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Contribution a I'etude Systematique Et Ecologiquc Des Syrphidae (Dip!.) De

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Contribution a I'etude Systematique Et Ecologiquc Des Syrphidae (Dip!.) De Band 47 ( 1974) I-Iefte 3- 4 Contribution a I'etude systema tique et ecologiquc des Syrphidae (Dip!.) de Ja Sui sse occid entale. PI"ERIU: GOELOLl N DE TIEFENA U l\·lusce zoologique. ( H- ID05 La usun nc The first part oflhis public;lIi t') 1l includes it fa u n i s ti l:..c.'l. lt llo~u c of the Syrphidae (Dip!.) esam­ ined on a rcbti vcly small aem or Vo'l'st..:rn Sw itzerla nd. T he 11I gh a mounl o r J IO)pecies c,:,ugh t (abou t ·X. or the known species of We ~ [ Europa) i ~ due to [he tremendous vUiety o f biotopes or the stud ied region. In the second pa n the :llllhor describe~ unknow n o r poorly k n('\\\'n species or aphidophagous larvae. r..,lorphological and ecological aspcc l~ o f immature stages of soml' thi rly species arc consi­ dered. A dichoto mic key tries 10 underli ne th l.! main specific and generic features o flhese species. V·,I it h this ecologic,li and l'l.'wnom ical approach of immature sInges. the a uthor tries to determine the \'alidity o f systems proposed by mod.;:rn all1 lH>rs, main ly based on the study of ma tu re insects. Besides. th e auth or desig n a t c.~ [h e 1ccto types of Dasp)'rplllls IUllulallll' (ME IG.) a nd Das),­ syrpJll/s "enusilis (M EIG.). He gives II first b rie f description of 12 new species ofSyrphidlic and a few collsi Llerations on the problem ofSyrphidac's migrations. A va m-prop os Le present trava il deva it initialcment sc limiter <'I I'ctude ecologiquc des Syrphidcs aphidiphages des ve rge rs. Des lors, comment a- l-il evolu c vcrs sa forme actuell e'? D·emblce.la premii: re question qui se posa fut : quelsctaient ies Sy rphides aphidiphages des ve rgers? II Hurait evid emme nt ctc possible de ne Lenir compte que des es peccs lrouvees a ux slades larva ires parmi les coloni es de pucerons. Ce mode de faire. en raison de i' et ho logie tr"s d ifferente des es peces, ava it de fortes cha nces de ne pas eire cxha ustif. II ne tcnait en Olltre aucun compte de I'inci­ denee de toule une serie de Sy rphides sur la pollinisali on. ni du role jou'; pa r Ie miell at en ta nt q ue puissa nt attractif lrophique sur une quantite d'cspeces n'ayant peut-etre aliClIne innuence ciirccle sur les colonies de pucerons des ve r­ gers. En outre. Ie sta tut alimenl aire de IHrves de qua ntile d"especes Ill'ctail alors. et m'cst d'aille urs encore, inconnu. II en alia it de meme de la systematique la rvaire, au non seul ement Ie nombre de larves connues est tres faible , mais souvc nt les descriptions. epar­ pill ccs dans la litt cml lHe, trap sommaircs pO llr eire pratiqucmcnt utilisables. Jc fu s done rapidemenl contrai n! de me penche r sur la systema tique des larves. Si je voul ais a ll ssi te nir compte dans ma n etude des insectes pa rfa its fre­ quenta nt les ve rgers, la questi on d e savoir quels etaientles a phid i phages ou nOll resla il cnti ere ct m'obligeait it consid crer toutes les especes ca pturees dans, ou il proximitc immediate des vergers. Allj olird'hlli, beall collp de points d'interrogation subsiste nt encore. Dc­ vais-j c, par exemple, cO ll s i (h~ r c r les C III),sOJOXllm et les Xalll!togranUn{/ CO I11Il1 C des a phidiphagcs, plus la rgement camill e des e nto l11 ophages a u simplementleur garder un statut indetermin e? C'est pO llr cetle dernicre form ule q ue j"a i OpI C, n'ayant pas ell la possibilite de faire d'observati ons pe rsonllell essur les larves de 152 P. GOELDLIN ces deux groupes d'insectes, et malgre Ie fait que la lltterature apparente les quel­ q ues especes dont la morphologie larva ire est connue, aux a phidi phages. Tout re que l'on sait des deux especes decrites par DIXON (1960)-Xanthogramma pedis­ sequum (HARRIS) et Chrysotoxum verralli COLLIN -, est qu'elles furent trouvees dans un nid de Lasius niger. HEISS (1938) decrit la larve de Xanthogramma flavipes, mais precise que ses habitudes alimentaires lui sont inconnues. La larve, ajoute cet auteur, est probablement saprophage .... VIMMER (1933), cite dans HEISS (1938), precise avoir trouve des larves de ce genre dans des fourmilieres. HENNIG enfin (1952) decrit une larve de Xanthogramma sur la base des donnees bibliographiques des 2 auteurs mentionnes. Quant aux Chrysotoxum, il fait un pressant appel pour obtenir des donnees complementaires sur ces larves mal connues. HEISS (1938). se basant sur une description bibliographique de GREEN (1923, cite dans HEISS), precise que les habitudes trophiques de ce groupe sont encore inconnues. J'ai personnellement trouve certaines especes de Chrysotoxum adultes dans des nids de