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Home , Raid on Berlin, Winston Churchill

T h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l E x p e r i e n c e a t t h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l M e m o r i a l a n d L i b r a r y The Century

H a r r y T r u m a n J o s e p h S t a lin C h a r le s d e G a u lle J o s e f T it o C le m e n t A t t le e

Churchill and

T e a m M e m b e r N a m e ______

Page 1 W h y s t u d y W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l i n M i s s o u r i ?

A t a y o u n g a g e , W in s t o n C h u r c h ill s a id , “ I h a v e f a it h in m y s t a r t h a t I a m in t e n d e d t o d o s o m e t h in g in t h e w o r ld . ”

I f y o u liv e d in t h e U n it e d K in g d o m , y o u w o u ld k n o w t h is m a n a s o n e o f y o u r c o u n t r y ’s g r e a t e s t h e r o e s . M a n y h is t o r ia n s b e lie v e C h u r c h ill c h a n g e d t h e c o u r s e o f h is t o r y d u r in g W o r ld W a r I I t h r o u g h h is le a d e r s h ip a n d c o m m a n d in g s p e e c h e s . W h y s t u d y C h u r c h ill h e r e in M is s o u r i?

A f t e r t h is e x p e r ie n c e , y o u w ill b e a b le t o a n s w e r w h y e v e r y o n e in M is s o u r i s h o u ld k n o w C h u r c h ill A N D w h y t h e w o r ld k n o w s F u lt o n a n d W e s t m in s t e r C o lle g e b e c a u s e o f C h u r c h ill. Y o u w ill s e e h o w o n e p e r s o n , w it h v is io n a n d e n e r g y , c a n m a k e a d if f e r e n c e t h r o u g h o u t h is o r h e r lif e . T h is p r o je c t is m a d e p o s s ib le b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e U . S . I n s t it u t e o f M u s e u m a n d L ib r a r y S e r v ic e s .

Page 2 T h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l C e n t u r y

I t h a s b e e n s a id t h e t w e n t ie t h c e n t u r y w a s C h u r c h ill’s c e n tu r y . H o w e v e r , o t h e r w o r ld le a d e r s s t ill w e r e e x t r e m e ly im p o r t a n t a n d in te r a c t e d w it h C h u r c h ill t o d e t e r m in e t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o r ld . I n t h is e x p e r ie n c e , t h r o u g h t h e e y e s o f J o s e p h S t a l i n , y o u w ill d e t e r m in e h o w S t a lin ’s a c t io n s in t e r s e c t e d w it h C h u r c h ill. U lt im a t e ly , y o u m a y r e w r ite h is t o r y . T h e p e r io d is t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e S e c o n d W o r ld W a r t h r o u g h it s in itia l a ft e r m a th – t h e y e a r s o f 1 9 3 8 t o 1 9 4 6 .

S t e p O n e : Y o u a r e e n v is io n in g t h e w o r ld t h e w a y J o s e p h S t a l i n m ig h t h a v e . H is le a d e r s h ip a t t a c h e s t o t h e U n it e d S t a t e s . R e v ie w t h e W W I I t im e lin e a n d c h e c k w h e n t h is c o u n t r y is d ir e c t ly im p a c te d o r n a m e d in t h e W o r ld W a r I I t im e lin e .

1938 ß January 21: Romanian Jews are stripped of their citizenship. ß March 12: is annexed by Germany. ß April 21: Jews eliminated from the economy in Germany. Their assets can be seized. ß July 6-14: International conference in France that Roosevelt initiated to discuss the Jewish . 32 of the nations decide not to admit large numbers of Jews. Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic want money in return for admitting the displaced. ß September: France and Britain enact a policy of , agreeing to the German annexation of Sudenten, Czechoslovakia. ß November 9-19: Kristallnacht- the Night of the Broken Glass. Nazis violently attack Jews and destroy Jewish property, 91 Jews are killed and others are beaten. 1939 ß January: For the first time in his annual address to Congress, Roosevelt proposes no domestic reforms but instead stresses the danger posed to democracy and international peace by the forces of aggression. Later in the month, the budget shows increased spending on national defense. ß March: Germany annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia. British Government pledges to aid "at once . . . with all the support in their power" in the event that Poland is attacked by Germany. ß June 17: The Jewish ship the St. Louis arrives in Belgium after being denied access to Cuba and the United States. Most of the passengers are eventually murdered by the Nazis. ß August 23: Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact announced in . ß September 1: Germany invades Poland from the west.

