workplace ............................................................ 4 D. Definitions of Gender-Neutral and Gender-Inclusive Wording ....................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Recent Media Coverage of Gender Bias ..................................................................................... 6 A. Recent News Articles ......................................................................................................................