Polistes, parmi les guepes. La breve discussion de eet exemple a pour but de preciser quelque peu l'ampleur du probleme auquelj'etais confronte. Les Syrphides des vergers ne se cantonnent pas dans ces seuls biotopes. Les deplacements de Syrphides representant un parametre important pour com­ prendre les fluctuations de densite de population, il me faUut me preoccuper du probleme des migrations de Syrphides. Beaucoup des especes capturees dans des vols migratoires etaient aphidiphages et se trouvaient largement representees dans la faune des vergers. One tres grande biomasse etait neanmoins composee d'insectes connus com me non-aphidiphages. Des lors, il ne m'etait plus possible de ne me limiter qu'a retude de quelques especes, si je desirais comprendre Ie mecanisme des migrations et Ie denominateur commun existant entre migrateurs entomophages et saprophages ou phytophages. Les limites de mon travail s'elargissaient. Tres vite mon etude de la taxonomie larva ire me revela des anomalies dans la repartition des especes dans les genres. Les affinites existant entre des larves de genres differents ou au contra ire , les divergeanees morphologiques et etho­ logiques entre larves d'un meme genre me pousserent it revoir la systematique des adultes, telle qu'eUe etait admise par les auteurs les plus recents. fen arrivais ainsi it la conclusion de la neeessite de poser, en priorite, de plus solides bases systematiques. Cette conviction fut renforcee par l'impossibilite dans laquelle je me trouvais de denommer avec un minimum de securite une quantite d'especes. Ainsi, par exemple, l'etude des genitalia me revelait que j'avais 8 especes distinctes de Sphaerophoria palearctiques dans rna collection, et seulement 4 noms it rna disposition, mais quantite de synonymes. Le probleme elait Ie meme avec les Heringia ou les Paragus. Si 1'0n songe que ces 3 petits genres aphidi­ phages pullulant dans, ou it proximite des vergers, representaient, par exemple, pres du 20% des 8870 Syrphides captures aux Devens en 1967, on comprendra mieux la necessite devant laquelle je me suis trouve de reviser completement res trois genres; et par consequent de donner une relativement grande orientation de ce travail veTS la systematique. En bref, cet ouvrage, ne groupant qU'une faible proportion des observa­ tions recoltees au COUTS de 7 ans d'etudes des Syrphides, represente la partie qu'il me fallait logiquement publier en premier, car seules des bases faunistiques et systematiques solides peuvent permettre de progresser dans une etude ecolo­ gique serieuse. SYRPHlDAE DE LA SUISSE OCCIDENTALE 153 Remarqu(': Cc travail clail ucjil [reS avance lorsque j'ai eu connaissancc des trois imporlanLcs publications paralh!les de DU~EK et LAsKA (1967). de HIPPA HEIKKI (1968) et de VOCKEROTH (1969). Je me suis efforee de tcnir compte de ees trois travaux rcccnt~ d~tI1s la r~uai,:ti'1I1 \1~lil1ilivc dc 1l1ll11 manuscrit. Remerciemenls: C'est avec une grande delicatesse que Monsieur Ie Professeur Paul Bovey, directeur de l'Institut d'Entomologie de I'EPFZ. a guide ce travail. Je desire rendre hommage iei, avec gratitude, non seulement au professeur. mais surtout au conseiller profondement humain qui a su me prodiguer ses encouragements en toute occasion. Monsieur Ie Dr. Jacques Aubert, directeur du Musee zoologique de Lausanne, m'a initie dans la ditTicile taxonomie des Syrphides. Je tiens a remercier mon actuel directeur pour les grandes faeilites qu'il m'a accordees tout au long de mes recherches. eet ouvrage n'aurait pu etre mene a chef sans la generosite des firmes Ciba S.A., BAle. et Lactina Suisse Panchaud S.A., Puidoux, auxquelles vont mes plus chaleureux remerciements. S'il me fallait enumerer nommement les nombreux collaborateurs, collegues et amis qui m' ont aide d'une maniere ou d'une autre au cours de mon etude, je craindrais de ne pouvoir etre exhaustif. Qu'i1s re~oivent g10baJement l'expression de rna reconnaissance et ne me tiennent pas rigueur de ne pouvoir les mentionner individuellement. GENERA LITES Les Syrphides, Dipteres cyclorrhaphes, forment en soi une famille com­ prenant plus de 4000 especes connues dans Ie monde. La region palearctique it eUe seule compte pres de 800 especes. Malgre des differences de taille allant de l'ordre de quelques millimetres it quelques centimetres, malgre d'importantes differences de couleurs ou de formes, les especes de cette famille sont apparentees, dans des limites rigou­ reuses, par un certain nombre de caracteristiques morphologiques precises, notamment et surtout la nervation des ailes. Au stade adulte, ces mouches heliophiles et anthophiles, aux pieces buc­ cales du type (decheur-suceuf», se nourissent principalement de nectar, de pollen et de miellet.
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