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EFF, Duckduckgo, and Internet Archive Amicus Brief

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EFF, Duckduckgo, and Internet Archive Amicus Brief Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 1 of 39 NO. 17-16783 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT HIQ LABS, INC., PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, V. LINKEDIN CORPORATION, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Case No. 3:17-cv-03301-EMC The Honorable Edward M. Chen, District Court Judge BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, DUCKDUCKGO, AND INTERNET ARCHIVE IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE Jamie Williams Corynne McSherry Cindy Cohn Nathan Cardozo ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION 815 Eddy Street San Francisco, CA 94109 Email: [email protected] Telephone: (415) 436-9333 Counsel for Amici Curiae Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 2 of 39 DISCLOSURE OF CORPORATE AFFILIATIONS AND OTHER ENTITIES WITH A DIRECT FINANCIAL INTEREST IN LITIGATION Pursuant to Rule 26.1 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, Amici Curiae Electronic Frontier Foundation, DuckDuckGo, and Internet Archive each individually state that they do not have a parent corporation and that no publicly held corporation owns 10 percent or more of their stock. i Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 3 of 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS ..................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................ iii STATEMENT OF INTEREST ............................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3 ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................... 7 I. Accessing Publicly Available Information on the Internet Cannot Give Rise to CFAA Liability. ....................................................................... 7 A. The CFAA Was Meant to Target Computer Break-Ins. ........................ 7 B. The CFAA Must Be Interpreted Narrowly to Avoid Transforming the Statute Into an All-Purpose Mechanism For Enforcing Computer Use Policies. .................................................. 9 C. LinkedIn Seeks to Transform the CFAA From an “Anti-Hacking” Statute Into a Tool For Policing Use of Publicly Available Information. ........................................................... 13 II. Linkedin’s Interpretation of the CFAA Would Potentially Criminalize a Wide Range of Valuable Tools and Services. ..................... 19 III. Linkedin’s Position Would Render the CFAA Unconstitionally Vague. ......................................................................................................... 26 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 29 ii Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 4 of 39 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Advanced Fluid Systems, Inc. v. Huber, 28 F. Supp. 3d 306 (M.D. Pa. 2014) ................................................................... 11 Bell Aerospace Servs., Inc. v. U.S. Aero Servs., Inc., 690 F. Supp. 2d 1267 (M.D. Ala. 2010) .............................................................. 11 Black & Decker (US), Inc. v. Smith, 568 F. Supp. 2d 929 (W.D. Tenn. 2008) ............................................................. 12 Clarity Servs., Inc. v. Barney, 698 F. Supp. 2d 1309 (M.D. Fla. 2010) .............................................................. 11 Cloudpath Networks, Inc. v. SecureW2 B.V., 157 F. Supp. 3d 961 (D. Colo. 2016) .................................................................. 11 Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385 (1926) ............................................................................................ 26 Craigslist Inc. v. 3Taps Inc., 942 F. Supp. 2d 962 (N.D. Cal. 2013) .......................................................... 17, 18 Craigslist Inc. v. 3Taps, Inc., 964 F. Supp. 2d 1178 (N.D. Cal. 2013) .............................................................. 15 Cranel Inc. v. Pro Image Consultants Group, LLC, 57 F. Supp. 3d 838 (S.D. Ohio 2014) ......................................................... 11 Cvent, Inc. v. Eventbrite, Inc., 739 F. Supp. 2d 927 (E.D. Va. 2010) .................................................................... 8 Diamond Power Int’l, Inc. v. Davidson, 540 F. Supp. 2d 1322 (N.D. Ga. 2007) ............................................................... 12 Dresser-Rand Co. v. Jones, 957 F. Supp. 2d 610 (E.D. Pa. 2013) .................................................................. 11 EF Cultural Travel BV v. Explorica, Inc., 274 F.3d 577 (1st Cir. 2001) ......................................................................... 10, 11 iii Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 5 of 39 Enhanced Recovery Co., LLC v. Frady, 2015 WL 1470852 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 31, 2015) .................................................... 11 Experian Mktg. Solutions, Inc. v. Lehman, 2015 WL 5714541 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 29, 2015) ................................................ 11 Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc., 844 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... passim Giles Constr., LLC v. Tooele Inventory Solution, Inc., 2015 WL 3755863 (D. Utah Jun. 16, 2015) ........................................................ 11 Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104 (1972) ............................................................................................ 26 Havens Realty Corp v. Coleman, 455 U.S. 363 (1982) ............................................................................................ 24 hiQ Labs, Inc. v. LinkedIn Corp., 2017 WL 3473663 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2017) ................................................ 6, 14 Int’l Airport Ctrs. v. Citrin, 440 F.3d 418 (7th Cir. 2006) ............................................................................... 11 Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Werner-Masuda, 390 F. Supp. 2d 479 (D. Md. 2005) .................................................................... 12 Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983) ............................................................................................ 26 Lane v. Brocq, 2016 WL 1271051 (N.D. Ill. March 28, 2016) ................................................... 11 Lewis-Burke Assocs. LLC v. Widder, 725 F. Supp. 2d 187 (D.D.C. 2010) .................................................................... 11 LVRC Holdings LLC v. Brekka, 581 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) ......................................................................... 8, 11 Nat’l City Bank, N.A. v. Republic Mortg. Home Loans, 2010 WL 959925 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 12, 2010) .................................................. 12 iv Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 6 of 39 Packingham v. North Carolina, 137 S. Ct. 1730 (2017) .................................................................................... 3, 19 Power Equip. Maint., Inc. v. AIRCO Power Servs., Inc., 953 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (S.D. Ga. 2013) ................................................................ 11 Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., 648 F.3d 295 (6th Cir. 2011) ............................................................................... 15 ReMedPar, Inc. v. AllParts Med., LLC, 683 F. Supp. 2d 605 (M.D. Tenn. 2010) ............................................................. 11 Shamrock Foods Co. v. Gast, 535 F. Supp. 2d 962 (D. Ariz. 2008) ................................................................... 12 Skilling v. United States, 561 U.S. 358 (2010) ............................................................................................ 26 United States v. John, 597 F.3d 263 (5th Cir. 2010) ............................................................................... 11 United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931 (1988) ............................................................................................ 28 United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259 (1997) ............................................................................................ 27 United States v. Nosal, 676 F.3d 854 (9th Cir. 2012) ........................................................................ passim United States v. Nosal, 844 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir. 2016) ....................................................................... 14, 17 United States v. Rodriguez, 628 F.3d 1258 (11th Cir. 2010) ........................................................................... 11 United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507 (2008) ............................................................................................ 26 United States v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460 (2010) ............................................................................................ 28 v Case: 17-16783, 11/27/2017, ID: 10667942, DktEntry: 42, Page 7 of 39 United States v. Valle, 807 F.3d 508 (2d Cir. 2015) ......................................................................... passim WEC Carolina Energy Solutions LLC v. Miller, 687 F.3d 199 (4th Cir. 2012) ............................................................. 11, 12, 13, 27 Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008) .................................................................................................. 6 Statutes 18 U.S.C.
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