Page 3 ß September 3: Britain declares war on Germany at 11 am, France declares war on Germany six hours later. ß September 5: The United States declares its neutrality. ß September 9: The Germans reach Warsaw. ß September 10: British troops arrive in France. ß September 17: The invades Poland from the east. ß September 21: ROOSEVELT calls for a special session of Congress to repeal the Neutrality Acts. He argues the United States could preserve neutrality and provide the and France with arms by adopting a cash and carry plan. ß September 27: Warsaw surrenders. ß September 28: Soviet Union and Germany divide Poland. ß October 6: Hitler’s peace offer, based on a German victory in Poland, is rejected by Britain and France. ß October 8: In Poland, the process of moving the Jewish population into ghettos begins. ß October 11: and others inform Roosevelt of the possibility of creating an atomic bomb. ß October 16: First German air raid on the British Isles. ß November 4: The amends the Neutrality Acts to favor Britain and France, lifting the embargo and authorizing cash & carry. ß : Soviet troops invade Finland. 1940 ß January: Rationing is introduced in Britain. ß Spring: The deportations of German Gypsies to concentration camps in the east begins. ß April 9: German troops invade Denmark and Norway. ß April 14: British forces land in Norway. ß : Holland, Belgium, and are invaded by Germany. British troops enter Belgium. British Prime resigns; becomes new Prime Minister. ß May 15: Holland surrenders to Germany. ß May 28: Belgium surrenders to Germany. ß June 3: Norway surrenders to Germany. ß June 10: Italy declares war on Britain and France. ß June 14: Germans enter Paris. ß June 22: France signs armistice with Germany.

Page 4 ß June 24: France signs armistice with Italy. ß August 8: The begins. ß August 26: First all night air raid on London. ß September 27: British win battle of Britain. Japan joins the Rome- Axis. ß October 28: Italy invades . ß October 29: British troops arrive in Greece. ß November 5: Roosevelt elected to an unprecedented third term as president. ß December 29: During a Fireside Chat, Roosevelt declares that the U.S. should become an "arsenal of democracy" against the Axis threat. 1941 ß January 10: Soviet Union renews pact with Germany. ß March 11: Roosevelt signs Lend-Lease Bill. ß April 6: Germany invades Greece and Yugoslavia. ß April 13: Germans occupy Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Russo-Japanese neutrality pact signed. ß May 2: Allied troops evacuate Greece. ß June 22: Germany attacks the Soviet Union. ß June - July: Over 62,000 Jews are murdered in western . ß July 12: Anglo-Russian treaty signed. ß August 11: Churchill and Roosevelt form , establishing the war aims of both nations. ß December 7: Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary, and Rumania. Japanese bomb the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor. ß December 8: Britain and the United States declare war on Japan. Japan invades Malaya. ß December 9: Japan invades Philippines. ß December 11: Germany and Italy declare war on United States. ß December 19: United States institutes extended military conscription for men ages 20-44. ß December 27: Rationing in the United States begins with auto tires. 1942 ß January 20: 14 Nazi leaders attend a short meeting to discuss the elimination of the remaining European Jews. The genocidal plan is dubbed "The Final Solution." ß January 23: Japanese land in Solomon Islands.

Page 5 ß February 19: By order of Roosevelt, Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast are transferred to internment camps in the interior of the country. ß April 10: Japan captures Bataan. By June, Japan also controls the Philippines. ß April 18: The United States first attacks the Japanese by air. ß June 3-6: Battle of Midway Island. ß August 5-31: Germans advancing in Russia and start the Leningrad offensive on the 28th. ß August 7: Americans land on Guadalcanal. ß November 6-15: Battle of Guadalcanal, heavy losses on both sides, eventual United States victory. ß November 8: United States and British forces land in French North . ß November 11: Germans enter unoccupied zone of . ß December: Fighting between German and Soviet forces in Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. 1943 ß : Roosevelt and Churchill meet at and decide upon a policy of "." ß January 31: 17 German Generals surrender to the Soviets at Stalingrad. ß -30: Allied offensive in Northern Tunisia. ß : German surrender in Tunisia. ß July 5: German forces mount a new offensive in Russia. ß July 10: Allies invade Sicily. ß July 12: Soviet Army counterattacks Germans in Russia. ß August 2: The end of eight days of intensive bombing of Hamburg, Germany by the Allies. ß : Allies complete conquest of Sicily. ß August - December: The United States makes progress in the Pacific Theatre, making landings on the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, New Georgia and the Gilbert Islands. ß September 3: Italy forms armistice with Allies. ß September 8: Italy surrenders. ß October 13: Italy declares war on Germany. ß -26: between Churchill and Roosevelt ß : Teheran conference between the Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, of the Soviet Union. 1944 ß January 22: Allied landings south of Rome in Anzio.

