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Dehumanization: Understanding the Paradox of Human Interaction Debra Keenahan University of Wollongong

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University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1990 Dehumanization: understanding the paradox of human interaction Debra Keenahan University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Keenahan, Debra, Dehumanization: understanding the paradox of human interaction, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Wollongong, 1990. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1656 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] DEHUMANIZATION UNDERSTANDING THE PARADOX OF HUMAN INTERACTION A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Wollongong by Debra Keenahan, BA (Hons) Department of Psychology 1990 University of Wollongong Candidate's Certificate i certify that the thesis entitled Dehumanization: Understanding the Paradox of Human Interaction, and submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged, and that this thesis (or any part of the same) has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. Signed : Date : ./2:..<3.:..?9, TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements v i i i Dedication x Abstract x i INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1 : THE DYNAMICS OF DEHUMANIZATION CHAPTER ONE: DEFINING DEHUMANIZATION 8 What Does It Mean To Be A Human Being? 9 Limitations of Human Agency 1 0 People as Social Beings 1 3 People as Moral Beings 1 7 Treating People as Human Beings 2 1 The Paradox of Dehumanization 24 CHAPTER TWO: DEHUMANIZATION - A PRESENT-DAY PROBLEM FOR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE RELATIONSHIP TO PREJUDICE, RACISM AND SOMATIZATION 31 Prejudice 3 2 The Function of Prejudice 35 Group Loyalty 3 6 Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice 37 The Fluctuation of Prejudice 3 8 Prejudice and Dehumanization: Their Relationship 3 9 Racism 4 1 Racial and Ethnic Groups 42 Racism - A Social Institution 43 Racism and Dehumanization: Their Relationship 4 3 Somatization 4 6 Somatization and Dehumanization: Their Relationship 5 3 Dehumanization: A Present-Day Problem for Social Psychology 5 5 PART 2 : UNDERSTANDING AND EXPLAINING DEHUMANIZATION CHAPTER 3 : DESIDERATA FOR AN ADEQUATE THEORY OF DEHUMANIZATION.. 6 0 The Nature of a Theory Dealing With People 62 Identifying a Problem 62 Understanding a Social Problem 65 Agents in Explanations 66 Conceptualizing the Limitations in Human Agency 6 8 A Framework for Explaining and Thus Understanding Dehumanization 70 The Relevance of Prediction and Control 7 2 Requirements of the Form of Knowledge Offered By a Theory Dealing With People 74 Desiderata for an Adequate Theory of Dehumanization ..7 8 Desideratum 1 78 iii Desideratum 2 79 Desideratum 3 79 Desideratum4 79 CHAPTER' 4 : DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING HUMANE RELATIONSHIPS: A MODEL OF THE IDEAL-TYPICAL HUMANIZING ENVIRONMENT 8 2 The Explanatory Principle of the Model 84 People as Social Beings 87 Developing the Human Identity 89 Understanding the Social World 90 Development of Self-Meaning 92 A Humanizing Social Environment .-. 97 Glimpses of a Humanizing Environment 99 The Model 1 02 Preliminaries 1 02 Principles of a Humanizing Environment 103 Operations 1 08 Coming from a Humanizing Environment 11 7 CHAPTER 5 : A THEORY OF DEHUMANIZATION 122 Personal Thoughts on Theorizing 1 23 A Theory of Dehumanization 1 26 Preamble 127 Part 1 : Dehumanization Between Groups 130 IV Developing the Hierarchy of "Us" and "Them" 131 Different Realities - The Seeds of Dehumanization Between Groups 1 31 The Boundaries of Social Reality - Who Are To Be Considered "Real" People 1 33 Defining the Self and Defining Others 135 The Attraction of Dehumanizing Other Groups 139 An Inherent Paradox 1 39 Maintenance of Dehumanization Between Groups 142 The Inevitable Meeting of Different Social Orders - Forming Hierarchies of Superiors and Inferiors 1 4 3 The Anomalous Role of Power in Social Relations .-. 146 Part 2 : Dehumanization Within Groups 1 50 The Development of Intrasocietal Hierarchies 151 Guidance - A Value for Survival and Expansion ... 153 Control - A Value for Expansion 1 55 The Employment of Discipline, Control and Force in the Submission of Group Members 1 57 The Attraction of Dehumanizing Group Members 160 Social Stratification - The Precedent for Dehumanization Within the Group 1 60 Maintenance of Dehumanization Within Groups 163 Maintaining Dehumanization to Sustain the Human Identity Within the Group - The Irony of a Hierarchical Society 1 63 Self Dehumanization - The Ultimate Paradox 166 V Living in a Hierarchical Society - Making Dehumanization a Day-To-Day Occurrence of Within Group Relations 1 70 Part 3 : To Lessen and Preclude the Occurrence of Dehumanization in our World 1 75 Moving Towards a Humanizing Environment 178 Dissolving Hierarchies 1 79 The Morality of Obedience - Removing the Keystone of Hierarchies 1 81 Changing the "Grassroots" of Hierarchies - Raising the Awareness of Being Autonomous 182 Removing the Need for Subordinates and Masters 1 83 Changing the Valuations of Superiority and Inferiority to an Appreciation of-"Uniqueness" ... 