The Red Cross and the Holocaust Jean-Claude Favez Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-41587-3 - The Red Cross and the Holocaust Jean-Claude Favez Index More information

Index

`administrative prisoners' 69 Austrian Red Cross 17 and the effects of the Liberation 252 aerial bombardment, ICRC draft appeals Bachmann, Hans 47, 52, 66, 95, 154, 228, against 85, 87 263, 270 Agency for Miscellaneous Civilian Balfour, Arthur 5 Internees 30±1 Bank of International Settlements 93 aid and assistance (ICRC during World Banyai, Mihaly 236 War II) 91±104 Barbey, FreÂdeÂric 36, 61, 62, 137, 151 to the Jews 71±2, 78, 92, 98, 99±104 Bartov, Omar ix see also Parcels Scheme Bavier, Jean de 110, 234±5, 236, 243, 248 Albrecht, Eric 254 Becher, Kurt 247 Allies, Allied countries Belgian Red Cross 158 aid to populations of occupied Europe 80 and the Liberation 252±3 appeal (17 December 1942) 88 Belgium 155±9 declaration on Jewish massacres (1942) civilian internees 256, 261 66 and the effects of the Liberation 252±3 Altenburg, Ambassador 169 hostages/political prisoners from 156±7 American Jewish Congress 79 ICRC aid and assistance to civilian American Jewish Joint Distribution population 93 Committee 32, 34, 95, 98, 103, 104, ICRC Berlin delegation 27 105, 277 Jews deported from 157±8 and Hungarian Jews 250 Benuzzi, Valerio 225±6 and Polish prisoners 138 Benvenisti, Misu 207 American Polish Relief Committee 142 Berber, Fritz 243, 256, 262, 263, 266 American Red Cross Society 20, 98 Beretta, Dr Bruno 219, 220, 221±3, 224 Amman, Jean d' 167, 170 Bergen-Belsen (concentration camp) 119, Antonescu, Marshal Ion 72, 206±7, 208 120, 254, 255 Antonescu, MihaõÈ 72, 110, 203, 204±5, and Hungarian Jews 245, 246±7 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 214 liberation of 269, 270 Arlberg meeting (12 March 1945) 262±6 Berlin delegation (of the ICRC) 27, 75 Arolsen, International Search Service at Berlin Wall, fall of the (1989) xi 272 Bernadotte, Folke 238, 262, 265, 278 Artukovic, Andrija 180 Birkenau (concentration camp) 74 Auschwitz 5 Blasys, Biaggi de 227 and antisemitism 13 Boegner, Pasteur 153 evacuation of 269 Boehringer, Robert 28, 94, 95, 178 and Hungarian Jews 236, 237 Boesch, Emil 269 and the ICRC 27, 28, 36, 74 Boetto, Mgr., Cardinal Archbishop of knowledge of exterminations at 44 Genoa 226 parcels sent to 97, 99 Bohemia-Moravia Rossel's information on 42±3, 44 evacuation of Jews from 32 Austrian Nazis in concentration camps, and the ICRC 27±8 ICRC visits to 17±19 Boissier commission 277

342

Index 343

Boissier, Edmond 88 and the ICRC Bon, Hans 8, 225, 226±8, 262 Coordinating Committee 48 Bonna, Pierre 26, 86 presidency 51 Bordier, Mlle 48, 88, 94 standing at the end of the war 90 Boris, King of Bulgaria 72 and the Jews 78, 79, 101±2, 103, 277 Born, FreÂdeÂric 52, 115, 192, 236, 237, emigration 114, 118±19 238, 240, 241±2, 243, 248, 249, 250, in France 148, 150, 154 281 Greek 170 Bosshammer, Fritz 221±2, 223, 227 Hungarian 243, 249 Brazil, Germans in 163 interview with regarding Jewish Brenni, Franco 225 persecutions 293±4 Briquet, Jean 269 Italian 225 Britain Polish 35, 144, 145, 149±1 and civilian internees exchanges 116 prisoners of war 61, 122±3 and ICRC aid to Greece 166 status of 129, 259 and Jewish emigration to Palestine Transnistrian deportees 202 108±9, 110±11, 114, 115, 243, 244 and the Joint Aid Commission 50 and Norwegian civilian internees 171 and the Joint Aid Committee 94 British Jews, and protection passports 120 mission to Berlin (1940) 55 British Red Cross, and information about and Norwegian civilian internees 171 the Jews 35, 39, 280 and Polish prisoners of war 135 Browning, Christopher 23 and political prisoners in Greece 167 Bruggmann, Karl 127 and RavensbruÈck 256 Brunel, Robert 137, 198 role in the ICRC 52 Brunner, AloõÈs 189 and Switzerland 278±9 Buchenwald (concentration camp) 20, 75, visits to Germany 29 76 Burckhardt, Nicolas 171 Dutch internees 159±61 Burckhardt, Roger 72 food parcels sent to 94, 97, 99 Burkhardt, Dr ReneÂ 168±9, 216 Norwegian internees 174 Bulgaria 8, 215±18, 254 Cassulo, Mgr. 202 ICRC aid to 218 Central Agency for Prisoners of War 27, ICRC mission to (1943) 72, 109, 31, 48, 49, 54, 57 215±16 Capuisat, Edouard 27, 42, 71, 72, 88, 109 and Jewish emigration 216±18 biographical notes on 287 Bulgarian Red Cross 216, 218 in Bulgaria 72, 215±16, 218 Burckhardt, Carl J. 6, 9, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, and Croatian Jews 180 28, 29 and emigration of Jews from Bulgaria 217 aid scheme 93 and Hungarian Jews 72, 234 and awareness of the Final Solution 38, and Slovakian Jews 186 39±40, 41, 43, 45 and Transnistrian deportees 202±3, 205 biographical notes on 284±5 Charles, Prince of Sweden 58 and conditions in concentration camps ChenevieÁre, Jacques 47, 50, 51, 61, 64, 70, 275 75 and the Cracow professors 137 biographical notes on 286 and Croatia 178 and Croatia 178 and the delegation in Berlin 260 and the DAS (Special Aid Division) 95 and draft appeals on human rights and draft appeals on human rights violations 86, 89 violations 86, 89 and Dutch hostages 162±3 on the ICRC's lack of public protest 91 and French and Belgian deportees 257 and the Jews and the German authorities 56, 57, 67, emigration 106 262 in France 150, 153 meeting with Kaltenbrunner 263±6, in Hungary 248 280 in Romania 198±200 and the `handcuffs' crisis 66, 89 and Norwegian civilian internees 171

