DOCSLIB.ORG

Primate Census and Habitat Evaluation in the Tana Delta Region, Kenya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Primate Census and Habitat Evaluation in the Tana Delta Region, Kenya Primate census and habitat evaluation in theTana delta region, Kenya P.K.Muoria,G.M.Karere,N.N.MoindeandM.A.Suleman Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya indige© ne de la re¨ gion du delta du £euve Tana, au Kenya. Abstract On a spe¨ cialement fait attention au colobe bai du £euve Nineteen indigenous forest patches in the Tana River Tana (Procolobus rufomitratus Peters) et au cercoce© be a© delta region, Kenya were surveyed between October and creª te (Cercocebus galeritus Peters) quisonttoutdeux ende¨ - November 2000 for primates and habitat disturbance. miques de la re¨ gion. Les perturbations de l' habitat, e¨ vi- Special emphasis was placed on the endangered Tana dentes dans la foreª t, comprennent des coupes d'arbres, River red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus Peters) and la re¨ coltedemate¨ riau pour les toitures, le ramassage de crested mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus Peters), bois de feu, la construction de digues, des cultures, la both of which are endemic to the region. Habitat distur- re¨ colte de vin de palme et la pre¨ paration de charbon de bances evident in the forests included cutting of trees, bois. On a de¨ nombre¨ un total de 85 groupes appartenant harvesting of thatching material, ¢rewood collection, a© 5espe© ces de primates. Ils comprenaient 18 groupes de dyke construction, cultivation, palm wine tapping and colobes bais, 10 de cercoce© bes a© creª te, 22 de babouins charcoal burning. Atotal of 85 groups of ¢ve primate spe- (Papio cynocephalus L.), 31 de cercopithe© ques a© diade© me cies were counted. These comprised eighteen, ten, 22,31 (Cercopithecus mitis Wolf)et4degrivets(Cercopithecus and four groups of red colobus, crested mangabey, aethiops L.), respectivement. On a note¨ une distribution baboons (Papio cynocephalus L.), sykes monkeys (Cerco- plus importante de colobes bais et de cercoce© bes a© creª te pithecus mitis Wolf) and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus que ne le rapportaient de pre¨ ce¨ dentes e¨ tudes, ce qui aethiops L.), respectively. Awider distribution of red colo- signi¢e qu'ils sont probablement plus nombreux qu'on bus and crested mangabeys than was documented pre- ne l'avait note¨ jusqu'alors. On e¨ met l'hypothe© se que des viously was noted, implying that they are probably e¨ tudes approfondies de certaines espe© ces conside¨ re¨ es more abundant than hitherto reported. It is hypothesized commee¨ tant endangera© l'e¨ chelle mondiale conduiraient that extensive studies on some fauna considered endan- probablement a© en rede¨ ¢nir le statut de conservation. gered world-wide would probably rede¢ne their conser- De nouvelles e¨ tudes dans la re¨ gion de la basse-Tana vation status. Future studies in the lower Tana River devraient couvrir les foreª ts jusque-la© non e¨ tudie¨ es et region should cover the previously unsurveyed forests s' inte¨ resser aux moyens d'in£e¨ chir la destruction de la and focus on ways of curbing forest destruction. foreª t. Key words: endangered primates, group density, habitat disturbance Introduction Re¨ sume¨ Tana River forests are home to eight primate species Enoctobreetnovembre2000,onasurveille¨ les primates (Butynski & Mwangi, 1994). These include the endan- et les perturbation de l' habitat dans dix-neuf |ª lots de foreª t gered Tana River red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus Peters) and crested mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus galer- itus Peters), both of which are endemic to the region. Correspondence: Mbaruk A. Suleman, Division of Ecology, The need to conserve these two primate species and the Conservation and Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, biodiversityof their unique riverine forest habitats neces- Kenya. Tel.: 254 -2-882571/4; fax: 254-2-882546; e-mail: sitated the establishment of Tana River Primate National [email protected] Reserve (TRPNR) in 1976. They are endangered due to # 2003 African Journal of Ecology, Afr.J.Ecol. , 41,157^163 157 158 P.K .M u o r i a et al. the continued destruction of their habitats (IUCN,1996). Study area Previous studies have shown that habitat destruction can lead to decline in primate populations (Gillespie This study was carried out in nineteen forest patches et al., 1999; Steic & Overdor¡, 1999) and even to their along the lower Tana River basin about 30 km south of extinction (Yongzu et al.,1989; Boinski,1994). It is there- theTRPNR (Fig.1).The forest patches are some of the over fore important that distribution and population sizes of 70 forests located on either side of the Tana River. The the endangered primate species are monitored regularly maximum daily