Transgenes and Genetic Lnstability1
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Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: the Need for More Cell Culture Based
Kura et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2014, 8:46 http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/8/1/46 MINI REVIEW Open Access Nanotechnology in drug delivery: the need for more cell culture based studies in screening Aminu Umar Kura1, Sharida Fakurazi1,2*, Mohd Zobir Hussein3 and Palanisamy Arulselvan1 Abstract Advances in biomedical science are leading to upsurge synthesis of nanodelivery systems for drug delivery. The systems were characterized by controlled, targeted and sustained drug delivery ability. Humans are the target of these systems, hence, animals whose systems resembles humans were used to predict outcome. Thus, increasing costs in money and time, plus ethical concerns over animal usage. However, with consideration and planning in experimental conditions, in vitro pharmacological studies of the nanodelivery can mimic the in vivo system. This can function as a simple method to investigate the effect of such materials without endangering animals especially at screening phase. Keywords: In vitro, Animal studies, Nanodelivery system, Toxicity and bio distribution Introduction However, with changes and improvement in drug de- Nanodelivery system (NDS) is a branch of Nanomedicine livery via NDS comes a price (possible toxic effect), the characterized by controlled, targeted and sustained drug evaluation of which is important before any biological delivery ability, a limitation and drawback that is currently application can be introduce. In 2004, the term nanotoxi- limiting conventional drug delivery system especially city was coined; referring to the study of the potential in drug delivery to tight areas like the brain [1]. NDS, toxic impacts of nanoparticles on biological and ecological due to their small sizes usually below 100 nm and systems [5]. -
Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 1
Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 1 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF FOODS AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY & APPLIED NUTRITION FDA Public Meeting: Foods Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology Docket No. FDA-2018-N-2155 Harvey W. Wiley Federal Building - Auditorium 5001 Campus Drive College Park, MD 20740 Thursday, July 12, 2018 Reported by: Natalia Thomas, Capital Reporting Company Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 2 A P P E A R A N C E S Jessica Almy The Good Food Institute Kari Barrett Advisor for Strategic Communications and Public Engagement, Office of Food and Veterinary Medicine, FDA Danielle Beck National Cattlemen's Beef Association Dustin Boler, PhD American Meat Science Association Benjamina Bollag Higher Steaks Beth Briczinski, PhD National Milk Producers Federation Lou Cooperhouse BlueNalu Isha Datar Executive Director, New Harvest Jeremiah Fasano Consumer Safety Officer, Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, Office of Food Additive Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 3 A P P E A R A N C E S Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA Scott Gottlieb, MD Commissioner, FDA Michael Hansen, PhD Consumers Union Gregory Jaffe Director, Project on Biotechnology, Center for Science in the Public Interest William Jones, PhD Acting Director, Office of Food Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA Kate Krueger, PhD New Harvest Tiffany Lee, DVM North American Meat Institute Peter Licari Chief Technology Officer, JUST Susan Mayne, PhD Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 4 A P P E A R A N C E S Paul McCright, PhD Biotrack Diagnostics, Inc. -
Gene Use Restriction Technologies for Transgenic Plant Bioconfinement
Plant Biotechnology Journal (2013) 11, pp. 649–658 doi: 10.1111/pbi.12084 Review article Gene use restriction technologies for transgenic plant bioconfinement Yi Sang, Reginald J. Millwood and C. Neal Stewart Jr* Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Received 1 February 2013; Summary revised 3 April 2013; The advances of modern plant technologies, especially genetically modified crops, are considered accepted 9 April 2013. to be a substantial benefit to agriculture and society. However, so-called transgene escape *Correspondence (fax 1-865-974-6487; remains and is of environmental and regulatory concern. Genetic use restriction technologies email [email protected]) (GURTs) provide a possible solution to prevent transgene dispersal. Although GURTs were originally developed as a way for intellectual property protection (IPP), we believe their maximum benefit could be in the prevention of gene flow, that is, bioconfinement. This review describes the underlying signal transduction and components necessary to implement any GURT system. Keywords: transgenic plants, Furthermore, we review the similarities and differences between IPP- and bioconfinement- transgene escape, male sterility, oriented GURTs, discuss the GURTs’ design for impeding transgene escape and summarize embryo sterility, transgene deletion, recent advances. Lastly, we go beyond the state of the science to speculate on regulatory and gene flow. ecological effects of implementing GURTs for bioconfinement. Introduction proposed (Daniell, 2002; Gressel, 1999; Moon et al., 2011), including strategies for male sterility (Mariani et al., 1990), Transgenic crops have become an integral part of modern maternal inheritance (Daniell et al., 1998; Iamtham and Day, agriculture and have been increasingly adopted worldwide (James, 2000; Ruf et al., 2001), transgenic mitigation (Al-Ahmad et al., 2011). -
