DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Phd in International Relations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Phd in International Relations Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement of the PhD in International Relations The Kinship Factor in International Relations: Kinship, Identity Construction, and Nation Formation in Indonesia- Malaysia Relations Joseph Chinyong LIOW Department of International Relations London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2003 1 UMI Number: U183176 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U183176 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the question of why the kinship factor has not been able to provide a viable basis upon which Indonesia-Malaysia relations can be organised, despite the fact that the language of kinship continues to frame diplomatic discourse between the two “kin states”. As a study of the phenomenon of kinship in international relations, the thesis discusses the basis of kinship discourse in Indonesia-Malaysia relations, how kinship was politicised in terms of its conceptualisation and application, and why its dominant motif has been rivalry more than harmony, despite its regular evocation. In order to understand the kinship factor as a political phenomenon in Indonesia-Malaysia relations, four issues are considered: (1) the anthropological and sociological nature of kinship, (2) the politicisation of kinship in terms of the perception and interpretation of its attendant expectations and obligations, (3) the association of the kinship factor with the historical process of identity building and nation formation in Indonesia and Malaysia, and (4) the discrepancies between popular pressures to emphasise kinship, which imply extra-national loyalties, and the political calculations of leaders based on conceptions of sovereignty. Consequently, the study makes the observation that despite the fact that there is a basis upon which to define Indonesia and Malaysia as kin states, their “special relationship” has been characterised predominantly by tension. It argues that this state of affairs has been a consequence of the perceived failure of these kin states to fulfil the expectations and obligations of kinship. This, in turn, has been bome of fundamental differences in their respective historical experiences and the forging of their national identities, which contravened the loyalties wrought by the kinship factor. Having said that, there remain avenues for co-identification on the basis of kinship, particularly in reference to the influence of the “Chinese factor” that has traditionally been a cause for concern for the national identities and security of Indonesia and Malaysia. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................ 6 G lossary ...............................................................................................................8 List of Abbreviations........................................................................................ 9 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11 I. Locating kinship in the IR research agenda ..........................................12 II. Methodological and epistemological issues ...........................................17 El. An “English School” approach to understanding kinship relations.....................................................................................................21 IV. Kinship and Indonesia-Malaysia political relations ............................. 26 V. Thesis structure ......................................................................................... 31 Chapter One: The Kinship Factor in International Relations Introduction...........................................................................................................36 I. Defining kinship: A matter of blood or obligation? ............................. 37 n. Kinship as a functional aspect of relatedness .......................................41 in. Kinship exclusivity ..................................................................................44 IV. The politics of nationalism and beyond ................................................45 V. The concept of kin states ..........................................................................48 VI. Kinship as a factor in international relations........................................50 VII. The phenomenon of “kin rivalry” ........................................................... 54 Vin. Theoretical implications ......................................................................... 58 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 64 Chapter Two: The Search for Kinship Precedents in Indo-Malay Historiography Introduction...........................................................................................................66 I. Kinship in the pre-colonial international system ................................. 67 II. Concepts o f community and statehood ...................................................69 III. Constructing relatedness: Language ......................................................73 IV. Religion ...................................................................................................... 75 V. Rivalry and discord in the Indo-Malay W orld .......................................79 VI. Colonialism................................................................................................82 VII. Bridging identities: Semenanjung Melayu............................................. 84 VIII. Kinship as colonial sociological enterprise ........................................... 88 IX. Constructing pan-Malay identity ........................................................... 92 X. Kinship and the perceptual gap ................................................................ 98 Concluding remarks.............................................................................................103 Chapter Three: A Tale of Two Nationalisms Introduction...........................................................................................................106 I. Converging nationalist motivations: The emergence of modernist Islam ........................................................106 II. Socialist and nationalist interpretations of Melayu Raya-Indonesia R a ya.................................................................109 3 III. Japanese occupation ............................................................................ :...112 IV. Consolidating the Indonesian nation .......................................................116 V. Malay reactions to the revolution ............................................................122 VI. Contested identities ...................................................................................124 VII. Popular pressures ...................................................................................... 134 Concluding remarks...............................................................................................135 Chapter Four: 1949-1965: Enemies Beneath the Skin Introduction............................................................................................................142 I. The shaping g of foreign policy outlooks ...............................................142 n. Indonesia-Malaya Treaty of Friendship, 17 April 1959 ..................... 149 IE. PRRI/Pemesta Rebellion.......................................................................... 153 IV. West Irian ...................................................................................................159 V. Konfrontasi................................................................................................ 169 VI. Maphilindo: Illusion or reality? ...............................................................174 Concluding rem arks..............................................................................................180 Chapter Five: 1967-1980: Re-building the “Special Relationship” Introduction............................................................................................................184 I. Transformation in foreign policy prerogatives ...................................... 186 E. A SE A N .......................................................................................................191 IE. Malaysia’s Indonesia policy in transition ...............................................193 IV. 13 May and the resurgence of the “Chinese” issue ............................... 195 V. Indonesia’s Archipelago doctrine ........................................................... 200 VI. Neutralisation and ZOPFAN ................................................................... 208 VR Relations with China ................................................................................ 212 VEI. From Razak to Hussein Onn....................................................................214
