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Utilizing Remote Sensing to Describe the Area of Occurrence of the Dania Beach Utilizing Remote Sensing to Describe the Area of Occurrence of the Dania Beach Monkeys, Chlorocebus sabaeus, from Introduction to Present by Ashley M. Lyon A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2019 Copyright 2019 by Ashley M. Lyon ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my mother, grandmother, and my love, Ian. I could not have done any of this without your love and support. The mountains have been tall and treacherous, the valleys have been few, and I know I would have never made it across without you. To my loves Sassy, Dracula, June, and Dolly- thank you for the unconditional love, comfort, and warmth. To the doctors, nurses, and medical staff at The Cleveland Clinic Florida, and especially the radiologist at Windsor Imaging Fort Lauderdale that caught the tumor before it spread, thank you for saving my life. I did not expect to get cancer in grad school, but I beat it with the excellent care and support I received. Last, but certainly not least, I’d like to thank my FAU family, especially those in the anthropology, biology, and GIS departments. Thank you to my cohort for the endless hours of laughter and joy. I found family and comradery away from home. Thank you to my professors for the knowledge you bestowed upon me. Thank you to the anthropology department for all the support, especially when I was going through cancer treatment. Your kindness will never be forgotten. Kate, Missy, and Meredith, thank you for advising me through this thesis project and helping me produce something that gives me pride. The time I spent here, and the friends I made along the way, will always mean the world to me. iv Abstract Author: Ashley Lyon Title: Utilizing Remote Sensing to Describe the Area of Occurrence of the Dania Beach Monkeys, Chlorocebus sabaeus, from Introduction to Present Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Kate Detwiler Degree: Master of the Arts Year: 2019 This research investigates land use change and the area of occurrence of an introduced primate species, Chlorocebus sabaeus, from 1940 until the present. Research into the importation and subsequent release of these monkeys has revealed that they were released from a failed tourist attraction in 1947. The attraction was located southeast of the Hollywood International Airport in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Remote sensing techniques were utilized to examine land use change over time, create a land classification map, and create a canopy model. These data were used to better understand the area of occurrence of an introduced primate species by examining anthropogenic changes through time and measuring changes in available forest habitat. Corridors, and their transformation through the decades, were evaluated to better understand potential dispersal routes and connectivity to natural areas for colonization. v Utilizing Remote Sensing to Describe the Area of Occurrence of the Dania Beach Monkeys, Chlorocebus sabaeus, from Introduction to Present List of Tables ............................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ ix Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 4 Chlorocebus .................................................................................................................... 6 Urban Ecology ................................................................................................................ 8 Primate Introductions in Florida and the Caribbean ....................................................... 12 Using GIS Technology to Assess Wildlife ..................................................................... 16 Remote Sensing of the Environment .......................................................................... 16 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 18 Photogrammetry Methodology: Study Area ............................................................... 18 1947 Photogrammetry Methodology .......................................................................... 18 Digital Image Analysis Methodology ......................................................................... 18 Unsupervised Image Classification Methodology ....................................................... 19 LIDAR Methodology ................................................................................................. 19 LIDAR 3D Terrain Model Methodology .................................................................... 20 Corridor Analysis Methodology ................................................................................. 20 Results .......................................................................................................................... 21 Photogrammetry Results ............................................................................................ 21 vi Digital Image Analysis Results .................................................................................. 21 Unsupervised Image Classification Results ................................................................ 22 DSM and DEM Results .............................................................................................. 22 Canopy Height Model Results.................................................................................... 23 LIDAR Results .......................................................................................................... 23 Corridor Analysis Results .......................................................................................... 23 Figures .......................................................................................................................... 25 Importance to Anthropology .......................................................................................... 44 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 45 References ..................................................................................................................... 48 vii List of Tables Table 1 Available Forest Space Since 1947 ................................................................... 22 viii List of Figures Figure 1 The study area today via “imagery with labels” basemap. The airport is located to the right of the center of the map. West Lake Park is located south east of the airport and Snyder Park is located directly north of the airport. ...................... 25 Figure 2 The Study Area, 1940. The line running along the center is the Dania Cutoff Canal. The airport is located just south of Snyder Park’s current location. West Lake Park is along the eastern coast. ........................................................................ 26 Figure 3 A zoomed in portion of the 1940 mosaic. The area circled shows the area the monkeys were released from. ............................................................................. 27 Figure 4 1947 Aerial Mosaic. The airport is in the center of the map, below Snyder Park’s present location. The release site is located southeast of the airport and is highlighted in yellow. The is a lack of side lap which has caused the gap in the middle of the map. It is unknown if this is due to flying restrictions or plot error. .... 28 Figure 5 A zoomed in portion of the 1947 study area, with the release area circled in yellow. The airport is located in the northwest corner of the map. ............................ 29 Figure 6 1957 with release area highlighted in yellow. The airport is located to the left of the highlighted area. ...................................................................................... 30 Figure 7 1980 study area, with the release area highlighted in yellow. Development has increased significantly around the airport. .......................................................... 31 Figure 8 The forested area from 1947 measures 1,088.04 Hectares, or 2,688.60 Acres .. 32 Figure 9 1957 measures 985.94 Hectares or 2,436.32 Acres .......................................... 33 ix Figure 10 1980 Forest measures 929.38 Hectares or 2,296.54 Acres .............................. 34 Figure 11 2018 Measures 639.24 Hectares, or 1,579.60 Acres ....................................... 35 Figure 12 LIDAR DOQs Satellite imagery of the study area ......................................... 36 Figure 13 The study area on Florida International University’s Database ....................... 37 Figure 14 Unsupervised Image Classification of Dania Beach and Fort Lauderdale- Class 1 Red- Tropical Hardwood Hammock Habitat, Class 2 Green – Water, Class 3 Blue- Mangroves, Class 4 Yellow – bare earth, Class 5 Cyan – manmade objects ..................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 15 DSM and DEM Results ................................................................................. 39 Figure 16 Canopy Height Model ..................................................................................
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