Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Philippines, Solomon Islands, Wallacea and New Guinea
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THOMPSON, F.C., MENGUAL, X., YOUNG, A.D. & SKEVINGSTON, J.H.: Flower flies of Philippines, Solomon Islands, Wallacea ... (Plates 167-172) Flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Philippines, Solomon Islands, Wallacea and New Guinea F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON 1, XIMO MENGUAL 2, ANDREW D. YOUNG 3, JEFFREY H. SKEVINGTON 3 1 – Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected] 2 – Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Adenauerallee 160, D–53113, Bonn, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] 3 – Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; e-mails: [email protected] (corresponding author), [email protected] Abstract: The flower flies of the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Wallacea and New Guinea are reviewed. An overview of the family is given followed by a key to the genera with a synopsis of each genus. Two new combinations are made: Matsumyia cyaniventris (Sack, 1926) comb. nov. (formerly Criorhina cyaniventris) and Citrogramma calceata (Sack, 1926) comb. nov. (formerly Xanthogramma calceata). Key words: Diptera, Brachycera, Syrphidae, Philippines, Wallacea, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, identification key, Indomalayan (Oriental) Region. Introduction Fully winged; usually with holoptic males (Fig. 5, plate 169 fig. 3, plate 169 fig. 7); females (Fig. 5, Flower flies are an abundant and critical com- plate 170 fig. 7, plate 171 fig. 1) and some males ponent of terrestrial ecosystems. They are found (Plate 169 fig. 5) dichoptic; three ocelli present; an- from northernmost Greenland to the subantarctic tenna short to elongate, with distinct scape, pedi- islands (South Georgia), with the greatest species cel, basoflagellomere, and apical style (Plate 167 richness in the Neotropics. As their common name fig. 1) or dorsal to subbasal arista (Fig. 3, plate 167 indicates, adults are flowers visitors. The immature figs 3-7); without head bristles, rarely with bristles feeding modes range from predaceous (feeding on on thorax (Cheilosia, Graptomyza, Ornidia and Volu- sternorrhynchous bugs), to wood borers, to aquatic cella); plumula (fringed posteroventral extension of filter-feeders and to specialized inquilines in social subalar sclerite) short to long, rarely absent. Wing hymenopteran colonies. These flies are favourites with large basal cells r, bm, and cup; with closed among amateurs, especially in Europe. apical cell (cell r4+5) (Figs 7-8, plate 172 figs 1-10); spurious vein usually present between radial and medial fields (absent in Graptomyza, Psilota, and Acronyms used in the text: Syritta flaviventris in the PSWNG area) (Plate 172 figs 7, 9); calypter usually well developed. Abdomen Is. – Island or islands; slender or petiolate (Plate 169 fig. 1) to elongate PSWNG – Phillippines, Solomon Islands, Wallacea, and (Plate 169 fig. 5) or oval (Plate 170 figs 1, 3). New Guinea. Third instar larvae (Figs 20-23) and puparia are easily recognized by the following combination of characters: anal segment bearing single, sclero- Diagnosis tized breathing tube; anus on anteroventral margin of anal segment, not separated from it by trans- Small to large flies (body length 4-25 mm). verse integumental fold; dorsum of prothorax with 501 TELNOV, D. et al. (eds) 2017: Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea, III longitudinal folds (inconspicuous in microdontines each group. and some syrphines). Because of the diverse life histories of flower Four basic forms of larvae exist: (1) Microdont- flies, they are of great importance. Adult flies are inae: mandibles at apex of head skeleton, bladelike beneficial pollinators (Ssymank & Kearns 2009; with serrated ventral margins. Larva hemispheric, Ssymank et al. 2009; Inouye et al. 2015), some be- with distinct lateral