Page 6 ß February 3: German offensive against Anzio Beachhead. ß March 22: Japanese invade India. ß April 10-18: Soviet troops experience success against the Germans in the . ß : Allies occupy Rome. ß June 6: D-Day, Allied invasion of Normandy. ß June 19-20: Battle of the Philippine Sea, Allied victory over Japanese forces. ß June 23: Russians start offensive on Central Front. ß July 20: Bomb planted by Count von Stafenberg fails to kill Hitler. ß July 24: American forces land on Marianas Islands. ß July 27: Americans break through west of St. Lô in Normandy. ß August 12: Germans in retreat from Normandy. ß August 15: Allied forces land in southern France. ß August 17: Japanese driven out of India. ß August 25: Paris liberated by the Allies from the Germans. Rumania declares war on Germany. ß September 3: Brussels liberated by Allied forces from German occupation. ß September 13: Allies sign armistice with Rumania. ß October 4: Allied forces land in Greece. ß October 18: Russians enter East . ß October 19: Americans land in Philippines. ß October 23: Allies sign armistice with Bulgaria. ß November 7: Roosevelt is elected for his fourth term; Harry S Truman replaces Henry Wallace as his vice-president. ß November 28-29: First American night air attack on Tokyo. ß December 16-26: , the last German offensive in the west. 1945 ß : Americans enter Manila: Conference. ß February 13: raid. Allied firebombing kills 135,000 Germans, including civilians, and destroys 80% of the city. ß February 19: Americans land on Iwo Jima. ß March 7: Americans find intact bridge across at Remagen, set up bridgehead on east bank.

Page 7 ß March 18: Daylight air-raid on Berlin. ß March 23: Allies cross the Rhine. ß : Germans surrounded in Ruhr valley. In the Pacific theatre, Americans invade Okinawa. ß April 12: Roosevelt dies, Harry S Truman takes over the presidency of the United States. ß April 20: Americans capture Nuremberg. ß April 28: Mussolini captured by Italian partisans and shot to death. ß April 29: Dachau concentration camp is overrun by United States soldiers. ß May 1: Hitler commits suicide. ß May 2: Berlin surrenders to Russian forces. ß May 4: German forces in Holland, North-West Germany, and Denmark surrender. ß : Unconditional surrender of all German forces to Britain, Russia, and the United States. ß May 8: V-E Day: German surrender confirmed. ß June 26: charter is signed. ß July 5: of Philippines complete. ß July 16: conference ends. Meanwhile, the first atomic bomb is exploded in a test at Alamogordo, New Mexico. ß : is delivered to Japan. ß July 26: Churchill loses the Prime Ministry of Great Britain . ß August 2: ends. ß August 5: Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima. ß August 8: Russia declares war on Japan. ß August 9: Atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki. ß : Japan accepts Allied terms. ß August 15: V-J Day. 1946 ß January-March: Churchill visits the U.S. and Cuba, meets Truman ß : Churchill delivers the “” speech in Fulton, Missouri adapted from: http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~ww2oh/Timeline.htm

Page 8 2 . W h ic h c o u n t r ie s d id S ta lin c o n s id e r h is a llie s ? ______

3 . W h y w e r e t h e s e c o u n t r ie s h is a llie s ? ______

4 . U nßd eDri cStatat olinr s, hwiph a t t y p e o f g o v e r n m e n t w a s in R u s s ia ? E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r . ß M o n a r c h y ß C o m m u n is t ß T o ta lita r ia n s ta t e ß R e p r e s e n ta t io n a l D e m o c r a c y ß P a r lia m e n ta r y D e m o c r a c y ______

5 . D o a n I n t e r n e t s e a r c h a n d lis t f iv e f a c t s a b o u t S t a lin ’s le a d e r s h ip o f R u s s ia , b u t d o n o t e x c e e d in f o r m a t io n b e y o n d M a r c h 5 , 1 9 4 6 . a . ______b . ______c . ______d . ______e . ______

Page 9 6 . R e a d t h e f o llo w in g N e w Y o r k T im e s h e a d lin e s .