344 Index

Churches' Ecumenical Council 24, 25, 35, in Slovakia 186, 188±9 79, 259 see also individual camps; Parcels Scheme and Hungarian Jews 240 Conventions and Polish Jews 144 and the concentration camp population Refugees Aid Agency 41 53±4 Churchill, Winston 79 German occupation and the ICRC 56 civilian internees 14 and the neutrality of the Red Cross 1±2, as `administrative prisoners' 69 4 and Burckhardt's meeting with see also Geneva Conventions (1864 and Kaltenbrunner 263±6 1929) and the CID (Miscellaneous Civilian Coordinating Committee (ICRC) 47, 57, Internees) 49, 76 59, 67 and the CPI (Civilian Prisoners and and aid to deportees 68, 71, 144 Internees Commission) 20, 28, 63±4, and Croatia 176 65 and Hungarian Jews 234 from the Dutch East Indies 55±6 and Jewish emigration 106 German±Palestinian exchanges 116±17 and Norwegian civilian internees 171 and the ICRC and Slovakia 185 aid to 48, 92, 93 Costinescu, Jean 210 appeal on behalf of 90 CPI (Civilian Prisoners and Internees policy towards 30, 53, 82±3, 276 Commission) 28, 63±4, 65, 67 visits to camps of 4, 27, 29 Cracow professors 136±7, 141 Jewish 126±30 Cramer, Dr Alec 37, 61, 64, 88 in France 146±9 and civilian internees in France 146, and the Liberation 251, 253, 256, 259 147, 149, 150, 153 see also individual countries Croatia 175±83 civilian populations ICRC mission to (1943) 72 effect of the war on 61 Jews 176, 179±83 in Greece 165±6 prisoners of war 175 in Poland 54±5 Croatian Red Cross 175, 176, 179, 180, ICRC aid and assistance to 93 183 in Hungary 249±50 Currie, Laughlin 262 in Poland 141±4 Cuza, Alexandru 206±7 ICRC appeals for protection for 85, 87, Czerniakow, Adam 139 89, 90, 91 Clemens, Captain Wilhelm 144 Dachau (concentration camp) Cocatrix, Albert de 269, 270 food parcels sent to 94, 97, 99 communication channels, and the ICRC ICRC parcels to 76 24±8 ICRC visits to 18, 19, 75 Community Aid Service for Emigrants in liberation of 269, 271 France 28 and Polish political prisoners 137 concentration camps 252, 259 DaõÈnow, Flora 117 and allied strategic bombing 1 Danish Jews 74, 278 Croatia 181, 182 Danish Red Cross Society 74 and the DRK (German Red Cross) DAS see Special Aid Division (DAS) 56±7, 274±5 DelbruÈgge, Hans 255 and Dutch prisoners 164, 165 delegations of the ICRC 27±8, 29 and the ICRC attempts to visit concentration camps aid and assistance 68±72, 92 74±5 lack of public protest 91 Berlin 27, 75 visits to 4, 5±6, 16±19, 29, 31, 42±4, discretion enjoyed by delegates 52 73±4 and information about the Jews 34, and international Conventions 53±4 42±4 liberation of 267±72 and Jewish civilian internees 126 in Norway 172±4 and Jewish emigration 115 in Salonika 168±9 role played by delegates 281

