DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19 BT 6010 - Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19 DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Faculty Name : Dr. A. Sai Ramesh Faculty Code : HTS 1396 Subject Name : PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Subject Code : BT6010 (C321) Year & Semester : III & VI Date of Compilation : 22/11/18 VTHT Page 1 BT 6010 - Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19 DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY COURSE DETAILS Faculty Name : Dr. A. Sai Ramesh Faculty Code: HTS 1396 Subject Name: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Subject Code: BT6010 (C321) Department: Biotechnology Year & Semester: III & VI Date of Compilation: 22/11/18 COURSE OBJECTIVES Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to: Knowledge CO No Course Outcomes Level C321.1 Understand the fundamentals of plant cells, structure and functions K2 C321.2 Understand the regulation and transport of proteins K2 C321.3 Learn the nitrogen fixation mechanism and significance of viral vectors K2 C321.4 Gain the knowledge about the plant tissue culture and transgenic plants K3 C321.5 Use of the gained knowledge for the development of therapeutic products K3 Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes CO PO1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12 C321.1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - C321.2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - C321.3 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 2 C321.4 2 1 3 2 - 1 1 1 - - 2 2 C321.5 2 2 3 3 - 2 3 2 - 1 2 2 C.No PO1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12 C321 2 - 3 - - 1 1 - - - 2 2 Mapping Relevancy 3 – Substantial (Highly relevant), 2 – Moderate (Medium), 1 – Slight (Low) Course delivery methods Class room lecture - Black board PPTs, Videos Lab Demonstrations Activities like In Plant Training, Industrial Visit and Guest Lecture Assessment methods Continuous Internal Assessment Assignments Seminars VTHT Page 2 BT 6010 - Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19 BT6010 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 AIM To develop the skills of the students in the area of Plant Biotechnology OBJECTIVES At the end of the course the student would have learnt about the applications of Genetic Engineering in Plant and how to develop Transgenic plants. This will facilitate the student to take up project work in this area. UNIT I ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL 9 Genetic material of plant cells – nucleosome structure and its biological significance; junk and repeat sequences; outline of transcription and translation. UNIT II CHLOROPLAST & MITOCHONDRIA 9 Structure, function and genetic material; rubisco synthesis and assembly, coordination, regulation and transport of proteins. Mitochondria: Genome, cytoplasmic male sterility and import of proteins. UNIT III NITROGEN FIXATION 9 Nitrogenase activity, nod genes, nif genes, bacteroids. UNITIV AGROBACTERIUM & VIRAL VECTORS 9 Pathogenesis, crown gall disease, genes involved in the pathogenesis, Ti plasmid – t-DNA, importance in genetic engineering. Viral Vectors: Gemini virus, cauliflower mosaic virus, viral vectors and its benefits. UNIT V APPLICATION OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 9 Outline of plant tissue culture, transgenic plants, herbicide and pest resistant plants, molecular pharming , theraputic products. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. Chawla, H.S., “Introduction to Plant Biotechnology”, 3rd Edition, Science Publishers, 2009. 2. Gamburg OL, Philips GC, Plant Tissue & Organ Culture fundamental Methods, Narosa Publications. 1995. REFERENCES: 1. Stewart Jr., C.N., “Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques and Applications” Wiley-Interscience, 2008. 2. Heldt HW. Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oxford University Press. 1997. 3. Ignacimuthu .S, Applied Plant Biotechnology , Tata McGraw Hill. 1996. VTHT Page 3 BT 6010 - Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19 BT6010 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Unit I ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL 1. Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetic material. In prokaryotes genetic material is present inside the nucleus and packed well by histones. In eukaryotes there is no nucleus and histones. 2. Write notes on nucleosome. Nucleosomes are bead like structures, each bead contain around 200 bp DNA, RNA and histonic and non histonic proteins. Histonic proteins are responsible for DNA condensation. 3. What are histone proteins? Explain their role.(Nov. 2011, May 2012, Nov. 2014, May. 2014, May - 16) These are basic proteins; 10 – 20 of aminoacids are basic aa’s like Arginine and Lysine. H2a, H2b, H3, H4 are involved in octomer formation. The condensation of eukaryotic DNA occurs only in the presence of histonic octomeres and the H1 proteins are playing major role in sealing the nucleosome structure. 4. Write notes on solenoid structure Interphase chromosome is 30 nm thick,it is formed due to the folding of nucleosome chain into a solenoid structure , each turn is having 6 nucleosomes and a central hole. 5. Explain the work of Watson and Crick DNA is made of double helical structure two right handed helical polynucleotide chain run opposite direction and two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. 