Moscow Talks End in Optimism; Churchill and U.S. Envoy Fly Home; STALIN ENTERTAINS CHURCHILL AND EDEN IN MOSCOW MOSCOW TALKS END ON A HOPEFUL NOTE

October 21, 1944, Saturday

MOSCOW, Saturday, Oct. 21 -Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin achieved material progress in resolving the Polish question and agreed on coordinated military and political action in the troubled , including an attempted fusion of the Royal Yugoslav Government and Marshal Tito's Committee of National Liberation, it was made known early today.

The Three Who Shape the Future; Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin are cast in different molds but face a common task. February 4, 1945, Sunday

ROOSEVELT, Churchill and Stalin meet again--in a conference as momentous as any since the war began. Here are three men, each one holding power as great as any ever wielded in his state and the three together holding the immediate future of the world in their hands.

CHURCHILL DOUBTS STALIN ON TROOPS; Says Even 60 War Divisions Would Outnumber U.S., British --London Impatient at Stalin

October 30, 1946, Wednesday

LONDON, Oct. 29--Premier Stalin's latest pronouncement on world affairs drew expressions of impatience from British official quarters tonight while Winston Churchill implied that even if there were only sixty Soviet divisions in European occupation territory that still was too many.

Page 10 W h a t d o t h e s e a r t ic le s im p ly a b o u t t h e r e la t io n s h ip b e tw e e n S ta lin a n d C h u r c h ill? ______

Page 11 A t T h e W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l M e m o r i a l a n d L i b r a r y

A t t h e M e m o r ia l, y o u w ill le a r n m u c h m o r e a b o u t W in s to n C h u r c h ill, h is lif e , a n d h is a b ilit y t o le a d t h e U n it e d K in g d o m , a lo n g w ith h is a llie s , a g a in s t w h a t h e c a lle d “ t h e u n n e c e s s a r y w a r . ” T h e f o r m a t w ill f o llo w in s im ila r f a s h io n t o y o u r c la s s r o o m r e s e a r c h o n S t a lin , b u t y o u w ill b e u s in g t h e in f o r m a t io n in t h e e x h ib it .

1 . W h ic h c o u n t r ie s d id C h u r c h ill c o n s id e r h is a llie s ? ______

2 . W h y w e r e t h e s e c o u n t r ie s h is a llie s ? ______

3 . U n d e r C h u r c h ill, w h a t t y p e o f g o v e r n m e n t w a s in G r e a t B r ita in ? ( Y o u m a y c h e c k m o r e t h a n o n e to in d ic a t e t h e c o u n t r y ’s e c o n o m ic s y s t e m o r t h e m e t h o d u s e d t o e le c t C h u r c h ill. ) ß D ic ta t o r s h ip ß M o n a r c h y ß C o m m u n is t ß T o ta lita r ia n s ta t e ß R e p r e s e n ta t io n a l D e m o c r a c y ß P a r lia m e n ta r y D e m o c r a c y

4 . I n J u ly o f 1 9 4 5 , a g e n e r a l e le c t io n w a s h e ld in G r e a t B r ita in . W in s t o n C h u r c h ill w a s d e f e a t e d . W h y ? ______

Page 12 5 . U s in g t h e e x h ib its , id e n t if y s im ila r it ie s b e tw e e n S ta lin ’s le a d e r s h ip o f R u s s ia a n d C h u r c h ill’s le a d e r s h ip o f t h e U n ite d K in g d o m ( b u t d o n o t lis t a n y in f o r m a t io n a f t e r 1 9 4 6 ) .

a . ______b . ______c . ______d . ______e . ______

On March 5, 1946, Churchill made a speech, often called The Iron Curtain Speech, in Fulton, Missouri that he said was one of his most important. Provide the following information about this speech: C h e c k t h e v ic to r s o f W o r ld W a r I I : ¶ U n it e d K in g d o m ¶ S o v ie t U n io n ¶ G e r m a n y ¶ F r a n c e ¶ U n it e d S ta t e s ¶ Y u g o s la v ia ¶ J a p a n

Y o u a r e s e e in g t h e w o r ld a s y o u r w o r ld le a d e r m ig h t h a v e w h e n C h u r c h ill m a d e a v e r y f a m o u s s p e e c h in F u lt o n . Y o u r t e a c h e r w ill p r o v id e y o u w ith o n e s t a t e m e n t ( f r o m b e lo w ) . C ir c le th e le t t e r c o r r e s p o n d in g to y o u r s t a t e m e n t . Y o u r w o r ld le a d e r t e a m m u s t d e c id e if C h u r c h ill’s s t a t e m e n t is v a lid t h r o u g h t h e e y e s o f y o u r le a d e r a n d b e a b le to d e fe n d y o u r r e a s o n s . Y o u s h o u ld u n d e r s t a n d h o w E u r o p e d iv id e d a f t e r W o r ld W a r I I t o m a k e s e n s e o f h is s p e e c h .