Index 345

Descoeudres, Pierre 33±4, 52 Federal Council for International visit to Buchenwald 159 Assistance and Cooperation 15 Dieppe Raid `handcuffs crisis' 7, 66, 89, FerrieÁre, Dr Louis 17±18 277 and Jews deported from Belgium 158 Dobrazensky, Countess Mary 58, 233±4 FerrieÁre, Suzanne 18, 19, 24, 29, 35, 39, Dollfuss, Englebert 17 40, 48, 50, 57, 64, 79, 101 Draudt, Paul 17, 18 and appeals against violations of human DRK see German Red Cross Society rights 88 (DRK) biographical notes on 286±7 Dronsart, Edmond 158 and the DRK 57, 58, 59 Duchosal, Jean 47 and the German±Palestinian exchange Dunand, Georges 184, 187±8, 188, 117 189±91, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196±7, and Hungarian Jews 243, 248 250 and the ICRC's aid operation 68 Dunand, Paul 267, 268 and Italian Jews 225, 227 Dunant, Henri 273 and Jewish emigration 107, 108, 115 Durand, AndreÂ 53±4, 271 and Slovakia 186 Dutch prisoners, food parcels sent to 94 Field, Noel H. 147 Fildermann, Wilhelm 203, 209 Eastern Europe Filoff, Bodjan 72 Nazi control of territories in 54±5, 57 Final Solution persons deported from France to 62 and Allied governments 30, 45 Ebner, Karl 245, 255 extent of knowledge regarding 22±4, Eichmann, Adolf 3, 32, 60, 73, 236, 241, 37±45 268 and Hungarian Jews 237±8 Emerson, Sir Herbert 58 and the ICRC 5±6, 30, 276±7 emigration (Jewish) 5, 19, 82, 104±20 importance to the Nazis 1 from Bulgaria 216±18 involvement of local factors in 133 from France 147±8 Nazi policies against the Jews 5 from Hungary 112±15, 237, 242±4 participation of ordinary individuals in from Slovakia 191±2 3±4 Jewish children in the Balkans 106 First World War, and the ICRC 83 and one-off privileges 115±16 Fischer, Wilhelm 207 problems of 105±7 ¯ag, Red Cross 114 pros and cons of intervention 107±10 food parcels see Parcels Scheme and protection documents 117±20 France 145±55 Romanian Jews 104±5, 107±8, 109±12, civilian internees 7, 145±9, 256, 261 113, 205, 210±13 and the Arlberg meeting 264±5 and South American passports/ and the effects of the Liberation 252±3, protection documents 117±20 254, 259 see also Palestine Franco-Swiss military collaboration x Engelbrechten, Maximilian von 24, 64, 65, and the ICRC 123 aid and assistance to civilian population Enzer, Samuel 207 93 Eppstein, Paul 74 appeal (23 July 1943) 90 Esterwegen (concentration camp), ICRC Berlin delegation 27 visit to 18 visits to political prisoners 27 Etter, Philippe 14, 86, 88, 89 Jews European Economic Area, Swiss rejection deportation of 37, 40, 63±5, 106, of xi 149±50 Evian Conference 19, 275 ICRC aid to 68, 150±3 evolution of mentalities 273 internment of 146±9 Exchaquet, Dr 34 and the Liberation 81 refugee camps 93, 100, 103, 144 Favre, Colonel Guillaume 19, 27, 29, 85, Jewish internees 146±9 275 and the register of missing persons 154±5

346 Index

France (cont.) German authorities South American passport holders in and the ICRC 29 118 on the eve of the Liberation 254±66 Franck, Karl-Hermann 267±8 visiting delegates 27 Franco, General Francisco 171 and Jewish emigration 111 Frank, Hans 139 German civilian internees 156, 157, 163, Frank, Karl-Hermann 74 274±5 French Committee of National Liberation German Jews 155, 251 evacuation of 32±3, 35±7, 41 French Red Cross 65 living conditions of 33±4 and Jewish internees and deportees 148, marking of passports x, 19 149±50, 151, 152, 154, 155 seeking asylum in Switzerland x and the Liberation 252±3 German political detainees 22 Freudenberg, Pastor Adolf 25, 41 and the ICRC 17±19, 20 Frick-Cramer, Marguerite (Mme Frick) German Red Cross Society (DRK) 39, 43, 50, 61, 64 failure to cooperate 54±60 and appeals against violations of human and the ICRC 28, 64, 274±5 rights 88 aid to the Jews 100, 102±3 biographical notes on 286 Berlin delegation 27 and civilian internees in Norway 171 policy on the Jews 62 and Croatia 178 and information regarding Jews 76±7 and the DRK 55, 57 and Polish civilian internees 138 and Jewish prisoners of war 63 and political prisoners 17, 18 and negotiations with the German and Yugoslav prisoners of war 175 authorities 257±8 see also Hartmann, Walter G. and Polish Jews 138, 140±1 Glutz, Beat de 167, 169 FuÈlleman, Walter 94, 211, 213 Goebbels, Joseph 17 Goldman, Nahum 138 Gallopin, Roger 47, 52, 64, 65 des Gouttes, Paul 88 and the DAS (Special Aid Division) 95 GraÈssli, Max 196 and the Jews in France 151 Grawitz, Ernst 6, 118, 162, 267 and the Liberation 253 letter to Burckhardt 299 Garteiser, Colonel AndreÂ 65 Greece 165±71 Gebhardt, Karl 267 aid mission to 278 General Report (of the ICRC) civilian population 165±6 on ICRC aid and assistance 91, 92 and the ICRC aid operation 68 and Jewish prisoners of war 122 Jews 168±71 Geneva, non-governmental organisations political detainees and deportees 166±8 in 24±5 prisoners of war 121±2 Geneva Association of Places of Sanctuary in Bulgaria 215 89 Greek Red Cross 72, 167, 168 Geneva Conventions (1864 and 1929) 4, GruÈneisen, Edouard 76 15, 53 Guggenheim, Paul 25, 39, 40, 79, 101±2, and civilian internees 92, 93 125, 129, 253 and Croatia 175, 176 and the effects of the Liberation 251 Haavara agreement (1933) 138, 209 and the German authorities 66 Haccius, Rodolphe 171 and helping Jews in secrecy 193 Hacha, Emil 279 and Jewish POWs/civilian internees Hae¯iger, Louis 271 121±6, 129, 130 Hague Convention (1907) 4, 54 and the jurisdiction of the ICRC 29, 30, Haller, Edouard de 15, 26±7, 85±6, 88, 78, 83±4 106, 239 and prisoners of war 55, 82, 92, 93 biographical notes on 285±6 Dutch 163 Haller, Rodolphe de 86 Polish 135, 136 `handcuffs crisis' 7, 66, 89, 277 Soviet 134 Harster, General 226

