DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evacuation of British Women and Children from Hong Kong to Australia in 1940

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Evacuation of British Women and Children from Hong Kong to Australia in 1940 The Evacuation of British Women and Children from Hong Kong to Australia in 1940 Tony Banham A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW@ADFA November 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... v Abbreviations and Acronyms......................................................................................vii Preliminaries...................................................................................................................... x Introduction.....................................................................................................................xiv Chapter 1. Planning ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Fear and Legislation............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Hong Kong’s Evacuation Scheme Plan in Context .................................................. 13 1.3 The Colony Before Evacuation...................................................................................... 28 1.4 The Order to Evacuate..................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2. Evacuation .................................................................................................44 2.1 Avoiding and Evading Evacuation ............................................................................... 46 2.2 Evacuation Begins............................................................................................................. 53 2.3 Reception in the Philippines ......................................................................................... 72 2.4 Not Continuing to Australia ........................................................................................... 81 2.5 Plans For Australia ........................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 3. Arrival in Australia................................................................................94 3.1 White Australia.................................................................................................................. 95 3.2 Departure From Manila ................................................................................................102 3.3 The Evacuees Arrive.......................................................................................................107 3.4 Early Days in Australia..................................................................................................129 ii 3.5 Developments in Hong Kong.......................................................................................134 Chapter 4. 1941: Pre-Pacific War Australia......................................................159 4.1 Settling In & Separation ................................................................................................161 4.2 Visits from Hong Kong to Australia...........................................................................165 4.3 Freedom of Movement ..................................................................................................169 4.4 From Blasé to Panic........................................................................................................178 Chapter 5. War: Australia 1942-44......................................................................192 5.1 Outside Australia.............................................................................................................203 5.2 Hong Kong Battle Deaths..............................................................................................208 5.3 Prisoners of War..............................................................................................................212 5.4 Wartime Returns to the United Kingdom ...............................................................228 5.5 Australianisation.............................................................................................................232 Chapter 6. 1945: War and Peace: Britain, Hong Kong, or Stay?.................254 6.1 Broken Marriages, Broken Homes............................................................................259 6.2 Leaving Australia ............................................................................................................265 6.3 Australia as a Permanent Home.................................................................................280 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................297 Appendices .....................................................................................................................308 Appendix One – Evacuee wives of Osaka POW Fatalities .............................................308 Appendix Two – Mrs Rosemary Margaret Holmes .........................................................311 Appendix