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conserving the Past, Mobilizing the Indonesian Future Archaeological Sites, Regime Change and Heritage Politics in Indonesia in the 1950S
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 167, no. 4 (2011), pp. 405-436 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-101399 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0006-2294 MARIEKE BLOEMBERGEN AND MARTIJN EICKHOFF Conserving the past, mobilizing the Indonesian future Archaeological sites, regime change and heritage politics in Indonesia in the 1950s Sites were not my problem1 On 20 December 1953, during a festive ceremony with more than a thousand spectators, and with hundreds of children waving their red and white flags, President Soekarno officially inaugurated the temple of Śiwa, the largest tem- ple of the immense Loro Jonggrang complex at Prambanan, near Yogyakarta. This ninth-century Hindu temple complex, which since 1991 has been listed as a world heritage site, was a professional archaeological reconstruction. The method employed for the reconstruction was anastylosis,2 however, when it came to the roof top, a bit of fantasy was also employed. For a long time the site had been not much more than a pile of stones. But now, to a new 1 The historian Sunario, a former Indonesian ambassador to England, in an interview with Jacques Leclerc on 23-10-1974, quoted in Leclerc 2000:43. 2 Anastylosis, first developed in Greece, proceeds on the principle that reconstruction is only possible with the use of original elements, which by three-dimensional deduction on the site have to be replaced in their original position. The Dutch East Indies’ Archaeological Service – which never employed the term – developed this method in an Asian setting by trial and error (for the first time systematically at Candi Panataran in 1917-1918).
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore, July 2006
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Singapore, July 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: SINGAPORE July 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Singapore (English-language name). Also, in other official languages: Republik Singapura (Malay), Xinjiapo Gongheguo― 新加坡共和国 (Chinese), and Cingkappãr Kudiyarasu (Tamil) சி க யரச. Short Form: Singapore. Click to Enlarge Image Term for Citizen(s): Singaporean(s). Capital: Singapore. Major Cities: Singapore is a city-state. The city of Singapore is located on the south-central coast of the island of Singapore, but urbanization has taken over most of the territory of the island. Date of Independence: August 31, 1963, from Britain; August 9, 1965, from the Federation of Malaysia. National Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1); Lunar New Year (movable date in January or February); Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date in February); Good Friday (movable date in March or April); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (June 2); National Day or Independence Day (August 9); Deepavali (movable date in November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date according to the Islamic lunar calendar); and Christmas (December 25). Flag: Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; a vertical white crescent (closed portion toward the hoist side), partially enclosing five white-point stars arranged in a circle, positioned near the hoist side of the red band. The red band symbolizes universal brotherhood and the equality of men; the white band, purity and virtue. The crescent moon represents Click to Enlarge Image a young nation on the rise, while the five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) 1946 - 1999 Azeem Fazwan Ahmad Farouk
    Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften Philosophische Fakultät III der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Culture and Politics: An Analysis of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) 1946 - 1999 Azeem Fazwan Ahmad Farouk Südostasien Working Papers No. 46 Berlin 2011 SÜDOSTASIEN Working Papers ISSN: 1432-2811 published by the Department of Southeast Asian Studies Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6 10999 Berlin, Germany Tel. +49-30-2093 66031 Fax +49-30-2093 66049 Email: [email protected] The Working Papers do not necessarily express the views of the editors or the Institute of Asian and African Studies. Al- though the editors are responsible for their selection, responsibility for the opinions expressed in the Papers rests with the authors. Any kind of reproduction without permission is prohibited. Azeem Fazwan Ahmad Farouk Culture and Politics: An Analysis of United Malays National Organi- sation (UMNO) 1946 - 1999 Südostasien Working Papers No. 46 Berlin 2011 Table of Contents Preface........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Organizational Structure and Centralization..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating Foreign Labor in Emerging Economies: Between National Objectives and International Commitments
    E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 10 No 3 May 2021 ISSN 2281-3993 www.richtmann.org . Research Article © 2021 Aries Harianto. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Received: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 9 April 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021 Regulating Foreign Labor in Emerging Economies: Between National Objectives and International Commitments Aries Harianto Universitas Jember, Jalan Kalimantan No. 37, Kampus Tegal Boto, Jember, Jawa Timur 68121, Indonesia DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0092 Abstract The dialectics of the regulation of foreign workers, is a problematic indication as a legal problem in Indonesian legislation. This article aims to describe the urgency of critical studies concerning the regulation of foreign workers by exploring existing legal problems with national commitments to ratify international agreements regarding free trade, with a case study in Indonesia. By using normative and juridical approach with a variety of approaches both the law approach, conceptual approach, case approach and comparative approach, the study found that the regulation there is an inconsistency clause regarding special competencies that must be owned by foreign workers, including the selection and use of terminology in Act No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. Thus, this study offers a constitutional solution due to the regulation of the subordinate foreign workers on international trade commitments which in turn negate the constitutional goals of creating the welfare of domestic workers. The normative consequences that immediately bind Indonesia after integrating itself in the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership are services trade agreements that are contained in the regulations of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Indonesia: the Unlikely Nation?