Index 347

Hartmann, Walter G. 28 Slovakian 195 and aid to Polish civilian population 142, Transnistrian deportees 204, 207 143 and the Liberation 252, 253, 256 and the deportation of Jews 32, 33, 63, 64 and the organisation of the ICRC 46, and the DRK's refusal to cooperate 54, 50±1 56±7, 57±8, 59, 60 and political prisoners 17, 18, 19 and ICRC aid to the Jews 102 and the role of the ICRC 84 and Jewish emigration 119 and Slovakian Jews 189±90 and the Liberation 252 and the Swedish Red Cross 278 and Norwegian civilian internees 173 Huber±Draudt agreement (1933) 31 and Polish Jews 140, 144 HuÈhn, Dr Kurt 179 and Polish prisoners of war 135 human rights, ICRC draft appeals of and Slovakia 186 violations of 84±91, 277 visit to Theresienstadt 43±4, 73 Hungarian Jews 41, 44, 192, 200, 233±50, Hebrew Committee of National Liberation 255 128 in Bergen-Belsen 245, 246±7 Henry, ReneÂ 216, 217, 218 deported to Galicia 233 Heydrich, Reinhard 18 emigration of 112±15, 237, 242±4 High Commission for Refugees 95, 105, and the German occupation of Hungary 108, 153 235±6 Himmler, Heinrich 8, 32, 54, 64, 66, 69, ICRC aid to 103, 104, 233±5, 236±42, 279 248±9 and negotiations with the ICRC 252, and protection passports 120 257, 259, 260, 267, 268, 270±1 resistance committee 245 Hirschmann, Ira A. 111, 112, 210, 214 in Romania 208 Hitler, Adolf 3, 23, 39, 279 Hungarian Jews Support Committee 236 Hoess, Rudolf 268, 269, 270 Hungarian Red Cross 58, 233±4, 239 Hoffmann, Georg 172, 174, 261 Hungary 8, 53, 71 Holland see Netherlands `Arrow-Cross' government 241, 244, Holleben, Werner von 256 246, 255 Holocaust victims, and Swiss banks xi Bardossy government 233 Hooft, Pastor Visser't 23, 25, 35, 44 civilian internees 235 Hoover, Herbert 58 civilian population, and the ICRC Hort, Robert 271 249±50 Horthy, Nikolaus, Regent of Hungary 233, ICRC mission to (1943) 72, 81 235, 238, 239±40, 241 hostage-taking ICRC (International Committee of the Belgian hostages 156±7 Red Cross) Dutch hostages 159±64 Aid Agency (later Aid Division) 50 and the ICRC draft appeal 85 and the Central POW Agency 48±9 Huber, Max (president of the ICRC) 9, 14, General Secretariat 47 28, 66, 88 and the Geneva Conventions 1±2, 4, 14, biographical notes on 283±4 15, 29, 30 draft appeals on human rights violations `hierarchy meeting' (May 1942) 61±2 85, 86, 89, 90 Humanitarian Aid Division 48 and the DRK 20, 54, 57, 59 membership 14, 51±2 The Good Samaritan 21 and moral authority 282 and the Jews non-governmental character of 14±15 civilian internees 129, 130 organisation aspects 45±52 emigration 113±14 philosophy and traditions 273±7 in France 150±1 and the Second World War 275±6 Hungarian 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, War Services Committee 54 248 IMPA (Palestine Immigration Service) 117 Polish 32, 33, 34±5, 139±40 Intergovernmental Committee for prisoners of war 61, 122±3 Refugees 119, 127, 129, 148, 275 Romanian 104 International Aid Service for Emigrants 79

