霊長類研究 Primate Res. 2: 76-88, 1986 講 座 サ ル の 分

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霊長類研究 Primate Res. 2: 76-88, 1986 講 座 サ ル の 分 霊長類研究 Primate Res. 2: 76-88, 1986 講 座 サ ル の 分 類 名 (そ の2: オ ナ ガ ザ ル, マ ン ガ ベ イ, ヒ ヒ) 岩 本 光 雄 “ほお ぶ く ろ ”を もつ サ ル た ち で, 英 語 で オ ナ ガ ザ ル 科 (前 回 に あ げ た 表1を 参 照) は 二 つ の 亜 科 に 分 け ら れ る が, 今 回 は そ の 一 方 の は cercopithecines と書 く。 次 の 亜 科 の サ ル オナガザル亜科全般について説明する。ただ し に く らべ て, よ り 雑 食 性。 こ の 亜 科 を 更 に 次 この亜科の中のマカクは前回に取り上げたので, の 二 つ の 連 に 分 け る。 こ こ で は オ ナ ガ ザ ル (広 義), マ ン ガ ベ イ, ヒ (a) オ ナ ガ ザ ル 連 Cercopithecini Gray, ヒ (広 義) に つ い て の 説 明 が 主 と な る。 項 目 番 1821 号 は 前 回 か ら の 通 し番 号 と し た。 ア フ リカ の オ ナ ガ ザ ル の 類 で,【12】 オ ナ ガ ザ ル 属,【13】 コ ビ トグ エ ノ ン属,【14】 ア レ ン モ ン キ ー 属,【15】 パ タ ス モ ン キ ー 属 を 【8】 科, 亜 科, 連, 属 含 む。 次 の ヒ ヒ連 で は 下 顎 第3大 臼 歯 に, 科 (英 語 で family) は, 分 類 階 級 と して 基 本 い わ ば5つ 目 の 結 節 (hypoconulid) が は 的 な も の の 一 つ で あ る。 そ して 科 よ り 下 位 の 最 っ き り して い る の が 原 則 で あ る の に 対 し て, も 基 本 的 な 分 類 階 級 の 一 つ が 属 (genus) で あ こ の 連 で は そ れ が 退 化 し て い る。 る。 し か し 実 際 の 分 類 で は, 科 と 属 の 間 に 中 間 (b) ヒ ヒ 連 Papionini Burnett, 1828 の 階 級 を お く こ と が 多 い。 こ こ で も次 の 項 で, 前 回 取 り上 げ た マ カ ク (マ カ ク 属) と, 科 の 下 の 亜 科 (subfamily) と, 亜 科 と 属 と の 今 回 取 り上 げ る マ ン ガ ベ イ (【16】マ ン ガ ベ 間 の 連 (れ ん: tribe) と を 取 り 上 げ る。 亜 科 の イ 属) お よ び 広 義 の ヒ ヒ (【18】 ヒ ヒ属, 階 級 の 分 類 は よ く行 わ れ る が, 連 が 取 り 上 げ ら 【19】マ ン ド リル 属, お よ び 【21】ゲラ ダ ヒヒ れることは珍 しい。連の語尾 を動物の分類では 属) が, こ の 連 に 含 め られ る。 東 部 ~南 部 -iniと し, Tribe は 族 と も 訳 さ れ る。 ア フ リカ で 発 見 さ れ て い る パ ラ パ ピオ (パ ラ パ ピオ 属 Parap apio) の 化 石 頭 蓋 が, 鼻 【9】 オ ナ ガ サ ル 科 Cercopithecidae Gray, 口 部 が 適 度 に 突 出 し て い て, マ カ ク と ヒ ヒ 1821 と を つ な ぐよ う な 特 徴 を も って い る。 通 称 で の 狭 鼻 猿=旧 世 界 ザ ル (【5】 を 参 照) 2) コ ロ ブ ス モ ンキ ー 亜 科 Colobinae Blyth, で あ り, 英 語 で は cercopithecids と 書 く。 こ の 1875 科 の サ ル の 特 徴 を 一 つ あ げ る と す る と, す べ て 英 語 で は colobines と 書 く。“ほお ぼ く ろ ” が “し り だ こ ”を も っ て い る こ と で あ る。 次 の を も って い な い か わ り に, 複 雑 に く び れ た 胃 二 つ の 亜 科 に 分 け る。 を も って お り, 上 の 亜 科 の サ ル (特 に ヒ ヒ連 1) オ ナ ガ ザ ル 亜 科 Cercopithecinae Gray, の サ ル) に く らべ て 一 般 に よ り樹 上 性 で, よ 1821 り “葉食 ”を 好 む。 こ の 亜 科 は 次 回 に 取 り 上 Vernacular and Scientific Names of Primates Part 2: Guenons, Mangabeys and Baboons Mitsuo IWAMOTO, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484, Japan 484 犬 山 市 京 都 大 学 霊 長 類 研 究 所 76 サ ル の 分 類 名 (そ の2: オ ナ ガ ザ ル, マ ン ガ ベ イ, ヒ ヒ) 77 げる。 【10】 オナガザル亜科 のサル (マカクを除 く) の分布 マカク以外 のオナガザル亜科 のサルは, サハ ラ砂漠以 南のア フ リカに広 く分布す るほか, マ ン トヒヒは, アラビア半島の南部に も生息 して い る。以 下, 分布 を くわ し く取 り上げ る余裕 が ないので, サハ ラ砂漠以南の アフ リカを, ここ だけの便 宜のために, 図10に 示 したよ うにざ っ と西部, 北部, 東部, 中央部, 南部の5地 域に 分けてお いて,【16】までの説明に役立て る。広 大な草原が広が るアフ リカの中で, 中央部の大 部分 と西部の南寄 りが, 森林の よ く発達 して い る地域で ある。 