Page 13 a . “ T h e U n it e d N a t io n s O r g a n iz a t io n m u s t im m e d ia te ly b e g in t o b e e q u ip p e d w ith a n in t e r n a tio n a l a r m e d fo r c e . I n s u c h a m a t t e r w e c a n o n ly g o s te p b y s t e p , b u t w e m u s t b e g in n o w . I p r o p o s e t h a t e a c h o f t h e P o w e r s a n d S t a t e s s h o u ld b e in v it e d t o d e le g a t e a c e r t a in n u m b e r o f a ir s q u a d r o n s t o t h e s e r v ic e o f t h e w o r ld o r g a n iz a tio n . T h e s e s q u a d r o n s w o u ld b e t r a in e d a n d p r e p a r e d in t h e ir o w n c o u n t r ie s , b u t w o u ld m o v e a r o u n d in r o t a tio n f r o m o n e c o u n t r y to a n o t h e r . T h e y w o u ld w e a r t h e u n ifo r m o f t h e ir o w n c o u n t r ie s b u t w it h d if f e r e n t b a d g e s . ” b . “ I f t h e p o p u la t io n o f t h e E n g lis h - s p e a k in g C o m m o n w e a lt h s b e a d d e d t o t h a t o f t h e U n it e d S t a te s w it h a ll t h a t s u c h c o - o p e r a t io n im p lie s in t h e a ir , o n t h e s e a , a ll o v e r th e g lo b e a n d in s c ie n c e a n d in in d u s t r y , a n d in m o r a l f o r c e , t h e r e w ill b e n o q u iv e r in g , p r e c a r io u s b a la n c e o f p o w e r t o o f f e r it s t e m p t a t io n to a m b itio n o r a d v e n tu r e . O n th e c o n t r a r y , t h e r e w ill b e a n o v e r w h e lm in g a s s u r a n c e o f s e c u r it y . ” c . “ I t w o u ld n e v e r t h e le s s b e w r o n g a n d im p r u d e n t t o e n t r u s t t h e s e c r e t k n o w le d g e o r e x p e r ie n c e o f t h e a t o m ic b o m b , w h ic h t h e U n ite d S t a te s , G r e a t B r it a in , a n d C a n a d a n o w s h a r e , t o t h e w o r ld o r g a n iz a t io n , w h ile it is s t ill in it s in f a n c y . I t w o u ld b e c r im in a l m a d n e s s to c a s t it a d r if t in t h is s t ill a g it a t e d a n d u n - u n it e d w o r ld . N o o n e in a n y c o u n tr y h a s s le p t le s s w e ll in t h e ir b e d s b e c a u s e t h is k n o w le d g e a n d t h e m e t h o d a n d t h e r a w m a t e r ia ls t o a p p ly it , a r e a t p r e s e n t la r g e ly r e t a in e d in A m e r ic a n h a n d s . ” d . “ … . t h e p e o p le o f a n y c o u n t r y h a v e t h e r ig h t , a n d s h o u ld h a v e t h e p o w e r b y c o n s tit u t io n a l a c t io n , b y f r e e u n fe t t e r e d e le c t io n s , w it h s e c r e t b a llo t , t o c h o o s e o r c h a n g e t h e c h a r a c t e r o r f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t u n d e r w h ic h t h e y d w e ll; t h a t f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h a n d t h o u g h t s h o u ld r e ig n ; t h a t c o u r t s o f ju s t ic e , in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e e x e c u t iv e , u n b ia s e d b y a n y p a r t y , s h o u ld a d m in is t e r la w s w h ic h h a v e r e c e iv e d t h e b r o a d a s s e n t o f la r g e m a jo r it ie s o r a r e c o n s e c r a te d b y t im e a n d c u s t o m . ” e . “ F r o m S te t t in in t h e B a lt ic t o T r ie s t e in t h e A d r ia tic , a n ir o n c u r t a in h a s d e s c e n d e d a c r o s s t h e C o n t in e n t . B e h in d t h a t lin e lie a ll t h e c a p ita ls o f t h e a n c ie n t s t a t e s o f C e n t r a l a n d E a s t e r n E u r o p e . W a r s a w , B e r lin , P r a g u e , V ie n n a , B u d a p e s t , B e lg r a d e , B u c h a r e s t a n d S o f ia , a ll t h e s e f a m o u s c it ie s a n d t h e p o p u la t io n s a r o u n d t h e m lie in w h a t I m u s t c a ll t h e S o v ie t s p h e r e , a n d a ll a r e s u b je c t in o n e