348 Index

International Journal of the Red Cross 89±90, from France 37, 40, 63±5, 106, 91 149±50, 154±5 International Migration Service 19, 24 from Greater Germany and occupied International Search Service (Arolsen) 272 territories 32±7, 38, 139±40, 141 International Union for Aid to Children 79 from Hungary 241±2 Italian Red Cross 218, 226 from Italy 29±30, 41 Italy 218±29 from the Netherlands 164±5 deportation of Jews from 29±30, 41, from Salonika 72, 168±71 220±1, 225 ICRC aid to 71±2, 78, 92, 98, 99±104 German invasion and control of 219±20 ICRC knowledge about 64±7 and the ICRC status of 102 aid to Jews 103, 219, 220±4 document on resettlement of 291±2 appeal (23 July 1943) 90 and the DRK's failure to cooperate (with possibility of action 218±19 the ICRC) 58±60 special mission in northern Italy (1944) Eastern European 66 224±9 and emigration see emigration (Jewish) visits to political prisoners 27 on the eve of the Liberation 259 internment of Jews in 219 and the German Red Cross Society prisoners of war 225 (DRK) 76±7 Red Cross in 21 and the ICRC 48, 276±7 aid to deportees 71±2, 78, 92, 98, Jaeger, Maximilian 239, 244 99±104 Jardin, Jean 266 knowledge about treatment of 32±45, Jenny, Fridolin 169 64±7 Jewish Agency for Palestine 25, 32, 79, 105 policy of 29, 30, 61±3, 83 and the German±Palestinian exchange role of the delegates 281 116 Nazi treatment of 5, 19±20 and Hungarian Jews 235, 240, 243 in Norwegian camps 172 and Jewish emigration 111, 112, stateless 219 209±10, 216 treatment of Jewish doctors and medical and Jews in Poland 138 personnel 122±3, 134 Jewish organisations 25, 78±80, 277 see also Final Solution; individual countries and the Concentration Camp Parcels Joint Aid Commission (ICRC) 28, 37±8, Scheme 98 44, 46, 50, 59, 90, 95, 234 and the DAS (Special Aid Division) 95 aid to deportees 68, 71 and Hungarian Jews 239, 240 aid to the Jews 100, 103, 144 and ICRC aid to the Jews 100, 101, 103 and the Concentration Camp Parcels and Jewish emigration 108, 209±10, 211 Scheme 94±5 and Jews in Poland 138, 139 and the Polish civilian population 141, and protection documents 118 142 see also individual organisations, e.g. World report from Dr Max von Wyss to 298 Jewish Congress and the Special Aid Division (DAS) 48 Jewish Palestine Agency 108 Joint Aid Committee (ICRC) 91, 94 Jewish prisoners of war 7, 55, 61, 82 and aid to civilian populations 93 discriminatory treatment of 121±6 and aid to deportees 68 and ICRC policy 62±3 aid to detainees 92 Jewish Scienti®c Institute 215 Reich support for 93 Jewish World Congress 32 Joint (American Jewish Joint Distribution Jews Committee) 25, 54 Allied reticence towards 280 and Hungarian Jews 234, 240, 241 and the Arlberg meeting (1945) 265±6 and Romanian Jews 209, 215 civilian internee status for 126±9, 130, and Slovakian Jews 194±5 253, 259 Joint Commission of the International Red deported Cross, visiting delegates 28 Danish 74 Junod, Marcel 32, 37, 52, 54, 67, 101 from Belgium 157±8 and Polish prisoners 135, 137, 139, 140

Index 349

Kahany, Mieczelsaw 25, 138 attempts to visit concentration camps Kallay, Miklos 72, 233 74±5 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 8, 66, 77, 128, 183, and awareness of the Final Solution 37, 228, 259, 268 38, 40±1, 42, 43 meeting with Burckhardt 263±6, 280 and Belgian hostage-taking 156 on negotiations with the ICRC 270±1 and the Concentration Camp Parcels Kastner, Rudolf 235, 247 Scheme 96, 97 Keller, Adolphe 196 and Dutch hostages 159, 161, 162, 164 Koechlin, Alphonse 239 and the German Red Cross 64 Kohn, Dr Hugo 180 and the ICRC Kolb, Karl 52, 110, 111±12, 113, 114, 115, aid to civilian aliens 101 203, 204, 205±6, 213, 214, 215, 250 aid to deportees 69, 70, 145 and emigration of Romanian Jews 210, policy on the Jews 62 211±13 and the Jews and Hungarian Jews 243 deportation of 34, 35, 36, 141, 145 and Transnistrian deportees 203, 204, in France 148, 151±2 205±6, 207±9 prisoners of war 125 Kopecki, Jaromir 25, 44, 80, 237 and the Liberation 251±2, 253, 254, Krauel, W. 24, 144 255, 257, 258, 260 Krausz, Miklos 243 and Norwegian civilian internees 172, Krumay, Hermann 255 173±4 Kubowitzki, Leo 259 and Polish prisoners of war 136 Kuhne, Paul 221 and Theresienstadt 65, 73, 102 Kullman, George 43, 107 visit to Buchenwald 159 Kundt, Ernst 39 Masset, Ablert 164 Maurer, Victor 271 Lambert, Paul 219 Mauthausen (concentration camp) 7, 8, Lanskoranska, Countess Karolina 66 57, 58, 64, 76, 164 Laqueur, Walter 3, 23±4, 31, 37 liberation of 271 Latin American countries Mayer, Dr Eric 163, 164±5, 193 Germans in 163 Mayer, Saly 25, 79, 138, 180, 205, 208, and the ICRC appeal (23 July 1943) 90 226, 265 and South American passports 117±18 and Hungarian Jews 234, 236, 237, 240 Latvia, ICRC aid to Jews in 103 Mayor, Dr Claude 270 Laval, Pierre 149 MCI (Miscellaneous Civilian Internees) League of Nations 24, 25, 43 49, 76, 117 Lecca, Radu 108, 113 mentalities, evolution of 273 Leclerc, Marcel 96 Metternich, Consul Jacob-Ludwig 63 Lehner, Otto 52, 258, 260, 267, 268, 269 Meyer, Dr Hans E. 266, 267, 270 note by 305±6 Moll, Robert 163 Lichteim, Richard 25 moral authority of the ICRC 282 Lichtenburg (concentration camp), ICRC Morsier, Jacques de 148, 155 visit to 18 Motta, Guiseppe 14 Lieber, Isak 39 Moynier, Gustave 268 Logoz, Paul 86 Moynier, Raymond 271 Lombard, Albert 95, 209, 223, 237 MuÈller, Heinrich 26, 267, 268 Lorkovic (Croatian minister of foreign letter to 297 affairs) 176 Mussolini, Benito 219±20, 275 LoÈwenherz, Dr Josef 255 Musy, Jean-Marie 262, 265 Lutz, Carl 238, 243, 250 Luxembourg Jews 157 National Bank of Switzerland 93 national Red Cross societies MacLelland, Rosswell 24±5 and aid to the Jews 99 Mantello, Georges 117 complaints from, and the ICRC 84 Marti, Roland 7, 26, 27, 52, 58, 60, 66, 67, and the distribution of aid 103 250 on the eve of the Liberation 259