temperature ranges from 30 to 388C to develop e¡ective long-term conservation and manage- while the minimum daily range is 17^258C. January ment strategies. and February are the hottest months. Annual rainfall is Other primate species found in the lower Tana River from 500 to 600 mm and is bimodal in distribution with forests are the lowland sykes monkey (Cercopithecus mitis peaks in March^April and November^December. The Wolf), vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.), yellow mainvegetationtypes inthe regionaregrassland,wooded baboon (Papiocynocephalus L.), garnett'sgalago (Otolemur grassland, bushland, deciduous woodland and lowland garnettii Ogilby), senegal galago (Galago senegalensis E. evergreen forest (Andrews et al. , 1975). Pe r io d ic d ist u r- Geo¡roy) and Zanzibar galago (Galago zanzibaricus bance through £ooding and human activities has led to Matschie). A number of primates are often important the creation and maintenance of a patchy distribution agriculturalpests (Masau & Strum,1984; Fortham-Quick, of isolated forests oneither side of the river.The presence 1986; Else,1991;Boulton, Horrocks & Baulu,1996;Naugh- of mature mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) in some of ton-Treves et al., 1998; Naughton-Treves, 1998; Siex & the forest patches indicate that they were under cultiva- Struhsaker, 1999; Hill, 2000; Saj, Sicote & Paterson, tion in the past. 2001). The crop raiding activities of primates can lead to Tana Delta Irrigation Project (TDIP) is a rice irrigation the a¡ected human communities having negative atti- project located south of the TRPNR on the lower course tudes towards conservation, thus jeopardising the long- of Tana River (Fig.1). It covers an area of160 km2. About term survivalof the endangered species and theirhabitat. 20% of the total population of the two endangered pri- Therefore, data on the number and the distribution of mate species inhabit forest patches within TDIP all primate species in the Tana delta area is needed for (Butynski & Mwangi, 1994). The Tana and Athi Rivers theformulationofappropriate conservationandmanage- Development Authority (TARDA) administer the project ment strategies. and the forest patches withinthe area.Twelve of the nine- Tana River red colobus and crested mangabeys have teen forest patches in which this study was conducted been censused in the past to determine their distribution are located within this area. and population sizes (Groves, Andrews & Horne, 1974; Andrews, Groves & Horne,1975; Homewood,1976;Marsh, Materials and methods 1978,1986; Ochiago, 1990). In 1994, Butynski & Mwangi (1994) surveyed the two endangered species and other Forest status primates inside and outside of the TRNPR. However, not all the forest patches in the lower Tana River were sur- The presence or absence of destructive human acti- veyed during that year. In our study,we additionally cov- vities, which included cuttingof trees, burning, dyke con- ered some of the forest patches that had not been struction, charcoal burning, harvesting of thatching censused before. Data collection took place between material, wine tapping or complete clearing mainly for October and November 2000.The objectives of this study cultivation, observed in each forest patch was recorded. were to determine: (1) the destructive human activities The overall status of the forests was assessed by observa- in theTana River gallery forests in the south of TRPNR, tion of the damage using a scale of1^4. Scale number1 (2) the numberand distributionof Tana River red colobus, was recorded if little or no destruction was seen. Scale 2 crested mangabeys, yellowbaboons, sykes and vervet was used when moderate levels of disturbance were monkey groups in these forest patches, and (3) the rela- observed, whereas scale 3 was used when extensive tionships between primate groups density and the level human disturbances were observed but no section of of forest destruction, forest patch size and the distance the forest was completely cleared. Forests in which from the nearest forest patch. sections had been cleared were assigned category 4 # 2003 African Journal of Ecology, Afr.J.Ecol. , 41,157^163 Tana River primates and forest destruction 159 Fig1 Location of forest patches in theTana River basin. Inset: map of Kenya showing the location of theTana River. # 2003 African Journal of Ecology, Afr.J.Ecol. , 41,157^163 160 P.K .M u o r i a et al. (i.e. the highest level of disturbance). The dimensions of sityandthesizeoftheforestpatchandthedistanceoffor- forest patches were measured using Geographical Posi- est patch from the neighbouring patch. tioning System (GPS) (Garmin Corporation,1998). Forest patch size was calculated from the length and width. Results Where the forest was irregular in shape, GPS readings were taken on several points along the periphery of the Destructive human activities