Cimbri Et Teutoni
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Cgpt1; MAGNA GERMANIA; CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BOOK 2, CHAPTER 10; FACT OR FICTION
cgPt1; MAGNA GERMANIA; CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BOOK 2, CHAPTER 10; FACT OR FICTION SYNOPSIS The locations of some +8000 settlements and geographical features are included within the text of Claudius Ptolemy‟s „Geographia‟. To control the text and ensure readers understood the methodology there-in utilised it is evident that Claudius Ptolemy determined a strict order and utilisation of the information he wished to disseminate. That strict methodology is maintained through the first 9 chapters of Book 2, but the 10th chapter breaks all of the rules that had been established. Chapters 11 to 15 then return to the established pattern. Magna Germania was basically unknown territory and in such a situation Claudius Ptolemy was able to ignore any necessity to guess thus leaving an empty landscape as is evinced in Book 3, chapter 5, Sarmatian Europe. Why in an unknown land there are 94 settlements indicated in Germania when the 3 provinces of Gallia have only a total of 114 settlements, is a mystery? And, why does Claudius Ptolemy not attribute a single settlement to a tribal group? It appears there are other factors at play, which require to be investigated. BASIC PTOLEMY When analysing a map drawn from the data provided by Claudius Ptolemy it is first necessary to ensure that it is segregated into categories. Those are; 1) reliable information i.e. probably provided via the Roman Army Cosmographers and Geometres; 2) the former information confirmed or augmented by various itineraries or from Bematists; 3) the possibility of latitudinal measurements from various settlements (gnomon ratios); 4) basic travellers tales with confirmed distances „a pied‟; 5) basic sailing distances along coastlines and those which can be matched to land distances; 6) guesses made by travellers who did not actually record the days travelled but only the length of time for the overall journey; 7) obscure references from ancient texts which cannot be corroborated. -
The Manipulation of Fear in Julius Caesar's" Bellum Gallicum."
THE MANIPULATION OF FEAR IN JULIUS CAESAR'S BELLUM GALLICUM by Kristin Slonsky Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2008 © Copyright by Kristin Slonsky, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43525-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43525-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Coins of Zurich Throughout History
Coins of Zurich throughout History Not so long ago it was assumed that Zurich was founded in Roman times, and that the earliest coins of Zurich dated from the 9th century AD. In the meantime we know that Celtic tribes settled in Zurich long before the Romans – and that the first Zurich coins emerged about 1000 years earlier than hitherto believed, namely in the course of the 1st century BC. Hence our tour through the monetary history of Zurich starts in ancient Celtic times. Afterwards, however, no money was minted in Zurich over centuries indeed. Only under Eastern Frankish rule did the small town on the end of the lake become a mint again. And since then the Zurich mint remained in use – with longer and shorter discontuniations until 1848: then the Swiss franc was created as the single currency of Switzerland, and the coins from Zurich as well as all the rest of the circulating Swiss coins were devaluated and replaced. During the 1000 years between the minting of the first medieval coin of Zurich and the last money of the Canton of Zurich in 1848, our money served the most diverse purposes. It was used as means of payment and as article of trade, as measure of value and as savings and, last but not least, for prestige. The coins of Zurich reflect these various functions perspicuously – but see for yourself. 1 von 33 www.sunflower.ch Helvetia, Tigurini, Potin Coin (Zurich Type), Early 1st Century BC Denomination: AE (Potin Coin) Mint Authority: Tribe of the Tigurini Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: -100 Weight (g): 3.6 Diameter (mm): 19.0 Material: Others Owner: Sunflower Foundation Sometime around the beginning of the 1st century BC, Celts of the Tigurini tribe broke the ground of the Lindenhof in Zurich. -
Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate from the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty
Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate From the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty By Jessica J. Stephens A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor David Potter, chair Professor Bruce W. Frier Professor Richard Janko Professor Nicola Terrenato [Type text] [Type text] © Jessica J. Stephens 2016 Dedication To those of us who do not hesitate to take the long and winding road, who are stars in someone else’s sky, and who walk the hillside in the sweet summer sun. ii [Type text] [Type text] Acknowledgements I owe my deep gratitude to many people whose intellectual, emotional, and financial support made my journey possible. Without Dr. T., Eric, Jay, and Maryanne, my academic career would have never begun and I will forever be grateful for the opportunities they gave me. At Michigan, guidance in negotiating the administrative side of the PhD given by Kathleen and Michelle has been invaluable, and I have treasured the conversations I have had with them and Terre, Diana, and Molly about gardening and travelling. The network of gardeners at Project Grow has provided me with hundreds of hours of joy and a respite from the stress of the academy. I owe many thanks to my fellow graduate students, not only for attending the brown bags and Three Field Talks I gave that helped shape this project, but also for their astute feedback, wonderful camaraderie, and constant support over our many years together. Due particular recognition for reading chapters, lengthy discussions, office friendships, and hours of good company are the following: Michael McOsker, Karen Acton, Beth Platte, Trevor Kilgore, Patrick Parker, Anna Whittington, Gene Cassedy, Ryan Hughes, Ananda Burra, Tim Hart, Matt Naglak, Garrett Ryan, and Ellen Cole Lee. -
The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A)
The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A) David K. Faux The goal of the present work is to assemble widely scattered facts to accurately record the story of one of Europe’s most enigmatic people of the early historic era – the Cimbri. To meet this goal, the present study will trace the antecedents and descendants of the Cimbri, who reside or resided in the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula, in what is today known as the County of Himmerland, Denmark. It is likely that the name Cimbri came to represent the peoples of the Cimbric Peninsula and nearby islands, now called Jutland, Fyn and so on. Very early (3rd Century BC) Greek sources also make note of the Teutones, a tribe closely associated with the Cimbri, however their specific place of residence is not precisely located. It is not until the 1st Century AD that Roman commentators describe other tribes residing within this geographical area. At some point before 500 AD, there is no further mention of the Cimbri or Teutones in any source, and the Cimbric Cheronese (Peninsula) is then called Jutland. As we shall see, problems in accomplishing this task are somewhat daunting. For example, there are inconsistencies in datasources, and highly conflicting viewpoints expressed by those interpreting the data. These difficulties can be addressed by a careful sifting of diverse material that has come to light largely due to the storehouse of primary source information accessed by the power of the Internet. Historical, archaeological and genetic data will be integrated to lift the veil that has to date obscured the story of the Cimbri, or Cimbrian, peoples. -
Germania.Pdf
Germania Magna is a game of shifting alliances. Each player represents a Germanic tribe raiding various provinces of the struggling Roman Empire, and competing among themselves for loot and glory. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK The Rules section familiarizes players with the basic rules of Ger- mania Magna. The Glossary (p.15) provides an alphabetical list of definitions and explanations of important terms, phrases, and sit- uations. It is not necessary to read the entire Glossary; it is an aid to resolve questions as they occur during play or while reading the Rules. On p. 19 you will find an extended example of a game round. COMPONENTS Military Military Military Military Military Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 20 25 player 2 players 4|1 7|3 10|5 13|7 16|9 3 players 3|2|0 6|3|1 8|5|2 11|6|3 13|8|4 4 – players 4|3|2|1 7|4|3|1 9|6|4|1 11|7|5|2 CHNODOMAR SCHOLAE PALATINAE TRIBAL UNIT WARBAND 4 Player Reference In a victorious clash, If this clash is victorious, you receive 3 additional . each participating player receives No eff ect. 3 additional . Cards King Chonodomarius was raising general disturbance and confusion, making his presence felt everywhere Under the disposition of the illustrious Their line of battle is drawn up without limit, a leader in dangerous enterprises, magister offi ciorum are: Scola scutariorum in a wedge-like formation. To give ground, lifting up his brows in pride, being as he was prima, Scola scutariorum secunda, Scola provided you return to the attack, conceited over frequent successes. -
Julius Caesar's System Understanding