6. Enumerate the difference between B-DNA and Z-DNA. B-DNA is the right handed form, at 92% relative humidity 10bp/turn it is the most stable form. Z – DNA is the zig zag form and 12 bp/turn. 7. What is A-DNA? It is a slightly right handed form, at 62% relative humidity 11bp/turn and tilted 20 away from the helical axis. 8. What are plasmids? These are extrachromosamal self replicating double slandered, closed circular DNA Plasmids contains genes for autoreplication, restriction site, antibiotic resistance, metal resistance and Pollutant degradation, ex: Ti and Ri plasmid. 9. What do you mean by DNA replication? It is a process in which DNA multiplication occurs, parental strands will be acting as a template and new strands are complementary to the template strands, for this DNA polymerases, templates, nucleotide triphosphates, etc. are needed. 10. Differate rolling circle and theta mode of replication Rolling circle replication has a peculiarity that the new strand rolls over the template strand until the completion of the new strand synthesis. In theta mode the intermediate formed looks like a letter Thetta. 11. Write notes on Sigma factor. RNA polymerase in prokaryotes are made of five different sub units among this sigma factor is acting as an initiator for transcription, after transcribing a short segment of RNA this factor will be removed from the other factors. 12. Give two examples for gene regulation in plants? Etiolation in plants that is a dark plants lose their chlorophyll and their green colour. Expression of heat shock proteins in plants 13. What is sigma factor? Sigma factor is a subunit of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes, it is responsible for recognising the initiation site for transcription in prokaryotes, after initiation it will be relieved from the core enzyme. 14. Differentiate conservative and semiconservative replication VTHT Page 4 BT 6010 - Plant Biotechnology Department :Biotechnology 2018- 19 Conservative is a replication in which the parental strands will be retained and there is no denaturation occur. But in semiconservation denaturation of the double strand occur and each strand will be act as a template from which complementary strands will be synthesised. 15. What do you mean by a transcription unit? RNAs are transcribed in different units each unit is separated by non transcribed spacers these are repeating units. Ex in Xenopus 5.8, 18,28s rRNA are in a single unit. 16. Differentiate RNA polymerase in Pro and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase contain 5 different sub units among this Sigma sub unit is responsible for the initiation of transcription. In eukaryotes 3 types of RNA polymerases are present each one is responsible for the synthesis of different rRNAs. RNA polymerase I - 5.8s,18s& 28s rRNAs, RNA polymerase II – tRNA &5s rRNA and RNA polymerase III – RNA. 17. Name few processing events in tRNA. Removal of introns in Yeast tRNA and addition of CCA sequence, etc. 18. What is the difference between transcription and translation? Transcription is the DNA dependant RNA synthesis, but translation is the protein synthesis. 19. What is aminoacylation of tRNA ? Aminoacylation is a process in which tRNA is added with aminoacid and the tRNA with the aminoacid is called as acylated tRNA. 20. Explain tRNAmet in E.coli. In E.coli the tRNA charged with initiation aminoacid methionine is formilated methionine it is designated as tRNA fmet. 21. Explain Shine Dalgarno sequence. During translation, binding of 30s ribosomal subunit on mRNA and 3’OH end of 16srRNA occur, this stretch of complementary sequence in mRNA with 16srRNA is called as Shine Dalgarno sequence. 22. What do you mean by translocation? When the peptide bond formation is over, the acylated tRNA from A-site moved into the P-site this process is called as translocation. 23. What is peptidyl transferase centre? Peptide bond formation between aminoacids in A and P site occur in the prescence of an enzyme peptidyl transferase, this reaction occur in the 50s ribosomal subunit hence it is called as peptidyl transferase centre. 24. What are polysomes? In prokaryotes during polypeptide chain elongation number of ribosomes will be attached on a single mRNA this cluster of ribosomes on mRNA is called polysomes. 25. Differentiate eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA. In prokaryotes it is polycistronic but in eukaryotes it is monocistronic and in eukaryotes 5’ capping and poly-A tail will be there. 26. List out some properties of genetic material? (May 2012). For a molecule
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Monsanto Company