350 Index

national Red Cross societies (cont.) and the Allied blockade 97±8 and the ICRC 28, 277±8 and categories of detainees 96 mission (1943) 72 and Dutch prisoners 164 and information about the Jews 36, 41 and French deportees 155 and Polish deportees 145 and the Liberation 252, 255, 258 and totalitarian regimes 21 and Norwegian prisoners 173 see also individual countries Pavelitch, Ante 183 Natzweiler (concentration camp) 75, 174 Peric, Stiepo 181±2 food parcels sent to 97 permanent delegations of the ICRC 27 Netherlands 55±6, 159±65 PeÂtain, Marshal 37 Dutch civilians in Buchenwald 159±61 Petitpierre, Max 263, 278 and the hostage question 162±4 P®ster, Willy 269, 270 Jews in Pictet, Jean 35±6, 47, 52, 61, 85, 86, 179 and the German±Palestinian exchange and Jewish emigration 106±7, 108 116 Pilar, AndreÂ de 28, 44, 143, 280 ICRC aid to 103 Pilet-Golaz, Marcel 86 mass deportation from 164±5 Pilloud, Claude 47 Neuengamme (concentration camp), food Pius XII, Pope 238 parcels sent to 94 Poland 54±5, 134±45 neutrality of the Red Cross 1±2, 4, 84, 274 civilian internees 137±41 and draft appeals on violations of human Cracow professors 136±7, 141 rights 87 deportees and internees 144±5 New History of Switzerland and the Swiss x and the ICRC Niehaus, Heinrich 73, 102 aid to the civilian population 141±4 NN, Nacht und Nebel (`Night and Fog') attempts to re-establish contacts decree 7, 22, 70, 73, 76, 82 137±41 and Jewish prisoners in French camps food parcels sent to prisoners 94 149, 154 Jews Nolf, Pierre 158 deportees and internees 144±5 Nordling, Rolf 260, 261 discriminatory treatment of 123 Norway, civilian internees 94, 171±4 ICRC aid to 100, 103, 141±4 Norwegian Red Cross 41, 172, 174 ICRC information on 32, 33, 35, 39, 41 Nuremberg Trials, and Kaltenbrunner re-establishing contacts 138, 139±40 270±1 Polish People's Aid Committee 58 Polish prisoners of war 7, 55, 121±2, Obereem, Mme van 164 135±6, 172 Obrist, Jean 224 Polish Red Cross 41, 135, 140, 141, 143, Odier, Lucie 39, 40, 48, 50, 88 145 Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen political prisoners (concentration camp) Austrian Nazis 17±19 food parcels sent to 94, 96 Cracow professors 136±7, 141 ICRC visit to 18, 42, 75 de®nition of the concept 130 Norwegians deported to 173, 174 from Belgium 156±7 Orsenigo, Mgr. Cesare 73 in Greece 166±8 and the ICRC 16, 30 Palestine visits to 27 German±Palestinian exchange 116±17 Posnansky, Nicole 30, 49 Jewish emigration to 105, 108±9, Poznanski, ReneÂeix 110±15, 138, 205, 210±13 prisoner exchange, and the ICRC 82 from Bulgaria 218 Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees from Hungary 242±4 Committee (of the ICRC) 47±8 Palestine Immigration Service (IMPA) 117 prisoners of war (POWs) Papen, Franz von 112 in Bulgaria 215 Parcels Scheme 8, 31, 48±9, 69±71, 73±8, Central Agency for 27, 48, 49, 54 81, 82, 91, 93, 94±9, 279±80 and civilian internee status for Jews 128 acknowledgement slips 97 Croatian 175