Three – Costs of Hiring/Crewing Zealandia..................................................318 Appendix Four – The List of Evacuees.................................................................................323 iii Appendix Five – Herbert Leslie Langley Possessions lost to Japanese ....................326 Bibliography & Sources..............................................................................................335 Primary .........................................................................................................................................335 Published......................................................................................................................................347 iv Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank a very large number of people who kindly contributed their time, memories, assistance, and documentation to this work. Firstly, the official and private evacuees who assisted. They were: Susan Van Andel, Barbara Anslow, Reg Banham, Ray Barman, Derek Bird, Andrin Blaauw, the late John Black, Paul Bonney, Wendy Borthwick, Maurice (Max) Braga, Stuart Braga, the late Brian Bromley, Georgina Brooks, Ron Brooks, Tony Bushell, Isabelle Clough, Kathleen Crawford, Elizabeth Doery, Tony Dudman, Hugh Dulley, Robin Fabel, Michael Ferrier, Murray Forsyth, Vicki Gibson, Colin Gordon, Gavin Gordon, Dorothy Hardwick, John Hearn, William Hirst, Gloria Hitchcock, Janis Hollis, Timothy Holmes, Desmond Inglis, Rosemary Inglis, Joan Izard, Neil Johnston, Maunie Kwok, Doug Langley-Bates, Annmarie Leslie, Mary-June Littleton, Cyril Martin, Ian McNay, Richard Neve, Robin Patey, Sue Penn, Robin Poulter, Roger Proulx, Charlotte Quinn, Jone Radda, Roger Rawlings, Elizabeth Ride, Sheila Roberts, Mike Salter, Margaret Simpson, Michael Stewart, Thelma Stewart, James Templer, Patricia Tring, June Williams, Leilah Wood, and Rosemary Wood. Secondly, relatives of evacuees. These were: Hugh Balean, Cathy Biondich, James Brooks, Mike Chapman, John Cooper, Rick Coxhill, Helen D’All, Sue Gibson, Lorraine Hadris, Richard Harloe, Marilyn Hartney, Andrew Hill, Catherine Hill, James Hobson, Rebecca Hudson, Janet Jones, Sarah Jordon, Henry Langley, Duncan Lapsley, Sue Leagas, Michael Longyear, Michael Martin, Shane Miller, Peter Moss, Kristeen Nagle, Jonathan Nigel, Patricia Patey, Suzanne Pincevic, Jane Prophet, Emma Pruen, Ann Pumphrey, Vic Rayward-Smith, Stewart Sloan, David Stanford, v Marjorie Stintzi, Bill Stoker, Janet Sykes, Gweneth Thirlwell, Kim Tomlinson, Aileen Trinder, Mary Vaughan, Nikki Veriga, Semi Vine, Mark Weedon, Briony Widdis, and Betty Wilson. Thirdly, other individuals who were kind enough to help with various classes of expertise or as representatives of their institutions: Brian Allen, Sue Barclay, the late H. W. ‘Bunny’ Browne, Jeanette Bruce, Henry Ching, Colin Day, Helen Dodd, Brian Edgar, Alix Furey, Richard Goldsborough, Simon Jones, Jacky Kingsley, Gerry Lander, Angus Lorenzen, Rita MacDonald, Mary Monro, Robert Moss, Christopher Munn, John Penn, and the late Roderick Suddaby of the Imperial War Museum. Finally many thanks are due to my supervisor at ADFA, Dr Jeffrey Grey, who (among many other things) on seeing the first draft of this thesis taught me to use signposts and scissors: the former to guide the reader along the core of the arguments, and the latter to reduce my natural verbosity. vi Abbreviations and Acronyms ACW Aircraft Woman AFDA Australian Funeral Directors Association AIF Australian Infantry Force ANS Auxiliary Nursing Service ARP Air Raid Precautions BAAG British Army Aid Group BEF British Expeditionary Force BMH British Military Hospital BQMS Battery Quarter Master Sergeant CBS Central British School CO Commanding Officer CORB Children's Overseas Reception Board CS Colonial Secretary DEI Dutch East Indies FA Financial Adviser HE His Excellency (the Governor of Hong Kong) HKDDC Hong Kong Dockyard Defence Corps HKFB Hong Kong Fire Brigade HKPF Hong Kong Police Force1 1 Which became the Royal Hong Kong Police Force only after the 1967 riots, and reverted to Hong Kong Police Force in 1997. vii HKRNVR Hong Kong Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve HKSRA Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery HKU Hong Kong University HKVDC Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps HMG Her Majesty’s Government HSBC Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank KCR Kowloon Canton Railway MC Military Cross NCO Non-Commissioned
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iris Murdoch
