Die Mitteleuropäischen Arten Der Gattung VOLUCELLA (Diptera, Syrphidae) Als Kommensalen Und Parasitoide in Den Nestern Von Hummeln Und Sozialen Wespen

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Die Mitteleuropäischen Arten Der Gattung VOLUCELLA (Diptera, Syrphidae) Als Kommensalen Und Parasitoide in Den Nestern Von Hummeln Und Sozialen Wespen Die mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattung VOLUCELLA (Diptera, Syrphidae) als Kommensalen und Parasitoide in den Nestern von Hummeln und sozialen Wespen Untersuchungen zur Wirtsfindung, Larvalbiologie und Mimikry Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Biologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Leo Rupp aus Saarbrücken 1989 Dekan: Prof. Dr. K. Sander Leiter der Arbeit: Prof Dr. H.F. Paulus Referent: Prof. Dr. H.F. Paulus Koreferent: Prof. Dr. S. Rossel Tag der Verkündigung des Prüfungsergebnisses: Für die Überlassung des Themas, die Betreuung der Arbeit und die freundschaftliche Atmosphäre danke ich meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. H.F. Paulus. Frau Dr. C. Gack danke ich sehr für ihre Bemühungen, die mir die Aufenthalte in Mathon (Alpen) ermöglichten, sowie das stete Interesse am Gelingen der Arbeit. Dank der freundlichen Hilfestellung von Prof. Dr. R. Hartmann und Frau C. Jendrsczok konnte ich radioaktive Markierungs­ versuche durchführen und die Gefrierschnittechnik anwenden. Ein herzlicher Dank gilt Frau Guddy Mahlke, die die Fotoarbeiten durchführte. Bei Herrn Dr. P. Sowig bedanke ich mich für die Bestimmung der Alpenhummeln und die geduldige Beratung in statistischen Fragen. Für die anregenden Diskussionen und vielfältigen Hilfestellungen möchte ich meinen langjährigen FreundInnen, KollegInnen und "KellergenossInnen" Christine Gutmann, Roland Frey, Klaus Lunau, Roland Melzer, John Plant und Theo Schmidt ganz herzlich danken. Ein besonderer Dank gilt meinen WohngefährtInnen Judy, Karin und Ralf, die mich mit viel Nachsicht und Geduld beim Haushalten schonten und bei der Fertigstellung der Arbeit halfen. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Seite 1. EINLEITUNG 1 2. MATERIAL UND METHODEN 4 2.1 Herkunft und Haltung der Vo1ucellen 4 2.2 Herkunft und Haltung der Wirte 4 2.3 Verhaltens-Beobachtungen und -Versuche 7 2.4 Mikroskopische Präparationen 8 2.5 Radioaktive Markierung 8 3. EINHEIMISCHE VOLUCELLA-ARTEN 10 - Aussehen, Verbreitung, Vorkommen, Phänologie 4. WIRTSFINDUNG 19 4.1 Verhalten vor dem Wirtsnest 19 4.1.1 Volucella bombylans 19 4.1.2 Volucella pellucens 23 4.1.3 Volucella inanis 24 4.2 Verhaltensexperimente zur Wirtserkennung mit 25 verschiedenen Signalreizen 4.2.1 Zur Bedeutung der olfaktorischen Signale für der 26 Erkennung des Wirtsnestes bei Volucella bombylans 4.2.2 Reaktion von Volucella bombylans-Weibchen auf den 32 optischen Reiz "fliegende Hummel" 4.2.3 Die optische Bedeutung und Wirkung von Hummeln in 34 Verbindung mit ihrem Duft 4.2.4 Die Bedeutung des Hummelflugtons für das Auffinden 36 der Nester 4.2.5 Reaktionen von Volucella pellucens und Volucella 37 inanis auf Duft und Aussehen von Wespen 4.2.6 Gibt es eine morphenspezifische Wirtsfindung bei 39 Volucella bombylans? 