Index 351

deaths of Soviet 2 and Romanian Jews 200 Dutch of®cers 163 Roediger, Conrad 27 and the effects of the Liberation 251 Rohner, Werner 37±8, 234 in Hungary 234 Romania 71, 198±215, 254 and the ICRC ICRC mission to (1943) 72 aid to 92, 93, 94 Jews 198±215 appeal on behalf of 90 emigration of 104±5, 107±8, 109±12, policy on 30, 276 113, 210±13 role in protection of 14, 15, 53, 82±3 ICRC aid to 103, 104, 213±15 visits to camps of 27, 29 see also Transnistrian deportees and information about the Jews 38 Polish refugees in 199 and International Conventions 53, 57 Rohner and Steiger missions to (1942) in Italy 225 28 Jewish 7, 55, 61, 62±3, 82 Romanian Red Cross 198, 203, 205, 210, discriminatory treatment of 121±6 215, 243 and the Liberation 258, 259, 268 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 19, 24±5, 79, 95, Polish 7, 55, 121±2, 135±6, 172 105, 238 Soviet 2, 37, 58, 121, 123, 134 Rosen, Emmanuel 138 Spanish Republicans 57, 63, 64, 122 Rossel, Dr Maurice 192 Protecting Powers visit to Theresienstadt 42±4, 73±4 and civilian internees exchanges 116 Rothmund, Heinrich 26, 38, 246 and the Conventions 53 RSHA (Reich Central Security Bureau) 74, and the ICRC 15, 27 75, 261 and Jewish deportees 38 RuÈbli, Jean-Maurice 270 and Jewish emigration 105±6, 109 and prisoners of war 121±2, 135 Salis, Dr Hans Wolf de 30, 219, 220 protection, and the ICRC 82 Salonika Jews, deportation of 72, 168±71 protection documents Sanne, Dr 135 and Jews 117±20 Save the Children International Union Slovakian 192 (UISE) 24 protest, ICRC's lack of public 91 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of 252 Schellenberg, Walter 267 Quakers 24, 28, 105, 142, 153, 158 Scheps, Samuel 25 Schimana, General Walter 167 Radulescu, Colonel Stefan 205±6 Schirmer, Robert 115, 176, 192, 239, 241, Radziwill, Prince Stanislas 135 242, 249, 255, 260, 261 Rahn, Rudolf von 226 Schmid-Koechlin, William 158±9 RavensbruÈck (concentration camp) 256 Schmidlin, Julius, Jr 176, 177±81, 182±3, food parcels sent to 94, 96, 99 236 French women prisoners from 264, 267 Schulte, Eduard 38 and ICRC delegations 42, 75 Schuschnigg, Kurt von 279 ICRC parcels to 76 Schuster, Mgr. Ildefonso, Cardinal Red Cross ¯ag 114 Archbishop of Milan 226 rescue, and the ICRC 82±3 Schwarzenberg, Jean-Etienne 2, 44, 48, 52, Resnais, Alain 7 60, 63, 64, 65, 78 Rham, Jean-Guy de 222 biographical notes on 287±8 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 243, 253, 256, and civilian internees in Hungary 235 263 and the Concentration Camp Parcels Riegner, Gerhart M. 6, 25, 38±9, 40, 74, Scheme 94, 95, 97 78, 79, 80, 101±2, 280 and Croatia 176±7, 178 and the Final Solution 277 and the DAS (Special Aid Division) 95, and Hungarian Jews 237 96 and Jewish civilian internees 129, 130, and Dutch hostages 162 138, 253, 259 and French and Belgian deportees 257 and Jewish prisoners of war 125 and the ICRC note by 302 aid to deportees 68, 71, 72

352 Index

Schwarzenberg, Jean-Etienne (cont.) Spellman, Francis J. 238 attempts to visit camps 75 Squire, Paul C. 6, 39, 40 and Jewish organisations 277 Stalin, Joseph 79 and the Jews 80, 100±1, 118, 129, 281 Stefan, Mgr. 215 in Bulgaria 217±18 Steffen, Charles 270 emigration 105, 109, 110±11, 213 Steiger, Vladimir de 52, 101, 106, 109, in France 151, 152 110, 213, 215 in Hungary 237, 240, 248, 249 and Hungarian Jews 246 in Italy 221, 222, 223 and Transnistrian deportees 108, 200±2, in Salonika 169±70 204, 205, 210, 214 in Slovakia 195, 196 Stern, Samuel 235, 242 Transnistrian deportees 202, 203 Sternbuch, Isaac 25 and the Liberation 252 Strauss-Meyer, Mme 45, 155 and Norwegian civilian internees 171, Strong, Tracy 37 173 Stutthof (concentration camp), food note drafted by (for deÂmarche with parcels sent to 94, 97, 99 Germany) 295±6 Suhren, Fritz 270 note to the German Foreign Ministry SuÈndermann, Helmut 127 303±4 Sweden and Slovakia 184, 187, 193 and dialogue with the German and Theresienstadt 74 authorities 261±2 Search and Individual Cases Service (of the and Hungarian Jews 238, 244, 245 ICRC) 56 and ICRC aid to Greece 166 Sethe, Eduard 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 152, and Polish prisoners of war 55, 135 159, 164, 172 relations with the ICRC 174 Siegfried, Herbert 24, 260 Swedish Red Cross 58, 262, 278 Silberschein, Adolf 25, 41, 180 and German detainees in concentration Simond, Gilbert 110, 111, 112, 115, 210, camps 17 211, 213, 214, 243 and Hungarian Jews 238 Siordet, FreÂdeÂric 236, 267 and Norwegians in German camps 69, Slovak Red Cross 64, 185±6, 187, 188, 190 174 Slovakia 184±97 and refugee camps 20 and the events of 1942±43, 185±6 Swiss Aid Committee for Jewish Refugees and the ICRC Abroad 118 aid to Jews in 103 Swiss banks, and Holocaust victims xi ICRC mission (1943) 72 Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities Jews in 184, 186, 187, 188±97 138 emigration of 191±2 Swiss Human Rights League 41 of foreign nationality 190±1 Switzerland and protection documents 120 channels of communication in 24, 26±7 Slovenia, ICRC aid to Jews in 103 and Croatian Jews 180 Solferino, battle of (1859) 273 and freed civilian internees 264 Sommaruga, Cornelio 8±10 and the German±Palestinian exchange Soviet prisoners of war 2, 37, 58, 121, 123, 116, 117 134 and the ICRC 15, 278±9 Soviet Union aid to the Jews 104 German invasion of (1941) 57, 61 and Jewish emigration 107, 191±2, Red Cross in 21, 57 212±13 Spain, repatriation of Salonica Jews to Hungarian Jews 244, 245, 246±7 170±1 and Jews 26 Spanish civil war 16, 46, 50, 94 deportees 38 Spanish Republicans (prisoners of war) 57, in France 37, 149 63, 64, 122 from Theresienstadt 262 Special Aid Division (DAS) 44, 48±9, 75 Italian 229 and the Concentration Camp Parcels National Bank of 93 Scheme 95±6 neutrality of ix±xi, 81