JULIUS CAESAR’S SYSTEM UNDERSTANDING OF THE GALLIC CRISIS: A PEEK IN THE MIND OF A HISTORY MAKER Armenia S.(1), De Angelis A.(2) (1) DIAG, Sapienza University of Rome, V.le Ariosto, 25 - 00185 Rome, Italy, - [email protected] President of the System Dynamics Italian Chapter (SYDIC) – www.systemdynamics.it (2) Col. It.A.F. – Teacher of Operations Planning - Joint Services Staff College of the Italian Armed Forces, Piazza della Rovere, 83, 00165 Rome, Italy - [email protected] ABSTRACT When studying history, it usually through the accounts of the achievements of some outstanding leaders, who were capable of grasping the defining elements of the complexity of situations they faced, like Julius Caesar, whose political career was a collection of successes that were the result of his deep understanding of the Roman society and of his sensitivity in appreciating the complex situations in the lands under his control. In this work we will focus on the early stages of Caesar’s campaign in the Gallic war. By a Systems Thinking approach, we will retrace Caesar’s thought process, thus showing that what Caesars faced in those years is no different from many situations that today’s policy makers are required to manage. It is striking to see how many similarities there are between then and now, and how many lessons could be learned (re-learned?) and applied by our policy makers. Caesar’s decisions and following actions were, in fact, the consequence of his deep and thorough understanding of the environment, and because of such systemic comprehension, he could achieve Rome’s desired end-state: securing the northwestern borders. -
Cimbri and Teutons
Cimbri and Teutons http://www.unrv.com/empire/cimbri-teutons.php Home Forum Empire Government Military Culture Economy Books Shop Support Roman History Birth of Republic Conquest of Italy Punic Wars Late Republic Fall of Republic Early Empire Five Good Emperors Decline of Empire Late Republic: Gracchi Brothers Jugurthine War Gaius Marius Lucius Sulla Decline Gaius Marius: Rise of Marius Marius Reforms Cimbri and Teutons Political Turmoil The Social War The Fall of Marius Cimbri and Teutons Did you know? In, 105 BC, after his defeat at Just as Marius was coming to power as Consul Aurasio, Caepio was deprived of his proconsulship and his in 107 BC, a major migration by Germanic property confiscated; (perhaps Celtic) Cimbri was causing subsequently he was expelled consternation along Rome's northern frontier. from the senate, accused by the tribune Norbanus of Apparently under threat of starvation from poor embezzlement and misconduct harvests and from external threats by other during the war, condemned and tribes, the Cimbri were on the move looking for imprisoned. He either died during his confinement or escaped to new, more promising land. By 113 BC, the Smyrna. Germanics made their first appearance in Roman written history. These movements, and associated great losses in the Roman army stood as the main reason for Marius' military reforms, and not some great advocacy for the plebes, as the people of the time generally believed. Rome and the Barbarians, There is some evidence that the Germanics wanted little to do with the Romans, and that they 100 B.C.-A.... simply sought safe passage to better lands. -
Part 1 Politics & Military
Part 1 Politics & Military ∵ Toni Ñaco del Hoyo and Isaías Arrayás-Morales - 9789004326750 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:11:16AM via free access Toni Ñaco del Hoyo and Isaías Arrayás-Morales - 9789004326750 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 10:11:16AM via free access CHAPTER 1 Rome, Pontus, Thrace and the Military Disintegration of the World Beyond the Hellenistic East Toni Ñaco del Hoyo1 and Isaías Arrayás-Morales The aftermath of the Gracchan crisis was a period of intense turmoil in many regions of Roman domain, East and West, although the loss of historical narra- tives such as those of Polybius and Livy have managed to shadow the scope of the troubles faced by the Republic during this period. Whereas the Cimbrian and Teutonic invasions and some regional conflicts in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain and Gaul kept the Roman armies busy in the West, in the East Macedonia, the Balkans and Asia, things were also extremely unsettled. It is possible to observe how the aftermath of certain dynastic conflicts and the ambitious political programmes endeavoured by some rulers in pursue of hegemonic dreams, as well as the continuous raids of nomadic peoples from beyond the Roman bor- ders, directly agitated the entire region for decades. Specifically, Mithridates VI Eupator king of Pontus and several Thracian kings envisioned Rome’s more active presence in Macedonia and Asia during the final decades of the second century BC as a threat to their military supremacy. Thus far, they had displayed garrisons and colonies, organized looting expeditions and systematically recruited foreign mercenaries for their reinforced armies. -
Rome's Bloody Nose. the Pannonian Revolt, Teutoburg Forest and The