4.3 Vergleichende Antennenmorphologie bei Volucella 45 5. NESTBESUCH 57 5.1 Wächterhummeln 57 5.1.1 Volucella bombylans als Nesteindringling 58 5.2 Nestwache und Nestverteidigung bei Wespen 62 5.2.1 Reaktion der Wespen auf Volucella pellucens und 62 Volucella inanis 5.3 Diskussion: Wirtsfindung - Nestbesuch 69 Seite 6. EIDONOMIE UND BIOLOGIE DER JUGENDSTADIEN 78 6.1 Eier: Ablegep1atz - Eizahl - Morphologie 78 6.1.1 Volucella bombylans 78 6.1.2 Vo1uce1la pellucens 79 6.1.3 Vo1ucella inanis 80 6.1. 4 Eier: Vergleich und Zusammenfassung 82 6.2 Larven: Beschreibung - Aufenthaltsort - 89 Ernährung - Larvenzahl 6.2.1 Vo1ucella bomby1ans 90 6.2.2 Volucella pellucens 95 6.2.3 Volucella inanis 98 7. CEPHALOPHARYNGEALSKELETT UND DARMTRAKT 111 7.1 Ausbildung des Kopfes bei cyclorraphen 111 Dipterenlarven 7.1.1 Volucella bombylans 112 7.1.2 Volucella pellucens 114 7.1.3 Volucella inanis 114 7.2 Darmtrakt 127 7.3 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion 129 8. VOLUCELLA-LARVEN ALS KOMMENSALEN UND PARASlTOIDE 134 (Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Larvalbiologie) 8.1 Wirtsbeziehungen bei staatenbildenden Insekten 134 8.2 Vo1uce11a bomby1ans 137 8.3 Vo1ucella pellucens 139 8.4 Volucella inanis 143 9. MODELLVORSTELLUNG ZUR EVOLUTION DES LARVAL- 152 PARASITISMUS BEI VOLUCELLA 10. MIMIKRY: EINFOHRUNG UND DEFINITION 161 10.1 Volucella: ein Fall von Mimikry 162 10.2 Mimetische Ähnlichkeit 163 10.3 Mimetischer Polymorphismus bei Volucella bombylans 165 10.4 Freßfeinde und Vorbilder 174 10.5 Wirksamkeit der Täuschung 175 10.6 Zur Frage der Aggressiven Mimikry 178 11. ANHANG: HUMMEL- UND WESPENVOLKER 186 12. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 189 13. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 193 1 1. Einleitung Dank ihrer meist auffallenden Buntheit und beachtlichen Größe, ihres charakteristischen SChwebfluges und ihres häufigen Auf­ tretens gehören die Syrphiden zu den bekanntesten und beliebte­ sten Zweiflüglern der heimischen Fauna. Während sich die Imagines aller Syrphiden-Arten ausschließ• lich von Pollen und Nektar oder Honigtau ernähren und nach den Bienen zu den bedeutendsten Blütenbestäubern innerhalb der Insekten gehören, besitzen ihre Larven ganz unterschiedliche Lebens- und Ernährungsweisen. Besondere Beachtung erfahren zahlreiche Arten, deren Larven sich von Blattläusen und anderen Nutzpflanzenschädlingen er­ nähren. Sie sind vielfach zum Gegenstand angewandter Forschung geworden (SCHNEIDER, 1969; BASTIAN, 1986), da sie aus landwirt­ schaftlicher Sicht große Bedeutung haben. Viele Syrphiden besitzen eine verblüffende optische Ahn­ lichkeit mit wehrhaften Insekten. Besonders häufig und auf­ fallend sind Arten mit gelb-schwarzer Wespenzeichung oder mit hummelähnlicher Behaarung und Färbung. Durch ihr Aussehen werden sie leicht mit Wespen oder Hummeln verwechselt. Die einheimischen Vertreter der Gattung Volucella zeichnen sich durch einige Besonderheiten aus. Die Art Volucella bombylans tritt in mehreren Farbmorphen auf, die jeweils ver­ schiedenen Hummelarten ähnlich sind (mimetischer Polymor­ phismus). Die Arten Volucella inanis und Volucella zonaria besitzen eine weitgehende Ähnlichkeit mit Wespen. Ihre Larven entwickeln sich in den Nestern der mimetischen Vorbilder. Da Wespen und Hummeln ihre Nester gegenüber Eindringlingen verteidigen, müssen Volucella-Weibchen zur Eiablage möglichst unbemerkt oder unerkannt in deren Nester eindringen. Auch ihre Larven müssen der Gefahr entgehen, von den Wirtsimagines ent­ deckt und abgetötet zu werden. Bei zahlreichen Mitbewohnern von Termiten- und Ameisennestern konnten spezielle morphologische Strukturen, Duftstoffe und Verhaltensweisen nachgewiesen werden, die Anpassungen an den Wirt darstellen und ihnen den Aufenthalt in den jeweiligen Wirtsnestern ermöglichen. In einigen Fällen erreichen diese Mitbewohner sogar eine weitgehende soziale Inte­ gration innerhalb der Wirtsstaaten (WASMANN, 1925; WILSON, 1971; KISTNER, 1979; 1982). 