Le Glorieux Nom Divin  A-T-Il Sa Place Dans La Bible ?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Le Glorieux Nom Divin  A-T-Il Sa Place Dans La Bible ? Le Glorieux Nom Divin A-t-il sa place dans la Bible ? Michaël vainquant Satan par Lorenzo Mattielli, Michaelerkirche, Michaelerplatz, Vienne Par Didier Fontaine, 2003 www.areopage.net | [email protected] - 1 - Préface La présente étude s’inscrit avant tout dans le cadre d’une recherche et de réflexions personnelles. Il s’agira pour le lecteur d’en saisir les enfantements à mesure qu’ils se présentent. Bien que structuré, l’exposé ne l’est que par l’histoire et la logique, non point par une trame mesurée au cordeau. Aucun mérite ne m’en revient, car je ne suis ni à l’origine de la problématique, ni le père des réponses qui sont proposées. Mon unique objectif a été de l’exposer, de le synthétiser, et de le mettre à la portée du lecteur français le plus clairement possible. Je suis extrêmement redevable à l’ouvrage de Gérard Gertoux, Un historique du nom divin, qui non seulement a conforté ma foi, mais de plus m’a donné le désir d’en savoir davantage, d’entreprendre l’étude de l’hébreu biblique, ce qui m’a tout naturellement conduit à reconsidérer les difficultés qui entourent le tétragramme dans la Bible. Je dois aussi beaucoup à l’ouvrage de Matteo Pierro, Geova e il Nuovo Testamento, qui m’a montré qu’une solution était possible, tout en laissant quelques zones à approfondir. Une pensée également pour Brian Holt, dont la lecture de l’ouvrage Jesus, God or the Son of God ? m’a permis de comprendre combien le problème sous-jacent méritait un examen minutieux. Enfin l’étude de Greg Stafford, Jehovah’s Witnesses Defended, qui m’a en quelque sorte inculqué la manière de répondre ‘à celui qui me provoque’. Un grand merci également à Firpo W. Carr, Ph.D., qui m’a procuré son ouvrage incontournable, épuisé en librairie, The Divine Name Controversy (vol.1), sous forme électronique, pour mes recherches, ce qui m’a permis de saisir l’étendue de la controverse, l’intérêt du sujet. Toute ma reconnaissance à mon ami Jean-Claude Dutto, pour ses nombreux conseils et encouragements. Plus d’une fois il m’a sorti de sentiers ne menant nulle part. Je dois beaucoup à nos conversations, à ses objections, à sa vaste connaissance qui n’ignore ni humour, ni sagesse. Mais l’initiateur de mes recherches ne partage pas la même foi que moi. Il s’agit de Lynn Lunquist, dont l’ouvrage The Tetragrammaton and the Christian Greek Scriptures m’a ouvert les yeux sur le problème. La lecture de cette étude a éveillé en moi une soif insatiable de comprendre, percer, démystifier le sujet. Loin d’ébranler mon bon sens, cet ouvrage l’a aiguisé au plus haut point. En dépit de l’antinomie de nos points de vue, son auteur m’a par ailleurs témoigné d’une estime remarquable – ce qui m’a rappelé, si besoin en était, que tout débat doit s’inscrire dans un esprit de respect et d’égards pour autrui. Aussi n’aurons-nous d’autre objectif que d’exposer les faits, tous les faits, même ceux qui, en apparence, ou pour le moment, sont contraires à notre thèse. De même que nous n’édulcorerons pas maintes absurdités rencontrées dans les thèses adverses. Enfin, que serait cette étude sans celle qui l’a couverte de son aile, ma femme bien-aimée, Virginie ? Tant par sa patience que par ses attentions sans cesse renouvelées, elle a réuni pour moi toutes les conditions indispensables à l’aboutissement de mon projet. Qu’elle trouve ici toute ma gratitude et tout mon amour. Puisse cette étude remplir les paroles de cette prière de Jésus à son Dieu : « Père, glorifie ton nom ! » - 2 - « Qui est ? » Psaumes 8:10 Utrum aliquod nomen Deo conveniat ? 