186 Equality and Social Order - Asserting the Right of Citizenship 1 87 Encouraging People's Agency - A Focus on Responsibility 1 89 To Prevent a Disintegration of Remedial Efforts 1 91 In Conclusion - Hope for the Future? 1 94 PART 3 : CASE STUDIES - APPLYING THE THEORY OF DEHUMANIZATION Introduction 1 98 Case Study 1 : The Genocide of Australia's Tasmanian Aborigines 200 The Social and Moral Order of the Aborigines 201 The Social and Moral Order of the Early Settlers 205 vi The Initial Meeting of the Different Social Orders in Tasmania 207 Establishing a Hierarchy Between the Social Orders ... 207 TheTasmanian Affair 21 0 The "Black Wars" 211 Developing a Plan of Expatriation 21 4 "The Black Line" 21 6 Expatriation of the Aborigines 21 7 The Final Decline of the Tasmanian Aborigines 222 Applying the Theory of Dehumanization 223 Case Study 2 : Joseph Merrick - "The Elephant Man" 228 Joseph's Physical Condition 228 Joseph's Early Years 232 Seeking a Place in the Community 233 Joseph Becomes a "Freak" 235 Meeting Doctor Treves 236 Social Reactions to "The Elephant Man" 237 Appealing to the Public 239 Humanizing "The Elephant Man" 240 The Lasting Memory of Joseph 241 Applying the Theory of Dehumanization 242 Case Study 3 : Sanctioned Massacres - An Effect of War 246 The Holocaust: Genocide ofthe Jews 247 The Bombing of Hiroshima 250 vii The My Lai Massacre 254 Applying the Theory of Dehumanization 260 TO CONCLUDE: 266 REFERENCES 274 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the time I have spent researching, writing and preparing to submit this work, there have been many people and organizations who have helped in various ways. I want to thank them for their support, interest and encouragement. Throughout my academic development I could always rely upon my supervisor, Dr Don Mixon, University of Wollongong. As my ideas broadened I was encouraged and trusted to think independantly, a most constructive gift. My academic year at Oxford University was enlivened and continues to enjoy the active support of my supervisor, Mr Rom Harre. Enthusiasm for the task I was undeertaking made Harre's contribution to my Oxford experience both memorable and invaluable. Special thanks are due to Viv Roberts, Kathy Wilson, Lyn Nicholson and Trevor Jones who helped me overcome a fear and ignorance of word processors. Their patience with my seemingly unending calls for help enabled me to survive some very anxious times. The success of my application to spend an academic year at Linacre College, Oxford University, I owe in large part to Don Mixon's efforts and support. Neverthelesss, my stay at Oxford was made possible only by the financial assistance of a number of benefactors. I am especially indebted to: The Queen Elizabeth II ix Jubilee Trust for Young Australians; the Business and Professional Women's Club of Wollongong; the Port Kembla Branch of the Waterside Workers' Union; the Berkeley Sports and Social Women's Bowling Club; the North Illawarra Teachers' Association; the Illawarra Teachers' Association. Finally, I want to give special acknowledgements to my family and friends, particularly Gate Wilson and Eric Alexander, who worked continuously and tirelessly in fund raising efforts, in addition to offering unstinting emotional support through difficult times and joyous occassions. X For all the people who speak and are not heard; who cry and are not held; who reach out and their hands remain empty; who try to live and are hated and hurt for existing. D.K. X I ABSTRACT People are social beings. Moreover, a person's human identity is socially bestowed, sustained and transformed. People are also moral beings: they have beliefs and rules about how they should act towards each other and how people should treat each other - that is, as human beings, as moral equals. The phenomenon of dehumanization, however, contradicts these beliefs and rules. To dehumanize people is to treat them as less than or other than human. To be dehumanized is to be reduced in the consideration of others to be a thing that can be subjugated, dominated and controlled. As such, dehumanization is the paradox of human interaction. The phenomenon of dehumanization is mapped out in the field of social psychology through an explication of the conceptual relationship between dehumanization and the phenomena of prejudice, racism and stlgmatization. Relating dehumanization to prejudice, racism and stigmatization reveals the specific dimensions and dynamics of dehumanization. Furthermore, current theories in social psychology that examine people's inhumane treatment of others prove unable to provide an adequate understanding of or insight into dehumanization. To understand dehumanization it is necessary to develop an adequate theory of this paradoxical social phenomenon. Four desiderata for a theory of dehumanization can provide adequate understanding of the phenomenon: 1. a theory of dehumanization needs to be based upon a model of an ideal- typical humanizing environment; 2.
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