2 In seiner umfangreichen Monographie über die Gattung Volucella ("Recherehes sur l'organisation et le dev~loppement des insectes Dipt~res du genre Volucelle") führt KüNCKEL D'HERCULAIS 1875 zwar nahezu vollständig alle bis dahin in der Literatur erwähnten Beobachtungen und Vorstellungen über Volucellen und ihre Wirtsbeziehungen (Eindringen in Wirtsnest und Lebensweise der Larven) auf, jedoch stehen die Metamorphose und morphologische und anatomische Untersuchungen an Larven und Imagines im Vordergrund seiner Studie. Der Kenntnisstand und die Ansichten darüber, welche Inter­ aktionen zwischen Volucellen und ihren Wirten stattfinden und welche Bedeutung dabei der Mimikry zukommt, haben sich seitdem nicht wesentlich erweitert oder geändert. So werden die Larven der einheimischen Arten entweder für Parasiten oder Kommensalen in den Wirtsnestern gehalten, obgleich über ihre Lebensweise nur vereinzelte Beobachtungen vorliegen und z.B. von Volucella ina­ nis bisher überhaupt nur das letzte Larvalstadium bekannt ist (KISTNER, 1982). Zudem werden selten die Unterschiede zwischen Hummel- und Wespennestern berücksichtigt, die etwa hinsichtlich der Nestbewachung bestehen und die unterschiedliche "Anforderungen" an eindringende Volucella-Weibchen stellen. So sollen sich die Larven von Volucella bombylans sowohl bei Hummeln als auch bei Wespen entwickeln (SPRADBERY, 1973). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, folgende Fragen zur Wirtsbeziehung der einzelnen Volucella-Arten zu klären: - wie finden Volucella-Weibchen ihre Wirtsnester und welche Reizqualitäten der Wirte oder Nester spielen dabei eine Rolle - wie können die Fliegenweibchen in die bewachten Wirtsnester eindringen und welche Reaktionen zeigen die Wirtsimagines - wie leben die Larven der einzelnen Arten in den Wirts­ nestern; welche trophische Beziehung - kommensalisch oder parasitisch - haben sie zu ihren Wirten - welche Bedeutung und Rolle hat der Wirt als mimetisches Vorbild bei der Stabilisierung des mimetischen Poly­ morphismus von V. bombylans (Frage nach dem Mimikrysystem) 3 Mit Hilfe vergleichender Untersuchungen von Verhaltensweisen und morphologischen l'1erkmalen an Imagines. Eiern und Larven sollen die wirtsspezifischen Anpassungen und Strategien der einzelnen Volucella-Arten dargelegt und mögliche Unterschiede aUfgezeigt werden. Wandmalerei an einem Haus in der Ivespengasse zu Nürnberg 2. Material und Methoden 2.1 Herkunft und Haltung der Volucellen Die Fliegen wurden im Freiland gefangen. Die Fanggebiete waren blumenreiche Wiesen und Waldränder in der Umgebung von Freiburg i.Br. am Schönberg und der Vorbergzone sowie im Elsaß (Vogesen) in der Nähe von Munster (Braunskopf) . Da Volucella bombylans im südlichen Oberrheingebiet nur noch in Naturschutzgebieten und in den Vogesen überhaupt vorkam, wurden Tiere v.a. in den Schweizer Alpen in einem Gebiet (ca. 1800 m üNN.) mit ausgedehnten Almwie­ sen oberhalb des Dorfes Mathon (Graubünden)
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