1 Summa theologica, Prima Pars, XIII Introduction : un nom ineffable ? Les trois grandes religions monothéistes sont le Judaïsme, le Christianisme et l’Islam. Toutes trois connaissent et reconnaissent le personnage de Moïse. Étrange curiosité, le nom de Moïse s’écrit en hébreu (Moshè) et il est l’anagramme de , (haShèm) « le Nom ».3 Selon le récit d’Exode 3 :13-16, c’est Moïse qui, le premier, s’adresse à Dieu pour lui demander son nom. Ainsi c’est en quelque sorte autour du personnage de Moïse qu’il est aujourd’hui possible de réfléchir sur le nom de Dieu, et sa signification. Curieusement, aucun des trois monothéismes n’a su donner à cette révélation du Nom sa juste valeur. Les Juifs ont pendant longtemps été dépositaires du Tétragramme – les quatre lettres qui composent le nom divin, en hébreu . Il était utilisé dans la vie de tous les jours, et sa prononciation ne posait aucune difficulté. Plus tard les Chrétiens, directement issus du Judaïsme, continuèrent de l’employer, comme nous le verrons. Les musulmans enfin, s’ils n’ont jamais connu vraiment le Dieu des Hébreux, accordent une importance particulière au Nom de Dieu, comme en témoigne le début de chaque sourate du Coran. Ils lui prêtent ordinairement 99 noms sacrés (que tout musulman se fait un devoir de connaître parfaitement), et un dernier, le 100e, ineffable. Ce faisant ils rallient en quelque sorte la tradition juive selon laquelle il est impossible, ou à tout le moins blasphématoire, de prononcer le Nom Ineffable. Tout cela est surprenant. Le récit de la révélation du Nom est pourtant explicite : C’est là mon nom pour toujours4, c’est mon nom que l’on évoquera de génération en génération - Exode 3 :15b La Bible de Jérusalem porte au même endroit : « C'est mon nom pour toujours, c'est ainsi que l'on m'invoquera de génération en génération ». D’autres versions précisent le sens en employant le terme ‘mémorial’ (Martin, Darby), de souvenir (Semeur) ou de commémoration (Ostervald). Manifestement, le nom n’était pas destiné, dès l’origine, à sombrer dans l’oubli. Dieu déclara même à Pharaon : ‘Mais si je t’ai laissé subsister, c’est afin de te faire voir ma force et pour que l’on fasse connaître mon nom par toute la terre.’ Exode 9 :16 1 «Est-il convenable d’attribuer un nom à Dieu ? ». Cité dans Moïse, A. Chouraqui, p.184. 2 Nous ne marquons le m final normalement pour le besoin de l’illustration ; ‘le Nom’se lit bien sûr 3 L’étymologie biblique se focalise sur le terme masha, signifiant ‘tirer’ [des eaux], selon Exode 2 :10. On a aussi affirmé que le mot serait plutôt égyptien (langue de la fille de Pharaon), mosis, signifiant ‘né, engendré’ (comme Thoutmosis). 4 L’expression a un double sens des plus inattendus quand on se souvient qu’originellement le texte n’était pas vocalisé. Ceci fera l’objet d’une section ultérieure. - 3 - On peut définir le terme (saphar), par ‘être publié, relaté’, ‘raconté, dit’ (voir BDB, pp.707-708 et Vine p.164). En hébreu les termes ‘scribe’ et ‘livre’ ont la même racine que le verbe précité. L’intention de Dieu était donc que son Nom soit connu, et c’est la raison pour laquelle il fit contempler au peuple d’Israël, et à Moïse en particulier, l’étendue de son pouvoir sur les nations, et la gloire de son Nom. Le dédaigneux Pharaon qui avait dit : ‘Qui est le SEIGNEUR (YHWH)5 (…) ? Je ne connais pas le SEIGNEUR (YHWH), et je ne laisserais pas partir Israël !’ (Exode 5 :2) se ravisa bientôt, disant : ‘J’ai péché contre le SEIGNEUR (YHWH), votre Dieu, et contre vous. Maintenant (…) intercédez auprès du SEIGNEUR (YHWH), votre Dieu, afin qu’au moins il éloigne de moi ce fléau mortel.’ (Ex 10 :16,17). : un ‘Dieu inconnu’ ? un nom innommable ? Depuis l’époque de Moïse, où chacun prononçait le Nom quotidiennement, des siècles sont passés. L’idée que ce Nom est trop sacré pour être employé est née, faisant de nombreux émules. On a remplacé, dans le discours comme dans les écrits, le tétragramme par les titres de ‘Seigneur’ ou ‘Éternel’, cependant que la langue hébraïque se perdait petit à petit. Si bien qu’aujourd’hui une majorité de personnes estiment que la prononciation exacte du Nom divin s’est perdue.6 Cette thèse soulève un certain nombre de difficultés : - Si Dieu souhaitait que son nom soit connu par toute la Terre, pourquoi n’a-t-il pas veillé à sa préservation ? (Nous parlons ici d’un aspect seulement de cette question, liée à la prononciation originelle). - Si, a priori, la prononciation s’est perdue, c’est qu’elle n’est pas importante7. Convient-il donc aujourd’hui d’employer ce nom, dans la Bible comme dans le discours ? - Si enfin il est de fait admis qu’aujourd’hui, aucun manuscrit du Nouveau Testament ne présente clairement le tétragramme, comment en est-on venu à la confusion sur l’identité du Christ, selon laquelle, appelé du même titre de ‘Seigneur’ que Dieu, le Christ serait également Dieu ?8 Nous allons répondre à ces questions en abordant les aspects suivants : Chapitre 1 : : l’emploi du Nom aux temps bibliques Chapitre 2 : : Seigneur, Yahweh ou Jéhovah ? Chapitre 3 : : le témoignage de la Septante Chapitre 4 : : Jésus, les premiers chrétiens et le Nom Chapitre 5 : : Inspiration, Préservation et Autorité des Écritures Chapitre 6 : : Un période trouble 5 Notons au passage que la connaissance du Nom (et de sa prononciation exacte) n’est pas ce que l’on appelle ‘connaître le nom de quelqu’un’. 