Monsanto Company
200700075 No. Monsanto Company Whereas. THERE HAS BEEN PRESENTED TO THE Secretary of Agriculture An application requesting a certificate of protection for an alleged distinct variety of sexually reproduced, or tuber propagated plant, the name and description of whioh are contained in the application and exhibits, a copy of which is hereunto annexed and made a part hereof, and the various requirements of LAW in such cases made and provided have been complied with, and the title thereto is, from the records of the PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION OFFICE, in tne applicant(s) indicated in the said copy, and Whereas, upon due examination made, the said applicant(s) is (are) adjudged to be entitled to a certificate of plant variety protection under the LA W. Now, therefore, this certificate of plant variety protection is to grant unto the said applicant(s) and the successors, heirs or assigns of the said applicant(s) for the term of TWENTY years from the date of this ant, subject to the payment of the required fees and periodic replenishment of viable basic seed of the riclY in a public repository as provided by LAW, the right to exclude others from selling the variety, ring it for sale, or reproducing it, or importing it, or exporting it, or conditioning it for tion, or stocking it for any of the above purposes, or using it in producing a hybrid or different erefrom, to the extent provided by the PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION ACT. (84 STAT. 1542, AS 7 U.. C. 2321 ET SEQ.) COTTON '45000IG' In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Plant Variety Protection Office to be affixed at the City of Washington, D.C. -
Use of Cell Culture in Virology for Developing Countries in the South-East Asia Region © World Health Organization 2017
USE OF CELL C USE OF CELL U LT U RE IN VIROLOGY FOR DE RE IN VIROLOGY V ELOPING C O U NTRIES IN THE NTRIES IN S O U TH- E AST USE OF CELL CULTURE A SIA IN VIROLOGY FOR R EGION ISBN: 978-92-9022-600-0 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION World Health House Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110002, India Website: www.searo.who.int USE OF CELL CULTURE IN VIROLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION © World Health Organization 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition.” Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. -
68 Appendix A. Viral Isolation Protocol (For Cell Culture)
Appendix A. Viral Isolation Protocol (for Cell Culture) Introduction The optimal method for determining specific etiology of an arbovirus infection requires isolation of the virus from a specimen obtained from the patient during the acute stage of the disease and the demonstration of a rise in titer of an antibody to the isolate during convalescence. For a number of reasons successful isolation of most arboviruses from specimens from patients is the exception, reasons being that the specimen to be examined is not collected soon enough, is not properly handled, or is not expeditiously transmitted to the virus laboratory for inoculation. The viremia for many arbovirus infections in humans, if detectable at any stage, ceases by the time of or soon after onset of symptoms-- a stage when antibody is often demonstrable. Because some circulating virus may be recoverable and the antibody may be absent, or present in low titer, the acute-phase blood specimen should be collected immediately upon suspicion of a viral etiology. Delay of an hour or so can compromise the chance of virus isolation; the allowable time depends upon the type of viruses involved. Certain arboviruses produce a viremia of sufficient magnitude and duration that the viruses can be isolated from blood during the acute phase of illness, e.g., 0 to 5 days after onset. Examples of these viruses include the agents of yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and sandfly, Ross River, and Oropouche fevers. The viremia in Colorado tick fever is unique because it can extend for weeks or months, and infection has been transmitted by transfusions. -
Peptide-Based Scaffolds for the Culture and Maintenance of Primary