Page 14 f o r m o r a n o t h e r , n o t o n ly t o S o v ie t in f lu e n c e b u t t o a v e r y h ig h a n d , in m a n y c a s e s , in c r e a s in g m e a s u r e o f c o n t r o l f r o m M o s c o w . A t h e n s a lo n e - G r e e c e w it h it s im m o r ta l g lo r ie s - is f r e e t o d e c id e it s f u t u r e a t a n e le c tio n u n d e r B r it is h , A m e r ic a n a n d F r e n c h o b s e r v a t io n . T h e R u s s ia n - d o m in a t e d P o lis h G o v e r n m e n t h a s b e e n e n c o u r a g e d t o m a k e e n o r m o u s a n d w r o n g f u l in r o a d s u p o n G e r m a n y , a n d m a s s e x p u ls io n s o f m illio n s o f G e r m a n s o n a s c a le g r ie v o u s a n d u n d r e a m e d - o f a r e n o w t a k in g p la c e . T h e C o m m u n is t p a r t ie s , w h ic h w e r e v e r y s m a ll in a ll t h e s e E a s t e r n S t a t e s o f E u r o p e , h a v e b e e n r a is e d t o p r e - e m in e n c e a n d p o w e r f a r b e y o n d t h e ir n u m b e r s a n d a r e s e e k in g e v e r y w h e r e t o o b ta in t o t a lita r ia n c o n t r o l. ”

f . “ O n t h e o t h e r h a n d I r e p u ls e t h e id e a t h a t a n e w w a r is in e v it a b le ; s t ill m o r e t h a t it is im m in e n t . I t is b e c a u s e I a m s u r e t h a t o u r f o r t u n e s a r e s t ill in o u r o w n h a n d s a n d t h a t w e h o ld t h e p o w e r t o s a v e t h e f u tu r e , t h a t I f e e l t h e d u t y t o s p e a k o u t n o w t h a t I h a v e th e o c c a s io n a n d t h e o p p o r t u n it y t o d o s o . I d o n o t b e lie v e t h a t S o v ie t R u s s ia d e s ir e s w a r . W h a t t h e y d e s ir e is th e f r u it s o f w a r a n d t h e in d e f in ite e x p a n s io n o f t h e ir p o w e r a n d d o c t r in e s . B u t w h a t w e h a v e t o c o n s id e r h e r e t o - d a y w h ile t im e r e m a in s , is t h e p e r m a n e n t p r e v e n t io n o f w a r a n d t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f c o n d it io n s o f f r e e d o m a n d d e m o c r a c y a s r a p id ly a s p o s s ib le in a ll c o u n t r ie s . O u r d if f ic u lt ie s a n d d a n g e r s w ill n o t b e r e m o v e d b y c lo s in g o u r e y e s t o t h e m . T h e y w ill n o t b e r e m o v e d b y m e r e w a it in g t o s e e w h a t h a p p e n s ; n o r w ill t h e y b e r e m o v e d b y a p o lic y o f a p p e a s e m e n t . W h a t is n e e d e d is a s e t t le m e n t , a n d t h e lo n g e r th is is d e la y e d , t h e m o r e d if f ic u lt it w ill b e a n d t h e g r e a te r o u r d a n g e r s w ill b e c o m e . ”

A s y o u u n d e r s t a n d S t a lin , w h a t m ig h t h a v e b e e n h is r e s p o n s e t o t h e s t a t e m e n t ? E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r .

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Page 15 ______D id y o u a g r e e w it h t h e r e s t o f t h e o t h e r c o u n t r y le a d e r s ? ______E x p la in . ______

Page 16 R e f le c t io n : C h u r c h i l l ’ s C e n t u r y R e s e a r c h t h e d iv is io n o f E u r o p e a f t e r W o r ld W a r I I a n d t h e a f t e r m a t h o f t h e C o ld W a r . R e - r e a d t h e s ix s t a t e m e n t s a n d e v a lu a t e h o w r e le v a n t t h e y w e r e in y e a r s f o llo w in g C h u r c h ill’s s p e e c h . H o w c a n e a c h s t a t e m e n t b e c o n n e c te d t o t o d a y ’s w o r ld a n d t o y o u r lif e ? a . ______b . ______c . ______

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