    200700075 No. Monsanto Company Whereas. THERE HAS BEEN PRESENTED TO THE Secretary of Agriculture An application requesting a certificate of protection for an alleged distinct variety of sexually reproduced, or tuber propagated plant, the name and description of whioh are contained in the application and exhibits, a copy of which is hereunto annexed and made a part hereof, and the various requirements of LAW in such cases made and provided have been complied with, and the title thereto is, from the records of the PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION OFFICE, in tne applicant(s) indicated in the said copy, and Whereas, upon due examination made, the said applicant(s) is (are) adjudged to be entitled to a certificate of plant variety protection under the LA W. Now, therefore, this certificate of plant variety protection is to grant unto the said applicant(s) and the successors, heirs or assigns of the said applicant(s) for the term of TWENTY years from the date of this ant, subject to the payment of the required fees and periodic replenishment of viable basic seed of the riclY in a public repository as provided by LAW, the right to exclude others from selling the variety, ring it for sale, or reproducing it, or importing it, or exporting it, or conditioning it for tion, or stocking it for any of the above purposes, or using it in producing a hybrid or different erefrom, to the extent provided by the PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION ACT. (84 STAT. 1542, AS 7 U.. C. 2321 ET SEQ.) COTTON '45000IG' In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Plant Variety Protection Office to be affixed at the City of Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Whither Plant Genetic Engineering? Allow Crops to Tolerate Environmental Stress Such As Drought, Cold, Salt, Heat, Or flood
    PLANT TREK TO BOLDLY GO WHERE NO PLANT HAS GONE BEFORE On the Past, Present & Future of Plant Genetic Engineering by Richard G. Stout A HowPlantsWork.com eBook Copyright © 2013 by Richard G. Stout Version 1.0.1 PDF August, 2013 Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Where Do New Plants Come From? Chapter 2: How To Make A Transgenic Plant Chapter 3: Gene Guns, Terminators & Traitors Chapter 4: Farmaceuticals, Plantibodies & Edible Vaccines Chapter 5: Into The Wild Chapter 6: Are GM Plants Self-Replicating Inventions? Chapter 7: Plant Trek - The Next Generation Chapter 8: DIY Plant Genetic Engineering? Attributions About The Author Glossary about where plant biotechnology may be headed in the future, Preface including how plant biotechnology “hobbyists” may be getting into the act. Who is this book for? Please Note: This book is NOT a comprehensive textbook on plant genetic engineering and biotechnology. (If you’re looking This book is intended for people who may be curious about for such books, I’m sure you can find them at your local college plant genetic engineering, but who don’t want to read a long, bookstore or at an online bookseller.) Nor is this book meant to technical textbook on the subject. (There are provided, be a defense of genetically-engineered organisms (GMOs), however, ample links to books and articles - and also to online though I’m sure some readers will think so. Maybe here’s why. resources - for further reading.) If you’re looking for small “tastes” of information regarding various aspects of plant Since I was a graduate student in the 1970s at the University of genetic engineering, then this little book maybe just the Washington where some of the original work on transgenic informational “snack” that you’re looking for.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome As a Tool of Genetic Engineering: Application in Plant and Plant Derived Medicine
    International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology (IJBTT) – Volume 8 Issue 1- Jan - March 2018 Genome as a Tool of Genetic Engineering: Application in Plant and Plant Derived Medicine A.B.M. Sharif Hossain1,2 Musamma M. Uddin2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hail University, Hail, KSA 2Biotechnology Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia introduce point mutations. Genetically modified Abstract organism (GMO) is considered as an organism that The study was conducted from different is generated through genetic engineering. The first modern research data to review the innovative GMOs were bacteria in 1973, GM mice were generated in 1974 [4]. Insulin-producing bacteria latest technology in the genomics and its were commercialized in 1982 and genetically application in Agriculture, biomedicinae and modified food has been sold since 1994. Glofish, the plant derived medicine. Application of genome first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the in genetic engineering and molecular United States December in 2003 [4]. Genetic biotechnology have been exhibited well. engineering biotechnology has been applied in Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), numerous fields including agriculture, industrial Agrobacterium mediated recombination (T- biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in DNA) and genetic engineering using molecular laundry detergent and medicines such as insulin and Biotechnology in plant, medicine and human growth hormone are now manufactured in biomedicine have been highlighted from GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebra fish are being used for technology based different research data. research purposes, and genetically modified Moreover, molecular biotechnology in crops have been commercialized [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Symposia