6 Même les Témoins de Jéhovah, qui sont les plus fervents défenseurs de la forme ‘Jéhovah’, la plus courante en langue française, reconnaissent : « Il est donc évident que la prononciation originelle du nom de Dieu s’est perdue.
Recommended publications
  • Miscellaneous Biblical Studies
    MISCELLANEOUS BIBLICAL STUDIES Thomas F. McDaniel, Ph.D. © 2010 All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS iv I. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON GENDER AND SEXUALITY IN BIBLICAL TRADITION 1 II. WHY THE NAME OF GOD WAS INEFFABLE 72 III. ELIMINATING ‘THE ENEMIES OF THE LORD’ IN II SAMUEL 12:14 84 IV. RECONSIDERING THE ARABIC COGNATES WHICH CLARIFY PSALM 40:7 89 V. A NEW INTERPRETATION OF PROV 25:21–22 AND ROM 12:17–21 99 VI. ARABIC COGNATES HELP TO CLARIFY JEREMIAH 2:34b 107 VII. NOTES ON MATTHEW 6:34 “SUFFICIENT UNTO THE DAY IS THE EVIL THEREOF” 116 VIII. WHAT DID JESUS WRITE ACCORDING TO JOHN 8:6b–8? 127 IX. NOTES ON JOHN 19:39, 20:15 AND MATT 3:7 138 X. RECOVERING JESUS’ WORDS BY WHICH HE INITIATED THE EUCHARIST 151 XI. UNDERSTANDING SARAH’S LAUGHTER AND LYING: GENESIS 18:9–18 167 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS XII. REDEFINING THE eivkh/, r`aka,, AND mwre, IN MATTHEW 5:22 182 XIII. LUKE’S MISINTERPRETATION OF THE HEBREW QUOTATION IN ACTS 26:14 205 XIV. THE ORIGIN OF JESUS ’ “MESSIANIC SECRET” 219 XV. LOST LEXEMES CLARIFY MARK 1:41 AND JOHN 3:3–4 245 XVI. LOST LEXEMES CLARIFY JOHN 11:33 AND 11:38 256 XVII. A NEW INTERPRETATION OF JESUS’ CURSING THE FIG TREE 267 XVIII A NEW INTERPRETATION OF JESUS’ PARABLE OF THE WEDDING BANQUET 287 XIX RESTORING THE ORIGINAL VERSIFICATION OF ISAIAH 8 305 XX A BETTER INTERPRETATION OF ISAIAH 9:5–6a 315 XXI THE SEPTUAGINT HAS THE CORRECT TRANSLATION OF EXODUS 21:22–23 321 iii XXII RECOVERING THE WORDPLAY IN ZECHARIAH 2:4–9 [MT 2:8–13] 337 BIBLIOGRAPHY 348 iv ABBREVIATIONS A-text Codex Alexandrinus AB Anchor Bible, New York ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, Chicago AnBib Analecta Biblica, Rome AOS American Oriental Society, New Haven ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Göttingen AV Authorized Version of the Bible, 1611 (same as KJV, 1611) B-text Codex Vaticanus BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Philadelphia BCTP A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching BDB F.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural and Stylistic Traits in the Language of Two Hebrew Versions of the New Testament
    Cultural and Stylistic Traits In the Language Of Two Hebrew Versions Of the New Testament Herti Dixon 550207-2944 Uppsala University Department of Linguistics and Philology Spring Semester 2018 Supervisor: Mats Eskhult CONTENT Abbreviations, and Names 3 ABSTRACT 4 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 METHODS 9 3 SALKINSON VERSUS DELITZSCH 11 4 A CONTROVERSIAL GOSPEL 13 Comparisons and Word Studies 5 DUST 18 6 THE WORD 20 7 KNOWING 24 8 THINKING BY HEART 28 9 FROM THE HEAD 31 10 NOMEN EST OMEN 34 11 TIME AND AGAIN 37 12 TIME WITHOUT VERBS 41 13 FROM THE CONCRETE TO THE ABSTRACT 44 RÉSUMÉ AND CONCLUSION 48 Bibliography 51 2 Abbreviations, and Names Targum The translation into Modern Hebrew Salkinson The translation into Biblical Hebrew ModH Modern Hebrew BH Biblical Hebrew NT The New Testament Tanakh The Old Testament Besorâ Here: the Besorâ Al-Pi Yoḥanan, the Gospel of John All biblical names… … will be given in Hebrew – Jesus as Yeshua, John as Yoḥanan, Peter as Kepha, Mary as Miriam etcetera 3 ABSTRACT This study presents a comparison of the language features of two different Hebrew translations of the New Testament. The focus lies primarily on the cultural concepts communicated by the wordings and the stylistics employed, and secondarily on their interpretation by investigating parallel applications in the Tanakhic writings. By discussing parallels in the language cultures of the Tanakh and the New Testament translations the thesis aims at shedding light on the cultural affinity between the Tanakh and the New Testament. The question this thesis will try to assess is if Hebrew versions of the New Testament, despite being mere translations, demonstrate language characteristics verifying such an affinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecclesiastes: Koheleth's Quest for Life's Meaning