    History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page i A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page ii Short History of Asia Series Series Editor: Milton Osborne Milton Osborne has had an association with the Asian region for over 40 years as an academic, public servant and independent writer. He is the author of eight books on Asian topics, including Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, first published in 1979 and now in its eighth edition, and, most recently, The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future, published in 2000. History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iii A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA THE UNLIKELY NATION? Colin Brown History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iv First published in 2003 Copyright © Colin Brown 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Allen & Unwin 83 Alexander Street Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100 Fax: (61 2) 9906 2218 Email: [email protected] Web: www.allenandunwin.com National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Brown, Colin, A short history of Indonesia : the unlikely nation? Bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediator Impartiality and Mediator Interest
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Political Science Political Science 2013 Mediator Impartiality and Mediator Interest Su-Mi Lee University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lee, Su-Mi, "Mediator Impartiality and Mediator Interest" (2013). Theses and Dissertations--Political Science. 8. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/8 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Political Science by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brunei Rebellion: December 1962 the Popular Uprising
    The Brunei Rebellion: December 1962 The Popular Uprising Prepared by: Dato’ Haji Harun Bin Haji Abdul Majid MPhil. (King’s College, London) In any league tables of rebellions, the events that took place in Brunei between December 1962 and May 1963 are somewhere near the bottom of one of the lower divisions. The critical period of the Rebellion can be measured in days rather than weeks, the numbers involved were small, the scale of the activity was low-key, the effects on people’s lives and livelihoods were limited, and the effort needed to put down the Rebellion was not great. Things might to some extent have been different if the planning had been more efficient and if more support had been forthcoming from neighbouring Sarawak and North Borneo. But even so, it would still be a fairly minor sequence of events, in a region riven since 1945 by major wars, revolutions and rebellions If, however, we look at the consequences of the Rebellion, the perspective changes quite significantly. George McTurnan Kahin, one of the most eminent of American Asian scholars, put it rather dramatically in his memoir of fifty years of study of the region: “….. it was the rebellion that broke out on 8 December 1962 in the Sultanate of Brunei – slated at the time to be a component of the Malaysian federation – that precipitated the opposition of the Philippines and the Republic of Indonesia to it. Prior to the Brunei rebellion there was no clear indication that Indonesia or the Philippines would oppose Britain’s evolving plan for the creation of Malaysia, even if that federation incorporated the northern Borneo territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia's Security Practice in Relation to Conflicts in Southern
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Malaysia’s Security Practice in Relation to Conflicts in Southern Thailand, Aceh and the Moro Region: The Ethnic Dimension Jafri Abdul Jalil A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2008 UMI Number: U615917 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615917 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Libra British U to 'v o> F-o in andEconor- I I ^ C - 5 3 AUTHOR DECLARATION I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Jafri Abdul Jalil The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without prior consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 81: Nov/Dec 19 | TEST Engineering & Management
