TISSUE CULTURE AS A PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR HORTICUL TURAL CROPS CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

Scientific Editor: F.A. Bliss, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.

Scientific Advisory Board: P.S. Baenziger, Monsanto, St. Louis, Miss. K. Barton, Agracetus Corp., Middleton, Wisc. F. Cannon, Biotechnica Int., Cambridge, Mass. A. Galston, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. J. Lyman Snow, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey N.C. Nielsen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. J. Sprent, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

Evans, H.J., Bottemley, P.J. and Newton, W.E. (eds): Nitrogen fixation research progress. 1985. Zimmerman, R.H., Griesbach, R.J., Hammerschlag, F.A. and Lawson, R.H. (eds): Tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops. 1986. Tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops

Conference on Tissue Culture as a Plant Production System for Horticultural Crops, Beltsville, MD, October 20-23, 1985

edited by

RICHARD H. ZIMMERMAN ROBERT J. GRIESBACH FREDDI A. HAMMERSCHLAG ROGER H. LAWSON US Department of Agriculture, ARS Beltsville, MD, USA

1986 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS • a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER Distributors jor the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA jor the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LA1 1RN, UK jor all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8477-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4444-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4444-2

Copyright

© 1986 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1986 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprociuced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands. v TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ix

Introductory Lectures

Principles of Plant Tissue Culture R. A. de Fossard • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

The Application of Tissue Culture to Plant Improvement and Propagation in the Ornamental Horticulture Industry Irwin Y. E. Chu ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15

New Technology

New Technologies in Plant Tissue Culture W. Jan Rowe ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35

Plug Systems for Micropropagules D. D. McCown •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53

Totipotent Suspensions as a Means of Multiplication A. D. Krikorian, R. P. Kann, Stefania A. O'Connor and Mindy S. Fitter 61

Phenotypic and Genotypic Stability

Phenotypic and Genotypic Stability of Tissue Cultured Plants D. A. Evans and J. E. Bravo ...... 73

Summary of Panel Discussion on Phenotypic and Genotypic Stability of Tissue Cultured Plants D. A. Evans, I. Y. E. Chu, R. D. Hartman and H. J. Swartz 95

Pathogen Detection and Elimination

Pathogen Detection and Elimination Roger H. Lawson ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 97

Production of Culture Virus-Indexed Geraniums Wendy Oglevee-O'Donovan ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119

Diagnosis of Plant Viruses Using Double-Stranded RNA Ramon L. Jordan •••••••••• " • • •• ••• •• ••• •• •••• •• •• •• ••••• • •• ••• •••• 125

Pathogen Indexing in Large-Scale Propagation of Florist Crops Boligala C. Raju and Jane C. Trolinger •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 135

Certification of Horticultural Crops - A State Perspective L. M. Goff ...... 139 vi

Plant Quarantine

Plant Quarantine and International Shipment of Tissue Culture Plants Robert P. Kahn •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 147

Summary of Panel Discussion on Plant Quarantines and International Shipment of Tissue Cultured Plants R. P. Kahn, J. van Asrtrijk, L. K. C. Clay, R. A. de Fossard and G. Hennen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 165

Economics

Determining and Minimizing Production Costs Alvan Donnan, Jr...... 167

Determining Markets and 11arket Potential Jeanne B. Jones •••• ••••••••••••.•••••••••••.••••••••••• .••••••••.• 175

Fruit, Nut, and Vegetable Crops

Propagation of Fruit, Nut and Vegetable Crops - Overview R. H. Zimmerman •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• , 183

Small Fruit and Grape Tissue Culture from 1980 to 1985: Commercialization of the Technique Harry Jan Swartz and Jon T. Lindstrom •••••••.••••••••••..••••••••• 201

Temperate Fruits and Nuts F. A. Hammerschlag • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 221

Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables Richard E. Litz, Robert L. Jarret and Madhevan P. Asokan 237

Commercial In Vitro Propagation and Plantation Crops Raymond P~Oglesby and John L. Griffis, Jr •.••.•••••••••••••••.•.• 253

Use of Tissue Culture for Micropropagation of Vegetable Crops Timothy J. Ng . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • . • • • 259

Workshop

Tissue Culture Techniques and Plant Introduction/Quarantine Procedures Bruce J. Parliman • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . 271

Ornamental Crops

Tissue Culture Propagation of Ornamental Crops: An Overview Paul E. Read and Mary A. Hosier .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 283

Tissue Culture as a Plant Production System for Foliage Plants R. D. Hartman and F. W. Zettler ...... 293 vii

Commercial Micropropagation of Florist Flower Crops Dennis P. Stimart • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 301

In vitro Propagation of Flower-Bulb Crops --J. van Aartrijk and P. C. G. van der Linde 317

Woody Ornamentals, Shade Trees and Conifers B. H. McCown ••.•••••.••.••••••••.•••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 333

Orchid Tissue Culture R. J. Griesbach 343

Laboratory Design and Large Scale Production

Laboratory Design O. C. Broome •••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 351

Summary of Panel Discussion on Laboratory Design O. C. Broome, B. Briggs, R. Evans and G. Hennen 365

Large Scale Tissue Culture Production for Horticultural Crops Randall A. Strode and Gerri Abner ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 367 ix

PREFACE

In 1980, a conference on tissue culture of fruit crops was held at Beltsville to summarize the current status of this technology and to stimulate interest in it among research scientists, students, and commercial producers in the U. S. Interest in that conference and the proceedings from it far exceeded the expectations of the organizing committee. Since that time, micropropagation of fruit crops in the U. S. has increased significantly, but still lags far behind applications to production of ornamental plants. Within the past two years, a number of new laboratories have been established and some of the existing laboratories have expanded to a size far larger than any previously anticipated. Creation of new laboratories capable of producing more than 400,000 plants per week will test the ingenuity of laboratory managers and the skills of marketing departments. In recent years, numerous symposia have been held on various aspects of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Although micro propagation is the key to providing large numbers of genetically engineered plants, it is a topic that has been relegated to a minor position, or ignored completely, at such meetings. Accordingly, the time seemed propitious for a conference devoted solely to all aspects of micropropagation as applicable to horticultural crops. In planning the conference, we decided that it was essential to have both research scientists and commercial practioners of micropropagation actively involved in the program. It has been clear that research results published in the scientific literature are often of limited value to those wishing to apply the results on a commercial scale. Many factors of critical importance to large scale production are of limited interest in research. We have attempted to bring out the different needs of these two groups of tissue culturists through the selection of topics and speakers at the conference. x

A panel discussion on Large Scale Production concluded the presentations at the meeting, but unfortunately the taping of this section was defective so that it was not possible to prepare a summary. We would like to thank the following members of this panel for their participation, which the registrants at the meeting found most stimulating: Dr. D. I. Dunstan, Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Sask.; S. E. Hyndman, Weyerhaeuser Tissue Culture Center, Apopka, FL, U.S.A.; and A. Martinelli, Zanzivivai, Ferrara, Italy. We would like to thank Dr. W. Klassen, the Director of the Beltsville Area of the Agricultural Research Service, for his support and encouragement. Mr. Gordon Carpenter of the Visitors Center at Beltsville provided invaluable information and assistance. The other members of the Organizing Committee, Olivia C. Broome and Ingrid Fordham, worked diligently on many tasks to insure the success of the conference. Finally, appreciation is expressed to the numerous other staff members at Beltsville who carried out many necessary tasks before and during the meeting.

Richard H. Zimmerman Robert J. Griesbach Freddi A. Hammerschlag Roger H. Lawson