    Plant Symposia P-1 P-3 Remembering Winter: Vernalization as an Environmentally Induced Epi- Diverse Small RNA-directed Pathways in Plants. ZHIXIN XIE. Dept. of genetic Switch. RICHARD AMASINO. Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Email: amasino@ Email: [email protected] biochem.wisc.edu Most eukaryotic organisms possess highly conserved RNA silencing ma- Certain plants, such as biennials or winter annuals, require relatively long chinery that is associated with the formation of 21- ; 24-nucleotide small periods of cold exposure during winter to initiate ¯owering the following RNAs from precursor RNA molecules containing double stranded struc- spring. Cold exposure renders the meristem of such cold-requiring species tures. These endogenous small RNAs, which include microRNAs (mi- competent to ¯ower, and this acquisition of competence is known as RNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play important roles in vernalization. A vernalization requirement ensures that ¯owering does not regulation of gene expression, maintenance of genome integrity, control occur prematurely before the onset of winter. A similar cold response is of heterochromatin formation, and antiviral defense. Formation or activity bud dormancy; in many species that grow in temperate climates, bud of small RNAs requires factors belonging to gene families that encode dormancy is not broken until a the plant has ``counted'' a suf®cient num- DICER [or DICER-LIKE (DCL)], ARGONAUTE proteins and, in the ber of days of cold to ensure that any subsequent warn weather actually case of some siRNAs, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE (RDR) indicates that spring has arrived.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Transfer by Electroporation in Plant Protoplasts and Tissues
    r - 1 - GENE TRANSFER BY ELECTROPORATION IN PLANT PROTOPLASTS AND TISSUES BY MICHIEL THEODOOR JAN DE BOTH 1990 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London and for the Diploma of Membership of the Imperial College Department of Pure and Applied Biology Imperial College of Science and Technology London, SW7 - 2 - ABSTRACT GENE TRANSFER BY ELECTROPORATION IN PLANT PROTOPLASTS AND TISSUES Direct gene transfer to protoplasts by electroporation offers an alternative to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for the intro­ duction of foreign DNA into plant cells. In the present study an effi­ cient system for the electroporation of tobacco protoplasts has been established by testing various pulse parameters and different pulse types. The isolation and regeneration of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts were optimized. The most important parameters to obtain high plating efficiencies are the composition of the culture medium, the culture density, culture in agarose 'beads', and the dilution of the culture after 8 days. Fertile plants have been regenerated from these proto­ plasts. Subsequently, electroporation experiments are described using short (microsecond) rectangular and exponentially decaying pulses on wheat and tobacco protoplasts. No transient expression of chloram­ phenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was detected in either protoplast system. Transient expression of CAT in wheat protoplasts was obtained after PEG-mediated transformation. Stably transformed tobacco plants were regenerated after electroporation with neo as a selectable marker. Molecular evidence for transformation was obtained by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the R1 offspring. Exponentially decaying pulses of low initial field strength and millisecond duration resulted in good transient expression of CAT in tobacco protoplasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Leisa 17¥4.2
    major modern biotechnologies amongst a larger public is indispensable. The aim of this article is to describe four major modern biotechnologies, their applications and the inputs they require, i.e. in vitro technologies, detection technologies, genomics and genetic modification. Although the last application is discussed in more detail, care should be taken not to equate biotechnology to genetic modification of living organisms. In-vitro technologies The meaning of the Latin words ‘in vitro’ is ‘in glass’. In-vitro technologies separate parts of living organisms in closed containers to manipulate and maintain this material. Several well- known and relatively older applications belong to this category. Plant tissue culture became established in the 1970s. It involves the maintenance of plant material (complete plants, specific organs or cells) under sterile conditions and in the presence of nutrients. Plant tissue culture allows the rapid multiplication of crop plants at a small scale in comparison to ‘in vivo’ (living) conditions. Starter material for crops can thus be supplied in large quantities, solving bottle-necks in supply to farmers. Particularly for crops that are propagated vegetatively (not through seed), plant tissue culture forms a useful instrument to multiply starter material. Plant tissue culture also allows for the cleaning of virus- infected starter material. A third use of plant tissue culture is to Small farmers need a basket of options to meet their site-specific conserve useful crop genetic resources in a less vulnerable requirements Photo: Bert Lof environment than in the field. Finally, plant tissue culture, done in-vitro, can be used to transfer useful traits from wild relatives into crop varieties by crossing sexual barriers that do not take place under normal (in vivo) conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Influencing Regeneration of Plantlets from Leaf Strips Of