forest. The points were plotted on graph paper and the area calculated. The GPS was also used to determine dis- Avariety of human activities were observed in the nine- tances between forest patches. teen forest patches in the lower Tana River basin. Cutting of poles was the most common activity (Table1). Burning and dyke construction were also observed at high fre- Primate census quencies. Other activities recorded were harvesting of The quadrat census method described by Struhsaker thatching materials, cultivation, palm wine tapping, (1981) was used in this study.It had previously been used honey harvesting, trapping of wild animals and charcoal in this region (Marsh, 1978, 1986; Kahumbu & Davies, burning (Table1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences
    2019, 32 Heather M. Hill Editor Peer-reviewed Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences Kelly L. Kraus1, Vivien C. Pellis1, and Sergio M. Pellis1 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact.
    [Show full text]
  • The Viruses of Vervet Monkeys and of Baboons in South Africa
    THE VIRUSES OF VERVET MONKEYS AND OF BABOONS IN SOUTH AFRICA Hubert Henri Malherbe A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Medicine University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine Johannesburg 1974 11 ABSTRACT In this thesis are presented briefly the results of studies extending over the period 1955 to 1974. The use of vervet monkeys in South Africa for the production and testing of poliomyelitis vaccine made acquaintance with their viruses inevitable; and the subsequent introduction of the baboon as a laboratory animal of major importance also necessitates a knowledge of its viral flora. Since 1934 when Sabin and Wright described the B Virus which was recovered from a fatal human infection contracted as the result of a macaque monkey bite, numerous viral agents have been isolated from monkeys and baboons. In the United States of America, Dr. Robert N. Hull initiated the classification of simian viruses in an SV (for Simian Virus) series according to cytopathic effects as seen in unstained infected tissue cultures. In South Africa, viruses recovered from monkeys and baboons were designated numerically in an SA (for Simian Agent) series on the basis of cytopathic changes seen in stained preparations of infected cells. Integration of these two series is in progress. Simian viruses in South Africa have been recovered mainly through the inoculation of tissue cultures with material obtained by means of throat and rectal swabs, and also through the unmasking of latent agents present in kidney cells prepared as tissue cultures. Some evidence concerning viral activity has been derived from serological tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus Pygerythrus in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa ______
    Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa __________________________________ Lindsay L Patterson A thesis presented in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Ecological Sciences At the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa August 2017 ABSTRACT The spread of development globally is extensively modifying habitats and often results in competition for space and resources between humans and wildlife. For the last few decades a central goal of urban ecology research has been to deepen our understanding of how wildlife communities respond to urbanisation. In the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, urban and rural transformation has reduced and fragmented natural foraging grounds for vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus. However, no data on vervet urban landscape use exist. They are regarded as successful urban exploiters, yet little data have been obtained prior to support this. This research investigated aspects of the urban ecology of vervet monkeys in three municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), as well as factors that may predict human-monkey conflict. Firstly, through conducting an urban wildlife survey, we were able to assess residents’ attitudes towards, observations of and conflict with vervet monkeys, investigating the potential drivers of intragroup variation in spatial ecology, and identifying predators of birds’ nests. We analysed 602 surveys submitted online and, using ordinal regression models, we ascertained that respondents’ attitudes towards vervets were most influenced by whether or not they had had aggressive interactions with them, by the belief that vervet monkeys pose a health risk and by the presence of bird nests, refuse bins and house raiding on their properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Aged Vervet Monkeys Developing Transthyretin Amyloidosis