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Peptide‑based scafolds for the culture and maintenance of primary human hepatocytes Douglas MacPherson1, Yaron Bram1, Jiwoon Park1 & Robert E. Schwartz1,2* We report here the use of a nanofbrous hydrogel as a 3D scafold for the culture and maintenance of functional primary human hepatocytes. The system is based on the cooperative assembly of a fber‑forming peptide component, fuorenylmethyloxycarbonyl‑diphenylalanine (Fmoc‑FF), and the integrin‑binding functional peptide ligand, Fmoc‑arginine‑glycine‑aspartic acid (Fmoc‑RGD) into a nanofbrous gel at physiological pH. This Fmoc‑FF/RGD hydrogel was formulated to provide a biomimetic microenvironment with some critical features such as mechanical properties and nanofber morphology, which were optimized to support hepatocyte culture. The material was shown to support maintenance and function of encapsulated primary human hepatocytes as indicated by actin staining, qRT‑PCR, and functional cytochrome P450 assays. The designed gel was shown to outperform Matrigel in cytochrome P450 functional assays. The hydrogel may prove useful for liver development and disease models, as well as providing insights into the design of future implantable scafolds for the regeneration of liver tissue in patients with liver disease. Cellular function is determined in part by micro-environmental cues such as soluble factors, extracellular matrix, and cell–cell interactions 1,2. In vitro culture of epithelial cells is ofen associated with epithelial cell dediferentia- tion (i.e. marked by rapid loss of cell-specifc morphology, phenotype, and function)3. Consequently, there is a need for the development and employment of improved materials which can more closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment and reconstitute the appropriate environmental cues in vitro1–3. -
Nano-Silver Particles Reduce Contaminations in Tissue Culture but Decrease Regeneration Rate and Slows Down Growth and Development of Aldrovanda Vesiculosa Explants
applied sciences Article Nano-Silver Particles Reduce Contaminations in Tissue Culture but Decrease Regeneration Rate and Slows Down Growth and Development of Aldrovanda vesiculosa Explants Marzena Parzymies Subdepartment of Ornamental Plants and Dendrology, Institute of Horticultural Production, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Ul. Gł˛eboka28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] Abstract: Aldrovanda vesiculosa is a carnivorous water plant which is endangered by extinction worldwide. The number of natural stands and populations has decreased; therefore, there is a need for its active protection. The best method would be an in vitro culture. One of the main problems is disinfection of the explants. Therefore, it was decided that we should treat the explants with nano- silver particles. The explants were shoot fragments which were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and then placed in a liquid 1/5 MS medium, supplemented with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at a concentration of 5 mg·dm−3. It was observed that AgNPs reduced the number of contaminations but also led to necrosis of the shoots. The shoots, which undertook regeneration in presence of AgNPs, were smaller and did not form traps; however, after being moved to fresh media twice, they started to develop normal leaves. Taking into consideration both disinfection and regeneration rates, it might be advisable to disinfect aldrovanda shoots in sodium hypochlorite only, without AgNPs. The results Citation: Parzymies, M. Nano-Silver of the research might indicate a toxic activity of AgNPs towards water plants, which seems a big Particles Reduce Contaminations in problem, as nanoparticles are commonly used in all the fields of life. -
Whither Plant Genetic Engineering? Allow Crops to Tolerate Environmental Stress Such As Drought, Cold, Salt, Heat, Or flood
PLANT TREK TO BOLDLY GO WHERE NO PLANT HAS GONE BEFORE On the Past, Present & Future of Plant Genetic Engineering by Richard G. Stout A HowPlantsWork.com eBook Copyright © 2013 by Richard G. Stout Version 1.0.1 PDF August, 2013 Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Where Do New Plants Come From? Chapter 2: How To Make A Transgenic Plant Chapter 3: Gene Guns, Terminators & Traitors Chapter 4: Farmaceuticals, Plantibodies & Edible Vaccines Chapter 5: Into The Wild Chapter 6: Are GM Plants Self-Replicating Inventions? Chapter 7: Plant Trek - The Next Generation Chapter 8: DIY Plant Genetic Engineering? Attributions About The Author Glossary about where plant biotechnology may be headed in the future, Preface including how plant biotechnology “hobbyists” may be getting into the act. Who is this book for? Please Note: This book is NOT a comprehensive textbook on plant genetic engineering and biotechnology. (If you’re looking This book is intended for people who may be curious about for such books, I’m sure you can find them at your local college plant genetic engineering, but who don’t want to read a long, bookstore or at an online bookseller.) Nor is this book meant to technical textbook on the subject. (There are provided, be a defense of genetically-engineered organisms (GMOs), however, ample links to books and articles - and also to online though I’m sure some readers will think so. Maybe here’s why. resources - for further reading.) If you’re looking for small “tastes” of information regarding various aspects of plant Since I was a graduate student in the 1970s at the University of genetic engineering, then this little book maybe just the Washington where some of the original work on transgenic informational “snack” that you’re looking for. -
Chapter 11: Virology