    8/12/2020 Vol. 81: Nov/Dec 19 | TEST Engineering & Management Register Login Current Archives About Search Home / Archives / Vol. 81: Nov/Dec 19 Vol. 81: Nov/Dec 19 Publication Issue: Vol 81: Nov/Dec 19 Issue Publication Date: 31 December 2019 Articles Implementation of Multi-object Recognition Algorithm Using Enhanced R-CNN Hyochang Ahn, June-Hwan Lee, Han-Jin Cho 01 - 08 PDF The Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Startup Performance of Technology-Based Startup Companies - Focusing on the transformational leadership mediating effect- Tae-Ho You, Yen-Yoo You 09 - 15 PDF Software-Defined ScienceDMZ Construction using SDN/ScienceDMZ/Edge Computing for High Performance Big Data Transformation Ki-Hyeon Kim, Dongkyun Kim, Yong-Hawn Kim 16 - 25 PDF Golf career or message letter type influences on the choice of take-out coffee with message appeals on golf courses testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/issue/view/6 1/116 8/12/2020 Vol. 81: Nov/Dec 19 | TEST Engineering & Management Jaeyoung Yoon, Yongchel Kwon, Gwi-Gon Kim 26 - 34 PDF An Examination on Competitiveness Analysis of Huawei Enterprise Jin-Hee Kim, Myeong-Cheol Choi 35 - 41 PDF A Semantic Classification of Images by Predicting Emotional Concepts from Visual Features Tamil Priya.D, Divya Udayan.J 42 - 70 PDF An Examination on the Effect of Customer Characteristics on Long-term Relationship Orientation for Consultants-Focusing on the mediating effect of relational embeddedness Mi-Sun Eom, Yen-Yoo You 71 - 77 PDF Tensile strength improvement of FDMed ABS parts by a WIP
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNREALIZED MAHATHIR-ANWAR TRANSITIONS Social Divides and Political Consequences
    THE UNREALIZED MAHATHIR-ANWAR TRANSITIONS Social Divides and Political Consequences Khoo Boo Teik TRENDS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ISSN 0219-3213 TRS15/21s ISSUE ISBN 978-981-5011-00-5 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace 15 Singapore 119614 http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg 9 7 8 9 8 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 5 2021 21-J07781 00 Trends_2021-15 cover.indd 1 8/7/21 12:26 PM TRENDS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 21-J07781 01 Trends_2021-15.indd 1 9/7/21 8:37 AM The ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organization established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security, and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Singapore APEC Study Centre and the Temasek History Research Centre (THRC). ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. 21-J07781 01 Trends_2021-15.indd 2 9/7/21 8:37 AM THE UNREALIZED MAHATHIR-ANWAR TRANSITIONS Social Divides and Political Consequences Khoo Boo Teik ISSUE 15 2021 21-J07781 01 Trends_2021-15.indd 3 9/7/21 8:37 AM Published by: ISEAS Publishing 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119614 [email protected] http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg © 2021 ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Page(s)“ . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in “sectioning" the material. It is customary tc begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from “ photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Embassy of Malaysia in Turkmenistan Посольство Малайзии В Туркменистане December 2019
    EMBASSY OF MALAYSIA IN TURKMENISTAN ПОСОЛЬСТВО МАЛАЙЗИИ В ТУРКМЕНИСТАНЕ DECEMBER 2019 şgabat GazetY A Newsletter The Embassy of Malaysia in Ashgabat is proud to publish our Newsletter with the news and activities for 2019. Among the highlights of this issue are the Official Visit of the Honourable Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad to Turkmenistan, National Day of Malaysia in Turkmenistan and Malaysia Sports Challenge 2019. Besides that, we will share with you several news from Malaysia and photos of the activities organized or participated by the Embassy. There are also special features about Visit Truly Asia Malaysia 2020 and Shared Prosperity Vision 2030! THE OFFICIAL VISIT OF NATIONAL DAY OF YAB TUN DR. MAHATHIR MALAYSIA IN MALAYSIA SPORTS MOHAMAD TURKMENISTAN AND CHALLENGE 2019 TO TURKMENISTAN MALAYSIA DAY “The many similarities in policies and approaches that exist between Malaysia and Turkmenistan give an opportunity for both countries to work closely together in many areas.” YAB Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad Prime Minister of Malaysia More news on page 2-3 1 EMBASSY OF MALAYSIA IN TURKMENISTAN ПОСОЛЬСТВО МАЛАЙЗИИ В ТУРКМЕНИСТАНЕ DECEMBER 2019 THE OFFICIAL VISIT OF YAB TUN DR. MAHATHIR MOHAMAD PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA TO TURKMENISTAN, 26-28 OCTOBER 2019 YAB Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad undertook an Official Visit to Turkmenistan on 26-28 October 2019 at the invitation of His Excellency Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, the President of Turkmenistan. This is the second Official Visit of YAB Prime Minister to Turkmenistan. He first visited the country in October 1994 when he was the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia. Meanwhile, President of Turkmenistan had visited Malaysia twice, in December 2011 and November 2016.
    [Show full text]