Index 353

press 26 Voegeli, Rudolf 175 and protection passports for Jews 119 Vogt, Paul 44, 240 and Sweden 278 Vrba, Rudolf 44, 80 transfer of Jewish survivors to 265 see also Geneva WagnieÁre, Georges 88 SzaÂlasi, Ferenc 241, 246, 249 Wallenberg, Raoul 250 Wannsee Conference (1942) 3 Tahy, Imre de 240, 241, 245 War Refugee Board 24, 81, 95, 98, 104, Thadden, Eberhardt von 74 105, 111, 119, 279 Theresienstadt (ghetto-camp) 5±6, 8, 28, and civilian internee status for Jews 127 36, 65, 67, 145 and Hungarian Jews 235, 237, 239, ICRC aid to 68, 100, 102, 103 240±1, 243 and the ICRC delegation (1945) 267±8 and Romanian Jews 208, 210 Jews from, arrival in Switzerland 262 War Services Committee (of the ICRC) 54 Rossel's visit to (1944) 43±4, 45, 73±4 Wasmer, Hans 48, 94, 219 Thierack, Georg 67, 257 Watteville, Hans de 47 Thudicu, Luc 96, 192, 242, 245, 255 Weck, ReneÂ de 109, 198±200, 202, 206, Tisne, Dr Jean 148 207, 210, 212±13 Tiso, Mgr. Joseph 184, 185, 189±90, Weichert, Dr Michael 143 195±6 Weinemann, Erwin 268 letter to Max Huber 300±1 WeizsaÈcher, Ernst von 24 Tokyo project (1934) 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 128, Wetzlar, Fred 44, 80 129, 130, 253, 274, 276 Weyermann, Hans 242, 249, 250 and Dutch hostages 162 Windecker, Adolf 263, 266, 268 totalitarian regimes, and national Red Wisliceny, Dieter 168 Cross societies 21 Wolff, Karl 8, 226, 227 Transnistrian deportees 200±15 World Jewish Congress 25, 45, 79 ± 80, 277 emigration of 107±8, 205 and civilian internee status for Jews ICRC aid to 103, 104, 208±10 126±9, 130, 253, 259 journey to Transnistria 202±6 on the eve of the Liberation 259, 260 repatriation of 204±5, 206±8 and Hungarian Jews 240 Transportation and Communications and ICRC aid to the Jews 100, 101, 102, Division (of the ICRC) 94 103 Traz, David de 27, 42, 71, 72, 109 and Jewish prisoners of war 82, 125±6 in Bulgaria 215±16 and Jews deported from Belgium 157±8 and Croatian Jews180 and Slovakian Jews 186 and Hungarian Jews 234 Wyss, Dr Max von 142±3 and Slovakian Jews 186 report to the Joint Aid Commission 298 and Transnistrian deportees 203, 205 Treblinka death camp 41 YMCA (Young Men's Christian Tropper, Morris S. 138 Association) 24, 79, 142 Tschudi, Kurt 227, 228 and internees in France 147 TuÈrckheim, Jewish camp at 271 World Alliance of YMCAs 37 Turkey, Jewish emigration to 211 Yugoslav prisoners of war 175 in Bulgaria 215 Union of Orthodox Rabbis 240 discriminatory treatment of 121±2, 123 United States in Norway 172 and Jewish emigration 105, 115, 147±8 Yugoslav Red Cross 17 Hungarian Jews 244 Romanian Jews 104±5 Zamboni, Edouard 200 and the War Refugee Board 81 Zangger, Heinrich 88 Zappelli, Luigi 225 Valobra, Lelio 223, 226 Ziereis, Frantz 270, 271 Vinci, Count Guido 28 Zivian, Gabriel 39 Vischer, Dr Adolf 243 Zweifel, FreÂdeÂric 221, 222, 227