Rome’s Bloody Nose. The Pannonian Revolt, Teutoburg Forest and the Formation of Roman Frontiers. By Nolan Doyle Senior Seminar: HST 499 Professor Bau Hwa Hshieh Western Oregon University June 15, 2007 Readers Dr. Benedict Lowe Dr. Narasingha P. Sil Copyright © Nolan Doyle, 2007 2 Nolan Doyle In 6 AD the Roman view of the situation in Europe looked good. Gaul was peaceful and Germany appeared pacified and ready for taxation. Tiberius and Sentius Saturninus stood prepared to attack Rome’s last major European rival, the Marcomanni, led by their king Maroboduus. The attack never came about; rebellion erupted in Pannonia, requiring two thirds of the Roman army to put down and threatened the safety of Macedonia and Italy. Worse was to come. In 9 AD the Germans launched their own rebellion and defeated the Romans at Teutoburg Forest. The German victory at Teutoburg Forest, coupled with the rebellion of Pannonia brought an end to the period of Roman expansion and led to the formation of Roman frontiers. Few scholars have looked directly at the effects of the Pannonian Rebellion and the loss at Teutoburg Forest on the Romans. Oftentimes authors take it for granted that the loss at Teutoburg Forest stopped Roman expansion, but they do not look at why the battle proved decisive. The rebellion in Pannonia is rarely discussed, with only Colin Wells giving it prominence as a historical event. Several questions need to be answered to gain an understanding of how these events affected the Empire. What were the Roman policies leading up to 6 AD and the revolt in Pannonia? What was the scope of the revolt in Pannonia and the defeat at Teutoburg forest? Was the rebellion in Pannonia and defeat at Teutoburg Forest large enough and catastrophic enough to bring an end to five hundred years of Roman expansion? Finally, we need to examine Roman policy in the later first century AD in order to see what changes were made in regards to the Roman frontiers. -
Anna Balaguer an Analysis of the Literary Purpose of Tacitus
Anna Balaguer An Analysis of the Literary Purpose of Tacitus’ Germania May 2019 Senior Thesis in Classics, Colorado College 2 Acknowledgements I want to acknowledge my amazing professors, Owen, Marcia, Sanjaya, Richard, and Ane for their guidance and help with my thesis and their support throughout my time at CC and to thank Khang for his help with the translations for this project. I am grateful to the Boettcher Foundation for providing me access to this excellent education. I also want to thank my parents for having instilled in me a love of learning and my best friends, Caroline and Dylan, for always being supportive. 3 My Interest in this Topic I originally became interested in the relationship between Rome and Germany when I studied abroad in Germany in Fall 2017 and visited an exhibit on the Roman history of the city of Regensburg. After reading more about the history of ancient Roman imperialism in Germany and the political mobilization of Roman history throughout German history, I was incredibly intrigued and wanted to further explore the connection between Rome and Germany. Originally, I thought of focusing my thesis on the Roman history of Trier (a city in southwest Germany with a very high density of extant Roman ruins), but then chose to investigate this topic through my German Capstone and instead center my Classics thesis on the Germania, as I was interested in the divergent interpretations and complex history of the book’s reception. I initially read A Most Dangerous Book, by Christopher Krebs, which focuses on the Nazi use of the text and planned to use my thesis to examine some aspect of the modern reception of the Germania, but as I began to explore the text itself, I became increasingly interested in Tacitus’ rhetorical strategies and subtle political messages and decided to focus on these aspects of the text. -
Divisions in the Senate
3/6/12 What just happened?? Divisions in the Senate Were the Gracchi demagogues? Results? Land reform & grain dole = divisive poli=cal issues Redefini=on of Roman poli=cs: new self-consciousness • Op+mates: Aim to keep control of the state in - Italian allies enraged - Equites get poli=cal force hands of the senatorial elite. They see oligarchy as - People realize their power best policy. - Tribunes become the way to get things done - Senate’s weakness revealed • Populares: Aim to break up oligarchy of the senate -Realizaon that interests of individual and interests of state and focus on the voice of the People and the not necessarily the same any more assemblies. Rely on tribunes of the plebs to push reforms distasteful to senate. -End of consensus at Rome and beginning of civil violence Key points about Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) War with Jugurtha “novus homo” who would be consul 7 mes • 118: Numidian king dies 1) Rome’s con=nuing military engagements: – divides Numidia between his two sons & his illeg. - Jugurtha in Africa (112-105 BC) nephew, Jugurtha - Cimbri and Teutones in North (113-101 BC) – Jugurtha seizes power and some Romans killed To defeat threats, Gaius Marius is elected • Tribunes accuse Roman senate of corrup=on consul for five consecu=ve terms (104-100 BC) • War Declared, then paused • 111: Jugurtha visits Rome 2) Solu=on to Rome’s manpower shortage – Charges of bribery -fewer Romans meet census req. for military service – Jugurtha ready to tes=fy So Marius enlists landless men = professional soldiers – But a Tribune vetoes the charges Good soluons or new problems? – Jugurtha murders a poten=al rival – Jugurtha ordered out of Rome 1 3/6/12 Marius and the Army A city for sale • Marius = client of the Metelli • 119 tribune; 115 praetor; 109-8 legate in Numidia Sulla Marius (joins commander Metellus vs.