    ECCLESIASTES: KOHELETH'S QUEST FOR LIFE'S MEANING by Weston W. Fields Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Theology in Grace Theological Seminary May 1975 Digitized by Ted Hildebrandt and Dr. Perry Phillips, Gordon College, 2007. PREFACE It was during a series of lectures given in Grace Theological Seminary by Professor Thomas V. Taylor on the book of Ecclesiastes that the writer's own interest in the book was first stirred. The words of Koheleth are remark- ably suited to the solution of questions and problems which arise for the Christian in the twentieth century. Indeed, the message of the book is so appropriate for the contem- porary world, and the book so cogently analyzes the purpose and value of life, that he who reads it wants to study it; and he who studies it finds himself thoroughly attached to it: one cannot come away from the book unchanged. For the completion of this study the writer is greatly indebted to his advisors, Dr. John C. Whitcomb, Jr. and Professor James R. Battenfield, without whose patient help and valuable suggestions this thesis would have been considerably impoverished. To my wife Beverly, who has once again patiently and graciously endured a writing project, I say thank you. TABLE OF CONTENTS GRADE PAGE iii PREFACE iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF PURPOSE 1 II. THE TITLE 5 Translation 5 Meaning of tl,h,qo 6 Zimmermann's Interpretation 7 Historical Interpretations 9 Linguistic Analysis 9 What did Solomon collect? 12 Why does Solomon bear this name? 12 The feminine gender 13 Conclusion 15 III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Valediction of Moses
    Forschungen zum Alten Testament Edited by Konrad Schmid (Zürich) · Mark S. Smith (Princeton) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) · Andrew Teeter (Harvard) 145 Idan Dershowitz The Valediction of Moses A Proto-Biblical Book Mohr Siebeck Idan Dershowitz: born 1982; undergraduate and graduate training at the Hebrew University, following several years of yeshiva study; 2017 elected to the Harvard Society of Fellows; currently Chair of Hebrew Bible and Its Exegesis at the University of Potsdam. orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-8504 Open access sponsored by the Julis-Rabinowitz Program on Jewish and Israeli Law at the Harvard Law School. ISBN 978-3-16-160644-1 / eISBN 978-3-16-160645-8 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-160645-8 ISSN 0940-4155 / eISSN 2568-8359 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This work is licensed under the license “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Inter- national” (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). A complete Version of the license text can be found at: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Any use not covered by the above license is prohibited and illegal without the permission of the publisher. The book was printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen, and bound by Buch- binderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the generosity of my friends, family, and colleagues. The Harvard Society of Fellows provided the ideal environment for this ven- ture.Atatimeinwhichacademiaisbecomingincreasinglyriskaverse,theSociety remains devoted to supporting its fellows’ passion projects.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TETRAGRAMMATON and the CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES
    THE TETRAGRAMMATON and the CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES A comprehensive study of the divine name (hwhy) in the original writings of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament). First Edition, 1996 Second Edition 1998 Released for internet, 2000 "In turn he that loves me will be loved by my Father, and I will love him and will plainly show myself to him." John 14:21 Jesus, I want to be loved by the Father . I want to be loved by you, too. And Jesus, I want you to show me who you really are. But Jesus, most of all, I want to really love you! This book is not Copyrighted. It is the desire of both the author and original publisher that this book be widely copied and reproduced. Copyright notice for quoted materials. Material which is quoted from other sources belongs solely to the copyright owner of that work. The author of this book (The Tetragrammaton and the Christian Greek Scriptures) is indemnified by any publisher from all liability resulting from reproduction of quoted material in any form. For camera-ready copy for printing, for a disc for your web site, or for a copy of the printed book @ $7.00 (including postage) contact, Word Resources, Inc. P.O. Box 301294 Portland, Oregon 97294-9294 USA For more information including free downloadable and large-print books visit: www.tetragrammaton.org All general Scripture quotations in this book are from either the New World Translation or the Kingdom Interlinear Translation. Both are published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Scriptures" Bible
    The Scriptures (The following is a more detailed version of our video review and is part of our Bible Review series.) The Scriptures by the Institute for Scripture Research (ISR) is a popular Hebrew Roots version of the Bible. It has many attractive features and the intent behind its publication is commendable. At the same time, The Scriptures has several serious problems which the average reader with little knowledge of Hebrew won't pick up on. Similarly, the ISR promotes extreme Sacred Name teachings on their website which most of the sincere believers who read The Scriptures would find alarming. In this review we'll list both the pros and the cons, starting with the good things about this version and then discussing the problems that ultimately cause us to not recommend it. We'll also examine the teachings behind the book "Come Out Of Her My People" by C. J. Koster, which play a prominent role in the backstory to this translation. Please don't stop reading. If you read The Scriptures you obviously desire to be a good Berean and search the Scriptures daily. We hope that, even if you plan to continue using The Scriptures as your primary Bible, you'll allow us to alert you to some of these issues so you don't end up learning bad Hebrew and unconsciously assimilating false information. You owe it to yourself. As part of our desire to be good Bereans, let's now search The Scriptures. Pro #1: Closer to the Original It's obvious when you're reading a translation that you're not reading the original text.
    [Show full text]
  • Masora's Contribution to Biblical Studies Revival Of
    MASORA’S CONTRIBUTION TO BIBLICAL STUDIES REVIVAL OF AN ANCIENT TOOL Aron Dotan Modern biblical studies made substantial progress during the last decades. Many new or revived branches of study, developed in affili- ated fields, have become by consensus an integral part of biblical studies. While all the great changes took place and practically opened a new era in modern biblical studies, one field of research from ancient times, antedating many others, seems to have been left aside, neglected and forgotten by the major trend of biblical research, namely the Masora. This is an attempt to draw attention to the rich material of the Masora and to its great potential benefits to the study of the Hebrew text. Not only should it become a legitimate partner in biblical studies and an important player in the exegetical orchestra because of its mer- its, but also because, unlike other relatively modern auxiliary tools, it was conceived originally hundreds of years ago as a means to serve the biblical text. The Masora was originally not an independent field but right from its inception it came into being as a regular auxiliary tool accompanying the Hebrew text.1 It is true that for many years the Masora has not been at the center of interest and did not receive the treatment which it rightly deserved. But recent decades brought change and innovation to this field too. The continued efforts of great scholars of past centuries like Wolf Heiden- heim, Solomon Frensdorff, Seligman Baer, Christian David Ginsburg and Paul Kahle, and in our times Gérard E.