    Sunday 9th August 2020 www.rmmc.org.uk Facebook: www.facebook.com/groups/tempRMMC/ Last week I shared the first part of the story of Arthur & Ada Salter that had impressed me as I walked the Thames Path. Part Two included today with Part One as reference if you want to re-read! Zoom Church Service Aug 9, 2020 6pm led by Cathy Smith https://astrazeneca.zoom.us/j/99881042054?pwd=UWU3QmE0VkNYNXBMNENLd2dkVmh4QT09 Meeting ID: 998 8104 2054. Password: 562655 0203 481 5237 or 0800 260 5801 7.30pm Monday 10th August The Prayer Course Session 1: Why Pray? https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84151838035?pwd=WFpkZTBjUW9MSW9VL2VMRDBYcU9iUT09 ID: 841 5183 8035 Passcode: 483980. Landline: 0203 051 2874 ‘Prayer is simply paying attention to God, which is a form of love.’ Iris Murdoch Unlike the last course I am thinking of this one being once or twice a month, and with a different aspect of prayer each time it will be easy for people to attend as many sessions as they like and are able. I look for- ward to us learning together. Living Streets and Highways We pray for the living streets in our neighbourhood, where our daily travels begin and end, and our love of God inspires our interactions with our neighbours. In our walks and our rides and our drives and our deliveries, God keep us safe and looking out for others. Somebody during the post-service coffee session on last Sunday's zoom call asked for more de- tails about the Highway Code Consultation. In summary the proposed changes support a heirar- chy of road-users, prioritising people who are most vulnerable to harm, starting with pedestrians, (especially children, older adults and people with disabilities) and stating more clearly how all oth- er road users can reduce the danger they may pose to others.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Legion Magazine Is the Official Publication of the American Legion and Is Owned Exclusively by the American Legion
    THE AMERICAN EGION GAZINE NOVEMBER* 1942 . • wonder wkaff goose -stepper^ thinks about? 'Left . right . don't think . left many thousands of "superior Aryan" lives like yours. right . don't think. The Fuehrer thinksfor us. Victory soon. Americans The Texas Company alone pro- duces far more oil than all of Europe soft. Their tanks no good, planes no ... oil for lOO-octane aviation gaso- good. The Fuehrer says so. Left . line ... oil for Toluene to make right . , . don't think." TNT, oil for Butadiene, basis of * * * synthetic rubber. We are just one No, Hans, don't think, or you'll fal- company. Hundreds more are work- ter. Don't think of the American ing on other parts soldiers arriving in Europe, don't of our vast fight- think of the great armada of planes ing machine. and tanks and guns rolling off Amer- No, don't think, ica's production lines behind them. Hans. Soon you Don't think of the vast American will feel. .and un- oil fields which feed the tanks and fortunately your guns and planes ... oil for which Fuehrer cannot your Fuehrer would give many. feel for you. THE TEXAS COMPANY TEXACO FIRE-CHIEF AND SKY CHIEF GASOLINES • HAVOLINE AND TEXACO MOTOR OILS — ROANE WARING National Commander, The American Legion THE American Legion in honoring and marines will prove more than a ican Legion's more than a million mem- me by naming me its leader during match for whatever enemy they may bers and our half million Auxiliaries. this critical year in the history of be called upon to face.
    [Show full text]
  • German Prisoners of War and Canadian Internment Operations in Mimico, Ontario, 1940-1944 Kirk W
    Document généré le 29 sept. 2021 07:19 Ontario History Number 22 Internment Camp German Prisoners of War and Canadian Internment Operations in Mimico, Ontario, 1940-1944 Kirk W. Goodlet Volume 104, numéro 2, fall 2012 Résumé de l'article Cet article examine les opérations d’internement au Camp M à Mimico, URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1065439ar Ontario, de 1940 à 1944. Basé sur des documents d’archives, il éclaire l’histoire DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1065439ar d’un des très rares camps construits près d’une grande ville canadienne pendant la seconde guerre mondiale, un camp qui, encore aujourd’hui, est Aller au sommaire du numéro inconnu de la majorité des Canadiens. Depuis son ouverture, une série de problèmes administratifs, structurels, et personnels ont gêné ses opérations, et ces problèmes, ainsi qu’une très sérieuse déficience d’infrastructure, ont mené Éditeur(s) à la fermeture anticipée du camp en juillet 1944. Aujourd’hui les gouvernements provincial et fédéral sont en train de construire une immense The Ontario Historical Society « superprison » pouvant abriter 1,650 personnes sur le lieu où plus de 500 prisonniers de guerre allemands ont été enfermés jadis. Cet article pourrait ISSN donc contribuer à la discussion sur l’utilité, passée et actuelle, du site. 0030-2953 (imprimé) 2371-4654 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Goodlet, K. W. (2012). Number 22 Internment Camp: German Prisoners of War and Canadian Internment Operations in Mimico, Ontario, 1940-1944. Ontario History, 104(2), 90–115. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065439ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2012 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Hong Kong