    Laboratory Investigation (2012) 92, 474–484 & 2012 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/12 $32.00 Aged vervet monkeys developing transthyretin amyloidosis with the human disease-causing Ile122 allele: a valid pathological model of the human disease Mitsuharu Ueda1, Naohide Ageyama2, Shinichiro Nakamura3, Minami Nakamura1, James Kenn Chambers4, Yohei Misumi1, Mineyuki Mizuguchi5, Satoru Shinriki1, Satomi Kawahara1, Masayoshi Tasaki1, Hirofumi Jono1, Konen Obayashi1, Erika Sasaki6, Yumi Une4 and Yukio Ando1 Mutant forms of transthyretin (TTR) cause the most common type of autosomal-dominant hereditary systemic amyloidosis. In addition, wild-type TTR causes senile systemic amyloidosis, a sporadic disease seen in the elderly. Although spontaneous development of TTR amyloidosis had not been reported in animals other than humans, we recently determined that two aged vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) spontaneously developed systemic TTR amyloidosis. In this study here, we first determined that aged vervet monkeys developed TTR amyloidosis and showed cardiac dysfunction but other primates did not. We also found that vervet monkeys had the TTR Ile122 allele, which is well known as a frequent mutation-causing human TTR amyloidosis. Furthermore, we generated recombinant monkey TTRs and determined that the vervet monkey TTR had lower tetrameric stability and formed more amyloid fibrils than did cynomolgus monkey TTR, which had the Val122 allele. We thus propose that the Ile122 allele has an important role in TTR amyloidosis in the aged vervet monkey and that this monkey can serve as a valid pathological model of the human disease. Finally, from the viewpoint of molecular evolution of TTR in primates, we determined that human TTR mutations causing the leptomeningeal phenotype of TTR amyloidosis tended to occur in amino acid residues that showed no diversity throughout primate evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilizing Remote Sensing to Describe the Area of Occurrence of the Dania Beach
    Utilizing Remote Sensing to Describe the Area of Occurrence of the Dania Beach Monkeys, Chlorocebus sabaeus, from Introduction to Present by Ashley M. Lyon A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2019 Copyright 2019 by Ashley M. Lyon ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my mother, grandmother, and my love, Ian. I could not have done any of this without your love and support. The mountains have been tall and treacherous, the valleys have been few, and I know I would have never made it across without you. To my loves Sassy, Dracula, June, and Dolly- thank you for the unconditional love, comfort, and warmth. To the doctors, nurses, and medical staff at The Cleveland Clinic Florida, and especially the radiologist at Windsor Imaging Fort Lauderdale that caught the tumor before it spread, thank you for saving my life. I did not expect to get cancer in grad school, but I beat it with the excellent care and support I received. Last, but certainly not least, I’d like to thank my FAU family, especially those in the anthropology, biology, and GIS departments. Thank you to my cohort for the endless hours of laughter and joy. I found family and comradery away from home. Thank you to my professors for the knowledge you bestowed upon me. Thank you to the anthropology department for all the support, especially when I was going through cancer treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • HAMADRYAS BABOON (Papio Hamadryas) CARE MANUAL
    HAMADRYAS BABOON (Papio hamadryas) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Hamadryas Baboon Species Survival Plan® Program IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Old World Monkey Taxon Advisory Group Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Care Manual Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Baboon Species Survival Plan®. (2020). Hamadryas Baboon Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: July 2020 Authors and Significant Contributors: Jodi Neely Wiley, AZA Hamadryas Baboon SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper, North Carolina Zoo Margaret Rousser, Oakland Zoo Terry Webb, Toledo Zoo Ryan Devoe, Disney Animal Kingdom Katie Delk, North Carolina Zoo Michael Maslanka, Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute Reviewers: Joe Knobbe, San Francisco Zoological Gardens, former Old World Monkey TAG Chair, SSP Vice Coordinator Hamadryas Baboon AZA Staff Editors: Felicia Spector, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Rebecca Greenberg, Animal Programs Director Emily Wagner, Conservation Science & Education Intern Raven Spencer, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Intern Hana Johnstone, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Intern Cover Photo Credits: Jodi Neely Wiley, North Carolina Zoo Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of 100 High-Coverage Genomes from a Pedigreed Captive Baboon Colony