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2004 Factors influencing regeneration of plantlets from leaf strips of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) Kristi Lee Whitley Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Recommended Citation Whitley, Kristi Lee, "Factors influencing regeneration of plantlets from leaf strips of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)" (2004). LSU Master's Theses. 3657. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3657 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTORS INFLUENCING REGENERATION OF PLANTLETS FROM LEAF STRIPS OF STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA X ANANASSA DUCH.) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Horticulture Kristi Lee Whitley B.S. University of Southern Mississippi, 1983 December 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my husband Rodney for allowing me the opportunity to pursue this degree. Many thanks to Dr. Charles E. Johnson for his support throughout this endeavor. His tireless effort and total dedication to teaching and research along with his seemingly infinite intelligence have been my driving force and inspiration. Thanks to my dear sister in Christ, Sherry Zorzi, for using her God-given intelligence to proofread this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Tissue Culture Laboratory
    TISSUE CULTURE CIP Training Manual 1. Tissue Culture Laboratory 1.1 MICROPROPAGATION UNIT A micropropagation unit includes a tissue culture laboratory and a propagation greenhouse. When planning a micropropagation unit we have to consider the following factors: available space, environment, financing, type of work to be developed, and required production capacity. According to the production capacity and the available space, we may consider three types of micropropagation units: a) Small scale. The facilities for in vitro work can be adapted for a house setting, using the available equipment and materials to carry out the basic micropropagation activities. This method could be used to micropropagate plants for interested people, or mother plants for greenhouses but with great care to avoid contamination problems. b) Medium scale. It is necessary to design, implement and/or prepare specific working areas, and to acquire equipment and materials to increase the efficiency and uniformity of the results. C) Large scale. The facilities and the equipment must be designed to actually perform the work and to maintain an optimum production flow. Basic Processes The basic processes normally carried out in a tissue culture laboratory are: a) Glassware washing b) Culture media preparation c) Media and equipment sterilization d) Ex-plants preparation and aseptic transference of cultivated materials e) Incubation and growth of cultivated materials up to maturity f) The rooted-plantlets transplantation, is accomplished, in part, with the help of laboratory personnel. Basic Organization The laboratory for plant tissue culture requires a basic organization that comprises three areas: a) General laboratory (or media preparation area) provided with spaces for common or independent work.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Plant Tissue Culture to Improve the Production of Phenolic
    Exploring plant tissue culture to improve the production of phenolic compounds: A review Maria Inês Diasa,b, Maria João Sousaa, Rita C. Alvesb, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreiraa,* aMountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. bREQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail: [email protected] telephone +351-273-303219; fax +351-273-325405). 1 Abstract Plant tissue and organ culture has been extensively used from the beginning of the XX century for the study and comprehension of some primary biological mechanisms such as morphogenesis. However, with the increasing demand of the market for novel products derived from plants, in vitro culture became a reliable technique for the mass production of plant material. Moreover, the potential to use this technique for the production of some bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, is immense since it allows the manipulation of the biosynthetic routes to increase the production and accumulation of specific compounds. This work intends to make a brief historical review of in vitro culture, highlighting its use for the production of bioactive compounds. Also, emphasizes the importance of phenolic compounds for the consumer as well reviews the metabolic pathways involved in its production in plant cells. Furthermore, it was carried out a comprehensive study on the work developed for the production of plant phenolic compounds in in vitro cultures, as well as on the type of elicitors used to increase of the same production; also a brief highlighting of the phenolic compounds which serve as elicitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Biotechnology and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity
    Resources 2013, 2, 73-95; doi:10.3390/resources2020073 OPEN ACCESS resources ISSN 2079-9276 www.mdpi.com/journal/resources Review Biotechnology and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity Carlos Alberto Cruz-Cruz 1, María Teresa González-Arnao 1 and Florent Engelmann 2,* 1 Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, University of Veracruz, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Orizaba, Veracruz 94340, México; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.A.C.-C.); [email protected] (M.T.G.-A.) 2 UMR DIADE, Joint Research Unit “Diversity, Adaptation and Development of Plants”, IRD (Research Institute for Development), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34032 Montpellier cedex 5, France * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-4-67-41-62-24; Fax: +33-4-67-41-62-22. Received: 19 April 2013; in revised form: 5 May 2013 / Accepted: 8 May 2013 / Published: 4 June 2013 Abstract: Advances in plant biotechnology provide new options for collection, multiplication and short- to long-term conservation of plant biodiversity, using in vitro culture techniques. Significant progress has been made for conserving endangered, rare, crop ornamental, medicinal and forest species, especially for non-orthodox seed and vegetatively propagated plants of temperate and tropical origin. Cell and tissue culture techniques ensure the rapid multiplication and production of plant material under aseptic conditions. Medium-term conservation by means of in vitro slow growth storage allows extending subcultures from several months to several years, depending on the species. Cryopreservation (liquid nitrogen, −196 °C) is the only technique ensuring the safe and cost-effective long-term conservation of a wide range of plant species.
    [Show full text]
  • CFS 2,4-D Soy Science Comments-FINAL 9-11-12
    Docket No. APHIS-2012-0019 Regulatory Analysis and Development, PPD, APHIS Station 3A-03.8 4700 River Road Unit 118 Riverdale, MD 20737- 1238 11 September 2012 Comments to USDA APHIS on Draft Environmental Assessment and Draft Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Dow AgroSciences Petition (09-349-01p) for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Event DAS-68416-4: 2,4-D- and glufosinate-resistant soybean Center for Food Safety, Science Comments By: Bill Freese, Science Policy Analyst and Martha L. Crouch, Ph.D, Science Consultant Table of Contents 1. Notes on science comments ...................................................................................................................... 3 2. The impact of approval of DAS-68416-4 soybean on herbicide use............................................ 3 a. Summary of herbicide use..................................................................................................................................... 3 b.Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 4 c. DAS-68416-4 soybean will lead to sharply increased use of 2,4-D in American agriculture ......... 4 i. 2,4-D rates and EPA label restrictions................................................................................................................................5 ii. Projection by Mortensen et al. (2012) ..............................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Review Genetic Instability of Plant Tissue Cultures: Breakdown of Normal Controls
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 5222-5226, June 1994 Review Genetic instability of plant tissue cultures: Breakdown of normal controls (DNA methylation/genome rearrangements/rearrangement induced premeioticafly/repeat-induced point mutation/heterochromatin) R. L. Phillips*t, S. M. Kaepplert, and P. Olhoft* *Deprtnent of Agronomy and Plant Genetics and Plant Molecular Genetics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; and *Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 ABSTRACT Plants regenerated from However, the frequency of various nated the cell or cells for the tissue cul- relatively undifferentiated callus cultures classes of mutants derived from plant ture. The many levels of genomic modi- possess a vast array of genetic changes. tissue culture is elevated far beyond that fication that already are known and ex- Such variations can result in useful agri- expected in nature. Clearly, tissue cul- pressed as changed genotypes and cultural and horticultural products. For ture processes that involve an undiffer- phenotypes could be potent sources for other purposes, however, variations in entiated callus phase are mutagenic. selection by the plant breeder, and inci- traits other than those of interest may be Variations include, but are not restricted dentally, for theoretical ponderings by undesirable-for example, using cultured to, chromosomal rearrangements and the biologist." cells for genetic engineering. Any steps single-gene mutants (mostly recessive). This article reviews the progress in made toward understanding the basis of DNA methylation changes also have understanding the basis of tissue culture- tissue culture-induced genetic variation been reported in regenerated plants and induced variation. It also explores possi- should be helpful in developing a more their progeny.
    [Show full text]