    Modern Hong Kong Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History Modern Hong Kong Steve Tsang Subject: China, Hong Kong, Macao, and/or Taiwan Online Publication Date: Feb 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.280 Abstract and Keywords Hong Kong entered its modern era when it became a British overseas territory in 1841. In its early years as a Crown Colony, it suffered from corruption and racial segregation but grew rapidly as a free port that supported trade with China. It took about two decades before Hong Kong established a genuinely independent judiciary and introduced the Cadet Scheme to select and train senior officials, which dramatically improved the quality of governance. Until the Pacific War (1941–1945), the colonial government focused its attention and resources on the small expatriate community and largely left the overwhelming majority of the population, the Chinese community, to manage themselves, through voluntary organizations such as the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. The 1940s was a watershed decade in Hong Kong’s history. The fall of Hong Kong and other European colonies to the Japanese at the start of the Pacific War shattered the myth of the superiority of white men and the invincibility of the British Empire. When the war ended the British realized that they could not restore the status quo ante. They thus put an end to racial segregation, removed the glass ceiling that prevented a Chinese person from becoming a Cadet or Administrative Officer or rising to become the Senior Member of the Legislative or the Executive Council, and looked into the possibility of introducing municipal self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • The HARIKARI Club: German Prisoners of War and the Mass Escape Scare of 1944-45 at Internment Camp Grande Ligne, Quebec
    Canadian Military History Volume 13 Issue 3 Article 5 2004 The HARIKARI Club: German Prisoners of War and the Mass Escape Scare of 1944-45 at Internment Camp Grande Ligne, Quebec Martin Auger Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Martin Auger "The HARIKARI Club: German Prisoners of War and the Mass Escape Scare of 1944-45 at Internment Camp Grande Ligne, Quebec." Canadian Military History 13, 3 (2004) This Canadian War Museum is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. : The HARIKARI Club: German Prisoners of War and the Mass Escape Scare The HARIKARI Club German Prisoners of War and the Mass Escape Scare of 1944-45 at Internment Camp Grande Ligne, Quebec Martin F. Auger t approximately 0200 hours on and that the objective of the prisoners ASaturday, 5 August 1944, a strange was to overthrow the camp and commit bugle sound resounded in one of the mass suicide.1 compounds of prisoners of war (POW) Camp No.12 in Cowra, Australia. Almost German POWs planned a similar mass immediately, more than 900 Japanese escape in Canada. This little-known prisoners of war rushed from their incident is almost completely ignored living quarters, which they had set on in the historiography. In early October fire, and ran for the barbed wire fences. 1944, Canadian intelligence officers at Most of them were armed with an assortment POW Camp No.44 Grande Ligne, in southern of hand-made weapons, which ranged from Quebec, learned that a secret organization known improvised bats and clubs studded with nails as the HARIKARI Club had been created by some to crude swords fashioned from dismantled of the camp’s more ardent Nazi sympathizers.
    [Show full text]
  • George Washington and George Marshall: Some Reflections on the American Military Tradition” Don Higginbotham, 1984
    'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #26 “George Washington and George Marshall: Some Reflections on the American Military Tradition” Don Higginbotham, 1984 Though this is my second visit to the Air Force Academy, it is my first opportunity to present an address. I have had more exposure in this regard to one of your sister institutions: West Point. I must be careful not to speak of you as army men and women; but if I forget it will not be out of partiality. Gen. George Marshall at times was amused and at other times irritated by the partiality shown for the Navy by President Franklin Roosevelt, whom you may recall loved the sea and had been assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration. On one occasion Marshall had had enough and pleaded good humoredly, "At least, Mr. President, stop speaking of the Army as 'they' and the Navy as ‘us’!” The title of this lecture suggests the obvious: that I consider it informative and instructive to look at certain similarities of experience and attitude shared by George Washington and George Marshall. In so doing, I want to speculate on their place in the American military tradition. These introductory remarks sound as though I am searching for relevance, and that is the case. No doubt at times historians, to say nothing of their readers, wish that the contemporary world would get lost so as to leave them unfettered to delve into the past for its own sake.