図11. ロ エ ス トグ エ ノ ン て カ ニ ク イ ザ ル を さ して き た。 広 義 の オ ナ ガ ザ ル は, オ ナ ガ ザ ル 連 の サ ル の 総 称 と 言 え る。 【12】のオ ナ ガ ザ ル 属 に は 多 く の 種 が 含 ま れ, こ れ らが 狭 義 の オ ナ ガ ザ ル。 【13】 ~【15】の3属 に は そ れ ぞ れ1種 し か 含 ま れ て い な い。 な お 【13】を, さ ら に は 【14】を, 時 に は 【15】を, そ れ ぞ れ 亜 属 と して 【12】の一 部 と み な し て い る こ と が あ る。 【12】 オ ナ ガ ザ ル 属 図10. サ ハ ラ砂 漠 以 南 ア フ リカの 便 宜 的 大 別 学 名=Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758: こ の 属 名 は, リ ン ネ が Simia と い う属 (【22】の末 尾 【11】 オ ナ ガ ザ ル (グ エ ノ ン) (図11~16) を 参 照) の subgroup の 説 明 に 使 った 用 語 の 一 日 本 で は, Cercopithecus (オ ナ ガ ザ ル 属) つ (Cercopitheci) を, 単 数 形 に して 採 用 した の 類 を さ して, オ ナ ガ ザ ル と 呼 ん で き た。Cer- も の。 copithecus が,“オ (尾)-サ ル ”を 意 味 す る か こ の 属 の サ ル の 分 類 は 難 し い。 近 年 は 約20種 らで あ る。 オ ナ ガ ザ ル に 相 当 す る 英 名 は “long- を 区 別 し, そ れ ら を8な い し9ほ ど の “群 ”に tailed monkey”で は な く, guenonで あ る。 grouping す る こ と が 多 い が, 細 部 は 学 者 ご とに guenon は18世 紀 に フ ラ ン ス の Buffon が 紹 介 し どこか違っていると言ってもいいほどである。 た 言 葉 で, 仏 名 と して も 通 用 す る。 仏 名 に は こ の 場 合 の “群”は, 分 類 階 級 と して は 一 般 に cercopitheque と い う 言 い 方 も あ る。 独 名 と し は あ ま り 使 わ れ な い も の で あ る。Osman Hill て は ど う い う 事 情 か らか,“ ウ ミ ー ネ コ ”と い (1966) な ど は 上 種 (superspecies) と して い う意 味 の Meerkatze が 古 く か ら 有 名。 な お 英 語 る が, Napier ら が 使 っ て い る 種 群 (species で long-tailed macaque と い う 場 合 は, 主 と し group) の 方 が 適 当 で あ ろ う。 こ の 種 群 を Foo- 78 岩 本 光 雄 den は マ カ ク の 分 類 に 利 用 して い る (文 献 は (green monkey; G.=Grune Meerkatze; F. 【6】を 参 照)。 種 群 に は 面 倒 な の で 深 入 り し な い =singe vert) の 名 で も 呼 ば れ る が, こ れ は 狭 こ と に し, こ こ で は17種 を 区 別 し, 以 下 の 【12】 義 に は 下 記 の sabaeus を さ す。 次 の4亜 種 を 区 1~17で 概 説 す る。 以 下, Cercopithecus をC. 別 す る (種 名 の aethiops をa.と 略 記 す る)。 そ と 略 記 す る。 な お 岩 本 (【3】 を 参 照) が 趨 勢 を れ ぞ れ を 種 と み な す 式 の 分 類 も行 わ れ て い る。 予 測 して 採 用 し た 大 別 方 式 は, 予 測 に 反 し, こ 1) グ リ ー ンモ ンキ ー (ミ ド リザ ル) 学 名 れ ま で の と こ ろ は あ ま り 進 行 して い な い。 =C.a.sabaeus 亜 種 名 は, ア ラ ビ ア の 古 王 国 サ バ (シ バ) に ち な ん だ 「サバ 人 の 」 を 意 味 し 【12】1 サ バ ン ナ モ ンキ ー (図12) て い る の だ ろ う。 西 部 に 分 布。 ひ た い に 白 い バ savannah monkey 学 名=C.aethiops ン ドが 目 立 た な い。 手 足 は 淡 色。 尾 の 先 端 部 が (Linnaeus, 1758) 黄 色 い。(図12の 上) 熱 帯 多 雨 林 を 除 く, サ ハ ラ砂 漠 以 南 の ア フ リ 2) タ ン タ ロ ス モ ン キ ー tantalus monkey: カ 全 域 に 分 布。 樹 上 で 採 食 して い る こ と は 多 い タ ン タ ロ ス は ギ リ シ ア 神 話 中 の 王 の 名。 学 名= が, こ の 属 の サ ル と し て は 例 外 的 に, 森 よ り も, C.a.tantalus 北 部 に 分 布。 次 の3) に 入 れ む しろ開けたサバ ンナ地帯に好んで生活してい て い る 分 類 も あ る。 ひ た い に 細 い 白 い バ ン ドが る。 一 般 に 顔 が 黒 く, 体 毛 は 全 身 が 緑 色 が か っ あ る が, 両 外 則 に あ る 細 い 黒 条 で 白 い ほ お ひ げ て 見 え る。 体 色 か ら, 広 義 の グ リ ー ンモ ン キ ー と仕 切 ら れ て い る。 手 足 淡 色。 尾 の 付 け 根 の 下 面 に 白 い 毛 ぶ さ。 尾 の 先 端 部 は 白 っ ぽ い。(図12 の 中) 3) グ リベ ッ トモ ン キ ー grivet 学 名=C.
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