    [Show full text]
  • Is God Present in the Song of Songs?
    Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 16/1–2 (2005): 143–154. Article copyright © 2005 by Richard M. Davidson. Is God Present in the Song of Songs? Richard M. Davidson Andrews University Theological Seminary Many commentators on the Song of Songs find no reference to God nor the sound of God’s voice in the Song.1 It is understandable that against the back- ground of pagan fertility cults, when the very air was charged with the diviniza- tion of sex, the divine presence/voice would have to be muted in the context of sexuality. Nonetheless, I am convinced that God is clearly present in the Song— and he is not silent! The Echo of God’s Name A veiled but clear and striking allusion to God appears in the thrice- repeated adjuration spoken by Shulamit: “I adjure you, daughters of Jerusalem, by the gazelles or by the does of the field, do not stir up nor awaken love until she pleases” (2:7; 3:5; 8:4). In the first two occurrences of this refrain, Shulamit asks the women to bind themselves by the oath bis√e¥baœ}o®t }o® be}aye¥lo®t hasísíaœdeh (“by the gazelles or by the does of the field”). Scholars have widely recognized the play on words between this phrase and the names for God: beœ}loœhe® s√e¥baœ}o®t (“by Elohe Shabaoth, the God of hosts”) and be¥}eœl sûadday (“by El Shaddai, the Mighty God”).2 The inspired poet has substituted similar-sounding names of animals (symbolic of love)3 for the customary divine names used in oaths.
    [Show full text]
  • Mishkan Issue 82, 2020
    MISHKAN Published by The Caspari Center for Biblical and Jewish studies, in cooperation with Jews for Jesus, the Danish Israel Mission, AMZI Focus Israel, and Chosen People Ministries. C 2020 Caspari Center, Jerusalem Editorial Board Rich Robinson, PhD Richard Harvey, PhD Judith Mendelsohn Rood, PhD Raymond Lillevik, PhD Elliot Klayman, JD Elisabeth E. Levy David Serner Sanna Erelä Terho Kanervikkoaho Linguistic editor: Emma Cole Cover design: Martha Kawabata ISSN 0792-0474 Subscriptions, back issues, and other inquiries: [email protected] www.caspari.com MISHKAN A FORUM ON THE GOSPEL AND THE JEWISH PEOPLE ISSUE 82/2020 www.caspari.com Dear Mishkan readers, The Crevice takes us to examine the crack between Christianity and Judaism. At times this crevice is wide and at times it's very narrow — at times there's cooperation and reaching to the other side, and at times there's conflict and separation. But always this crevice intrigues and draws us to see the roots of our faith and where (and why) both of these sides have developed from the shared past during these two thousand years. May this issue give you a glimpse of our place by the crevice. Spring 2020 Caspari staff Contents 5 Kabbalah and Christ: The Christian Use of Jewish Mysticism Since the Renaissance Dr. William Varner 18 The “Nasara” in the Quran: A Jewish-Christian Window into the Middle Eastern Jesus-followers in the 7th and 21st Centuries Judith Mendelsohn Rood, PhD, and Paul W. Rood 31 What hath Maimonides Wrought? Amy Downey 38 Review: Learning Messiah Rich Robinson 51 Reaction to A Review of Learning Messiah Edjan Westerman 60 Thoughts from the Sidelines Torleif Elgvin 63 From the Israeli Scene: Shabbat Sanna Erelä KABBALAH AND CHRIST: The Christian Use of Jewish Mysticism Since the Renaissance Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Felix Pratensis and Jacob Ben Chaim Ibn Adonijah
    ISSUE #33 FELIX PRATENSIS 2018 AND JACOB BEN CHAIM IBN ADONIJAH BY JIM R. SIBLEY, PHD AN OLIVE PRESS ISRAEL COLLEGE OF THE BIBLE RESEARCH PAPER Welcome to the Olive Press Research Paper – an occasional paper featuring articles that cover a wide spectrum of issues which relate to the ministry of CMJ. Articles are contributed by CMJ staf (past and present), also by Trustees, Representatives, CMJ Supporters or by interested parties. Articles do not necessarily portray CMJ’s standpoint on a particular issue but may be published on the premise that they allow a pertinent understanding to be added to any particular debate. Telephone: 01623 883960 E-mail: [email protected] Eagle Lodge, Hexgreave Hall Business Park, Farnsfeld, Notts NG22 8LS Lausanne Consultation on Jewish Evangelism 10th International Conference, 16-21 August 2015 Jerusalem, Israel FELIX PRATENSIS AND JACOB BEN CHAIM IBN ADONIJAH Jim