    [Show full text]
  • In a Rather Emotional State?' the Labour Party and British Intervention in Greece, 1944-5
    ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE 'In a rather emotional state?' The Labour party and British intervention in Greece, 1944-5 AUTHORS Thorpe, Andrew JOURNAL The English Historical Review DEPOSITED IN ORE 12 February 2008 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10036/18097 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication 1 ‘IN A RATHER EMOTIONAL STATE’? THE LABOUR PARTY AND BRITISH INTERVENTION IN GREECE, 1944-45* Professor Andrew Thorpe Department of History University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4RJ Tel: 01392-264396 Fax: 01392-263305 Email: [email protected] 2 ‘IN A RATHER EMOTIONAL STATE’? THE LABOUR PARTY AND BRITISH INTERVENTION IN GREECE, 1944-45 As the Second World War drew towards a close, the leader of the Labour party, Clement Attlee, was well aware of the meagre and mediocre nature of his party’s representation in the House of Lords. With the Labour leader in the Lords, Lord Addison, he hatched a plan whereby a number of worthy Labour veterans from the Commons would be elevated to the upper house in the 1945 New Years Honours List. The plan, however, was derailed at the last moment. On 19 December Attlee wrote to tell Addison that ‘it is wiser to wait a bit. We don’t want by-elections at the present time with our people in a rather emotional state on Greece – the Com[munist]s so active’.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Flag Over Bermondsey - the Ada Salter Story
    7.00 pm SATURDAY 5 DECEMBER 2015 RED FLAG OVER BERMONDSEY - THE ADA SALTER STORY Written and performed by Lynn Morris Directed by Dave Morris Where to start with Ada Salter? She was a true radical, campaigner for equal rights, socialist, republican, pacifist, environmentalist, trade union activist and a leading light in the transformation of the Bermondsey slums in the early part of the 20th century. Born into Methodism, she moved to London and became involved with the Bermondsey Settlement. She became a Quaker in 1914. She and her GP husband, Alfred Salter, dedicated their lives to the people of Bermondsey, living and working right in the heart of their community – and having to accept the tragic consequences of their choice. She and her husband were among the founders of the Independent Labour Party in Bermondsey. Ada herself broke through the glass ceiling of her time, becoming both the first woman councillor in London, and then the first woman mayor. Red Flag over Bermondsey explores the private and the public lives of Ada from 1909 until 1922, interwoven with her beloved Ira Sankey hymns and her passion for Handel. Further background about Ada (1866–1942) is to be found at www.quakersintheworld.org The performance lasts 65 minutes without interval. Lynn and Dave Morris are Journeymen theatre and they are committed to performing their work in any venue, theatre or non-theatre. Lynn and David attend Stourbridge Quaker Meeting. Visit the website at: www.journeymentheatre.com for details about the company, current and future productions, and reviews. Contact us at: [email protected] or [email protected] Admission FREE: All profits and donations from Red Flag over Bermondsey will be used to support our work with the Women’s Co-operative of Seir, West Bank, Palestine.