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on September 27, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Resource Analysis of 100 high-coverage genomes from a pedigreed captive baboon colony Jacqueline A. Robinson,1 Saurabh Belsare,1 Shifra Birnbaum,2 Deborah E. Newman,2 Jeannie Chan,2 Jeremy P. Glenn,2 Betsy Ferguson,3,4 Laura A. Cox,5,6 and Jeffrey D. Wall1 1Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; 2Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA; 3Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA; 4Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; 5Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA; 6Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA Baboons (genus Papio) are broadly studied in the wild and in captivity. They are widely used as a nonhuman primate model for biomedical studies, and the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) at Texas Biomedical Research Institute has maintained a large captive baboon colony for more than 50 yr. Unlike other model organisms, however, the genomic resources for baboons are severely lacking. This has hindered the progress of studies using baboons as a model for basic biology or human disease. Here, we describe a data set of 100 high-coverage whole-genome sequences obtained from the mixed colony of olive (P. anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons housed at the SNPRC.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduced Primate Species, Chlorocebus Sabaeus, in Dania
    AN INTRODUCED PRIMATE SPECIES, CHLOROCEBUS SABAEUS, IN DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA: INVESTIGATING ORIGINS, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND ANTHROPOGENIC IMPLICATIONS OF AN ESTABLISHED POPULATION by Deborah M. Williams A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2019 Copyright 2019 by Deborah M. Williams ii AN INTRODUCED PRIMATE SPECIES, CHLOROCEBUS SABAEUS, IN DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA: INVESTIGATING ORIGINS, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND ANTHROPOGENIC IMPLICATIONS OF AN ESTABLISHED POPULATION by Deborah M. Williams This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. Kate Detwiler, Department of Biological Sciences, and has been approved by all members of the supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ~ ~,'£-____ Colin Hughes, Ph.D. ~~ Marianne Porter, P6.D. I Sciences arajedini, Ph.D. Dean, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science ~__5~141'~ Khaled Sobhan, Ph.D. Interim Dean, Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people who made this possible. It truly takes a village. A big thank you to my husband, Roy, who was my rock during this journey. He offered a shoulder to lean on, an ear to listen, and a hand to hold. Also, thank you to my son, Blake, for tolerating the late pick-ups from school and always knew when a hug was needed. I could not have done it without them.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectualism and Interesting Facts on Baboons (Papio Anubis Les.; Family: Cercopithecidae) (The Olive Baboons) in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi, Nigeria
    International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology (IJRSZ) Volume 3, Issue 2, 2017, PP 51-55 ISSN 2454-941X http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0302004 www.arcjournals.org Intellectualism and Interesting Facts on Baboons (Papio anubis Les.; Family: Cercopithecidae) (the olive baboons) in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi, Nigeria Ukwubile Cletus Anes Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Biology Unit, School of Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Nigeria. Abstract: Baboons are the type of monkey that are found in African forests and the Arabians. There are five species of baboons worldwide which are distributed in different habitats such as tropical rainforests, savannas, open woodlands and semi-arid areas. A close observation made on baboons at the Yankari Game Reserve(YGR), showed that they feed on various foods which are the reason they are known as pests as well as they are scavengers on elephant's dung. Apart from poaching activity by humans, baboons at YGR are also threatened by loss of habitat due to regular predatory activity by a lion (Pathera leo) in the reserve on the baboons. Out of the five species, only one species (Papio anubis) are found in the large population at the Yankari Game Reserve. This increase in the population of the olive baboons at the YGR has become a source of concern to tourists and researchers who visit the reserve. Due to frequent visits by people to the reserve, the baboons has developed a high level of intellectualism as well as tricks to overcome the dominance by humans encroaching their habitat. Some of these behaviours are groupings, pretence, and acrobatics.