CHAPTER 11 Virology Ken Peters USFWS – Bozeman Fish Health Center Bozeman, Montana NWFHS Laboratory Procedures Manual - Second Edition, June 2004 Chapter 11 - Page 1 I. Introduction Detection of aquatic animal viruses historically has been by growth and isolation on living cell cultures appropriately researched and chosen for the propagation of target viruses and species of host. Viral detection can also include immunological and nucleotide testing procedures. The determination of a testing procedure is a complex decision involving factors of cost, timeliness, sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and available host tissues and technology. For the purposes of the Wild Fish Health Survey, the USFWS has chosen the use of cell culture for initial screening and corroboration of test results using appropriate nucleotide primers of specific viral pathogens in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Other corroborative tests may also be utilized, including serum neutralization, indirect fluorescent antibody techniques, biotinylated DNA probes, and immuno-dot blot tests (see Chapter 12 - Corroborative Testing of Viral Isolates). The following sections describe the procedures and methods for virology using standard cell culture techniques. Definitions: Several terms are used routinely in virology and throughout this section. A full Glossary of terms can be found in Appendix A. Media Formulations: See Appendix B: Media Used in Tissue Culture and Virology. II. Selection of Appropriate Cell Lines All viral testing will utilize cell lines traceable to cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) when available. At the minimum, cell lines will be tested annually for viral sensitivity and mycoplasma infection: see section VI. Quality Control in Tissue Culture, in Chapter 10 -Tissue Culture of Fish Cell Lines. -
Genome As a Tool of Genetic Engineering: Application in Plant and Plant Derived Medicine
International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology (IJBTT) – Volume 8 Issue 1- Jan - March 2018 Genome as a Tool of Genetic Engineering: Application in Plant and Plant Derived Medicine A.B.M. Sharif Hossain1,2 Musamma M. Uddin2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hail University, Hail, KSA 2Biotechnology Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia introduce point mutations. Genetically modified Abstract organism (GMO) is considered as an organism that The study was conducted from different is generated through genetic engineering. The first modern research data to review the innovative GMOs were bacteria in 1973, GM mice were generated in 1974 [4]. Insulin-producing bacteria latest technology in the genomics and its were commercialized in 1982 and genetically application in Agriculture, biomedicinae and modified food has been sold since 1994. Glofish, the plant derived medicine. Application of genome first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the in genetic engineering and molecular United States December in 2003 [4]. Genetic biotechnology have been exhibited well. engineering biotechnology has been applied in Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), numerous fields including agriculture, industrial Agrobacterium mediated recombination (T- biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in DNA) and genetic engineering using molecular laundry detergent and medicines such as insulin and Biotechnology in plant, medicine and human growth hormone are now manufactured in biomedicine have been highlighted from GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebra fish are being used for technology based different research data. research purposes, and genetically modified Moreover, molecular biotechnology in crops have been commercialized [4]. -
Introduction to Mammalian Cell Culture
Workshop Training Series Biomedical and Obesity Research Core Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules Introduction to Mammalian Cell Culture April 9, 2019 Yongjun Wang Ph.D. Director of Biomedical and Obesity Research Core Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules What Is Cell Culture Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown in controlled conditions outside of their native environment. Timeline: key milestone in cell cultures History of Cell Culture http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66905 Primary vs Cell line Primary cells Cell lines Lifespan and division capacity Limited Indefinite Isolated in the lab or bought from Source Bought from commercial provider commercial provider Care and maintenance Complex and difficult Easy to maintain or proliferate Chromosomal aberration Minimal Several Retention of functional markers and Yes Not always signaling pathways Functional study, diagnosis, Drug development, vaccine and protein Application Gene therapy, et al. production, et al. Three Types of Cells Epithelial-like cells Fibroblast-like cells Lymphoblast-like cells Cell differentiation 3T3L1 cells C212 cells Cell Culture Vessels • Most adherent cells require attachment to proliferate • Polystyrene are treated to become hydrophilic and negatively charged once medium is added • Coating with basic synthetic polymers • Poly-L-lysine • Coating with matrix proteins • Collagen, laminin, gelatin, fibronectin Class II Biological Safety Cabinet The Class II Biological Safety