R. Sibley, PhD Israel College of the Bible Five hundred years ago, in the early 16th century, an interesting chapter in the history of the transmission of the Bible intersects with a remarkable story of the triumph of God’s grace. Te work that was done at this time in establishing the text of the Hebrew Scriptures would last for centuries, but the transformation that took place in the lives of those who were involved in this work would last for all eternity. Not only that, but the work primarily of one individual would afect the Reformation, contribute to the translation of the Bible into common language, and eventually lead to the founding of the State of Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Yiddish Translations of the New Testament Is a Minor Footnote In
    “When Jesus Spoke Yiddish”: I concede: the story of Yiddish translations of the New Testament is a minor footnote in Jewish literary history. But that makes it all the more curious that among the first four or five Yiddish books ever printed was Paul Helic’s translation of New Testament. The translation appeared in 1540, only six years after the three Helic brothers founded the first Hebrew-language press in Poland, and three years after they converted as a group to Roman Catholicism, a conversion that may have something to do with the press’s financial difficulties. (SLIDE 2) To put this in context, Martin Luther’s German New Testament translation appeared in 1522, only 18 years earlier (SLIDE 3). The timing of this last detail is no coincidence: Despite being a new Catholic, Helic was happy to ride Luther’s coattails, relying on the overlap between German and Yiddish to produce a Yiddish translation that was more-or-less a transcription of Luther’s German into Hebrew characters. Helic seems to have barely paid attention as he carried out his work, or perhaps he was fuzzy about the details of his new religion. He dedicated the volume to the archbishop of Cracow in the pious hope that his translation would bring errant Jews to true Catholic faith, but in Romans 3:28 he faithfully repeated Luther’s Protestant heresy, adding the word aleyn to the famous verse—“Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith alone apart from the deeds of the law." A decade later, Paul resurfaced in Istanbul, having reverted to Judaism and changed his name again, not back to Samuel, the name he had abandoned in favor of Paul, but rather to Shavuel, to mark his repentance.
    [Show full text]
  • Algerian Judaism Through the Eyes of a Hebrew Christian Missionary
    “IT IS A MINHAG”: ALGERIAN JUDAISM THROUGH THE EYES OF A HEBREW-CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY NOAM SIENNA University of Minnesota _______________ Among the various emblems of this different difference remains the fact that there are Christians who are Jews, or perhaps better put, Jews who are Christians, even up to this day.1 A məst̆ i,̣ məst̆ ị dlalha, lʿrosa raihạ ldarha. Gulu l-baba gulu lu, yibni daro hdạ dari. Baba umama kabruni, waja’ lgheir waʿbani.2 he border between Jews and Christians is an ambivalent zone, where communities attempt to define themselves against the other. This article explores the shifting T boundaries between Jew and Christian and European and African in the correspondence of J.B. Crighton-Ginsburg, a Russian Jew who became a Christian missionary among the Jews of North Africa and Turkey. Crighton-Ginsburg’s story directs our attention to how borders are never static, but rather continuous and porous zones of interference; his Jewish-Christian-European-African hybridity disrupted even his fantasy of a stable identity. The place of difference, Homi Bhabha reminds us, is not merely opposition, but rather “a pressure, and a presence, that acts constantly, if unevenly, along the entire boundary of authorization.”3 For Christianity, the existence of Jews is both a reminder of Christianity’s Jewish origins as well as a symbol of the Church’s continued failure to achieve its universal message: Jews are both “the target of Christian missionary hopes, but … also the source of Christian genealogical anxieties.”4 For Judaism, on the other hand, the historical proximity of Christianity led to an intensified and intentional 1 Daniel Boyarin, Border Lines: The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 225.
    [Show full text]