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN - OLIVE BABOON (Papio Anubis L) CONFLICTS in FARMS AROUND
    HUMAN - OLIVE BABOON (Papio anubis L) CONFLICTS IN FARMS AROUND MGORI FOREST RESERVE, SINGIDA, TANZANIA MWIRU FRANCIS GILBERT (B.Ed.Sc.) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ANIMAL ECOLOGY) IN THE SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY November, 2017 ii iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my Bishops Desiderius Rwoma and Edward Mapunda, the Priests and all the people of Singida region. I also dedicate it to those who through their continuing efforts are conserving the environment and life at large. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Eunice Kairu and Dr. Linus K. Munishi for their close guidance and supervision of my research work and thesis. I also thank St. Augustine Catholic University of Tanzania for funding my studies at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Special thanks go to my Bishops Desiderius Rwoma and Edward Mapunda who allowed me to pursue my studies. I also appreciate the assistance of Andrew Lucas, Augustine, Juma Hamisi, Elibariki Richard, Pasaka Isango and Jeremiah Mohamed during the collection of data. They worked hard despite heat, cold or rain. My gratitude extends to my fellow priests, relatives and friends. Above all I thank the Almighty God for his support and showing me the way in order to complete this work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................ii
    [Show full text]
  • Theropithecus Gelada) on an Intact Afro-Alpine Grassland at Guassa, Ethiopia ______
    LONG-TERM RANGING PATTERNS OF WILD GELADA MONKEYS (THEROPITHECUS GELADA) ON AN INTACT AFRO-ALPINE GRASSLAND AT GUASSA, ETHIOPIA ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________________________________ By Cha Moua Thesis Committee Approval: Associate Professor Peter J. Fashing, Chair Associate Professor Nga Nguyen, Department of Anthropology Associate Professor Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, Department of Anthropology Fall, 2015 ABSTRACT Long-term studies of animal ranging ecology are critical to understanding how animals utilize their habitat across space and time. Although gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) inhabit an unusual, high altitude habitat that presents unique ecological challenges, no long-term studies of their ranging behavior have been conducted. To close this gap, I investigated the daily path length (DPL), annual home ranges (95%), and annual core areas (50%) of a band of ~220 wild gelada monkeys at Guassa, Ethiopia, from January 2007 to December 2011 (for total of n = 785 full-day follows). I estimated annual home ranges and core area using the fixed kernel reference (FK REF) and smoothed cross-validation (FK SCV) bandwidths, and the minimum convex polygon (MCP) method. Both annual home range (MCP - 2007: 5.9 km2; 2008: 8.6 km2; 2009: 9.2 km2; 2010: 11.5 km2; 2011: 11.6 km2) and core area increased over the 5-year study period. The MCP and FK REF generated broadly consistent, though slightly larger estimates that contained areas in which the geladas were never observed. All three methods omitted one to 19 sleeping sites from the home range depending on the year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demographic and Adaptive History of the African Green Monkey
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/098947; this version posted January 6, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 The demographic and adaptive history of the African green monkey 2 Susanne P. Pfeifer1,2,3 3 4 1: School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland 5 2: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland 6 3: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ, United States 7 EPFL SV IBI 8 AAB 048 9 Station 15 10 CH-1015 Lausanne 11 Switzerland 12 Phone: +41 21 693 14 90 13 Email: [email protected] 14 15 Running title: Population genetics of African green monkeys 16 17 Keywords: demography, selection, African green monkey, vervet monkey 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/098947; this version posted January 6, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 19 Abstract 20 Relatively little is known about the evolutionary history of the African green monkey 21 (genus Chlorocebus) due to the lack of sampled polymorphism data from wild 22 populations. Yet, this characterization of genetic diversity is not only critical for a better 23 understanding of their own history, but also for human biomedical research given that 24 they are one of the most widely used primate models. Here, I analyze the demographic 25 and selective history of the African green monkey, utilizing one of the most 26 comprehensive catalogs of wild genetic diversity to date, consisting of 1,795,643 27 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms in 25 individuals, representing all five 28 major populations: C.
    [Show full text]