    [Show full text]
  • Rustin Military Collection
    Richard Rustin Military Books Donated 3 October 2009 THE RUSTIN MILITARY COLLECTION The Rustin Military Collection consists of nearly a thousand military books and periodicals collected by Richard E. Rustin during his lifetime. His wife, Ginette Rustin, donated this collection from his estate to the Archive Center and Genealogy Department, Indian River County Main Library, in October 2009 – April 2010. Richard E. Rustin passed away July, 2008. His wife considered him a genius regarding military history. He was a brilliant writer, a former reporter, manager and assistant chief of the New York news bureau. He edited coverage at the heart of the Wall Street Journal’s financial and economic news operations. He served in the U. S. Navy as an officer from 1956 to 1959. The focus of his collection centered on World War I and World War II. The collection also includes books on the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Mexican War, Korean War, and Viet Nam War, among others. Regimental histories and books of detailed campaigns, military science, military equipment and biography predominate. The library is very fortunate to have such a magnificent research collection containing many rare, out of print and hard to find volumes. It should be of great interest to anyone exploring military history. To date, the complete collection has been processed and is available to the public in the Genealogy Department. Use the online catalog at http://www.irclibrary.org or browse the list below. Title Author Publ Date 106th Cavalry Group in Europe J. P. Himmer Co. 1945 10th Royal Hussars in the Second World War 1939-45 Dawnay, D., etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Resource Allocation Model (RAM) in 2021
    NSW Department of Education The Resource Allocation Model (RAM) in 2021 For NSW public schools, the table below shows the 2021 RAM funding. The 2021 RAM funding represents the total 2021 funding for the four equity loadings and the three base allocation loadings, a total of seven loadings. The equity loadings are socio-economic background, Aboriginal background, English language proficiency and low-level adjustment for disability. The base loadings are location, professional learning, and per capita. Changes in school funding are the result of changes to student needs and/or student enrolments. Updated March 2021 *2019/2020 2021 RAM total School full name average FOEI funding ($) Abbotsford Public School 15 364,251 Aberdeen Public School 136 535,119 Abermain Public School 144 786,614 Adaminaby Public School 108 47,993 Adamstown Public School 62 310,566 Adelong Public School 116 106,526 Afterlee Public School 125 32,361 Airds High School 169 1,919,475 Ajuga School 164 203,979 Albert Park Public School 111 251,548 Albion Park High School 112 1,241,530 Albion Park Public School 114 626,668 Albion Park Rail Public School 148 1,125,123 Albury High School 75 930,003 Albury North Public School 159 832,460 education.nsw.gov.au NSW Department of Education *2019/2020 2021 RAM total School full name average FOEI funding ($) Albury Public School 55 519,998 Albury West Public School 156 527,585 Aldavilla Public School 117 681,035 Alexandria Park Community School 58 1,030,224 Alfords Point Public School 57 252,497 Allambie Heights Public School 15
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title The Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j3546s0 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1) Author Chua, Christine Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.5070/P881021965 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE SINO-BRITISH AGREEMENT AND NATIONALITY: HONG KONG'S FUTURE IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Christine Chua* I. INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom will officially relinquish its sovereignty over Hong Kong' to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The terms for the transfer of governmental control are set forth in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (hereinafter, "Joint Declaration"), which was signed by rep- resentatives for both governments on December 19, 1984. The terms likewise appear in the Memoranda exchanged by the United 2 Kingdom and PRC governments on the signing date. Set forth in the Joint Declaration is the PRC's intent to estab- lish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). 3 Rules for implementing the separate government of the Hong Kong SAR are also enumerated. 4 The creation of the Hong Kong SAR is au- thorized by a provision in the PRC Constitution' originally in- * J.D., 1989, UCLA School of Law; B.A., 1985, Cornell University.
    [Show full text]
  • T1.1 War on Land
    Second World War Discovery Box Thematic Overview War on Land During the Second World War, the army was the largest of Canada’s three armed services. Over the course of the war, about 750,000 men and women served in the army, across Canada and in many parts of the world. Rebuilding the Army Before the war, Canada’s army was small, with After the Canadian Women’s Army Corps was outdated weapons and equipment. War meant created in 1941 about 25,000 women began more soldiers and better equipment, but it took serving in non-combatant roles. time to rebuild. Army units in Canada protected coastlines and In 1939, men made up almost all of the army, other important areas. The army also set up although women could serve as nurses. training bases across the country. The Army in Britain and Europe A significant portion of the Canadian army The Allies had to choose where to land in served overseas. Canada’s first soldiers arrived Europe to fight Germany and Italy. They in Great Britain in December 1939. decided to invade Sicily, part of Italy. Some Canadian army units participated in Allied By June 1940, most of western Europe was landings there in July 1943. This marked the occupied by Germany and Italy. Canadians beginning of ongoing operations for Canada’s trained for combat, while helping to defend army. After Sicily, Canadians fought Britain against possible German attack. Their in Italy until early 1945. first major engagement was on 19 August 1942, at Dieppe, France. Canadian casualties were heavy, with many dead, wounded, taken prisoner or missing.
    [Show full text]