fringe (Fig. 20). Mesothorax, ing used for greenhouse pollination of flowers and prothorax, and mouthparts concealed in ventral seed-producing plants (Jarlan et al. 1997; Rader pocket of metathorax, which consequently forms et al. 2016). A number of the predaceous species anterior margin of larva. Anal segment and poste- are valuable biological control agents of plant pests rior respiratory process short. (2) Syrphinae and on agricultural crops (Tenhumberg & Poehling, Pipizinae: apex of head skeleton consists of elon- 1995; Bergh & Short 2008; Nelson et al. 2012), gated, thin, and tapered labrum and labium form- and phytophagous species (Cheilosia) have been ing black sclerotized upper and lower rods; man- used for weed control (Grosskopf 2005). Some of dibles thin and stylet-like and appear on each side the saprophagous species (Palpada, Ornidia) have of these rods. Anal segment and posterior respi- been used to recycle wastes from coffee and or- ratory process short. (3) Rhingiini and Merodon- ange juice production. In Europe, syrphids are used tini: mandibles also at apex of head skeleton but as ecological indicators to assess environmental hook-like in form and projecting from mouth. Anal quality (Sommaggio, 1999; Sommaggio & Burgio segment and posterior respiratory process usual- 2014). A few species (Eumerus and Merodon) are ly short. (4) Eristalinae, exclusive of Rhingiini and pests of ornamental flowers (Ben-Yakir et al. 1997; Merodontini: mandibles reduced and inconspicu- Tompsett 2002; Alford 2012), and occasionally ous. With specialized pouch-like structure, formed some eristaline species cause accidental myiasis from mandibles and their lobes. Anal segment usu- (Aguilera et al. 1999; Ferrer Bradley et al. 2010). ally elongate, extended, and partially retractile (Figs 22-23). Prolegs with crochets (Fig. 22), except in most eumerines and cheilosines and lacking in syr- Phylogenetic relationships phines, pipizines and microdontines. Syrphid flies are easily recognized by a combi- The monophyletic order Diptera is divided in nation of large basal cells (cells r, bm, and cup) with a series of groups but monophyly has only been a closed apical cell (cell r4+5) (Figs 7-8, plate 172 supported for a few of these groups, e.g. Cyclor- figs 1-10). A long spurious vein between the radial rhapha (Griffiths 1972; Stoffolano et al. 1988; and medial sectors is a useful diagnostic character, McAlpine 1989; Cumming et al. 1995; Melzer et but is not found in all species, and shorter spurious al. 1995; Wiegmann et al. 2003, 2011; Lambkin et veins are found in some Conopidae. al. 2013). Cyclorrhapha was previously divided into Schizophora and Aschiza, the latter now believed to be a paraphyletic grouping of families including Biology Pipunculidae and Syrphidae (Collins & Wiegmann 2002; Moulton & Wiegmann 2004, 2007; Wieg- Most syrphid flies visit flowers, and many are mann et al. 2011; Young et al. 2016). Syrphidae pollinators, although the microdontines (Cheng & has long been considered to be the sister group to Thompson 2008) are only found in association with Pipunculidae, forming the superfamily Syrphoidea ant colonies. Males hover or rest near flowers and/ (e.g. Brauer 1883; Hennig 1948; Griffiths 1972; or breeding sites awaiting females. Syrphid larvae McAlpine 1989; Cumming et al. 1995; Skevington have a wide range of niches. Saprophages occur & Yeates 2000; Rotheray & Gilbert 2008), and both in all types of wet environments, from tree sap to were suggested to be the sister group of Schizopho- bromeliads, decaying plant parts, and specialized ra. But recent morphological (Tachi 2014) and niches such as the refuse dumps of Atta leaf-cutter molecular analyses (Collins & Wiegmann 2002; ants. Predatory species also vary in the niches oc- Moulton & Wiegmann 2004; Wiegmann et al. cupied. Some live concealed in ant nests, attacking 2011; Young et al. 2016) resolve Pipunculidae as the early stages of ants or other myrmecophiles. the sister group of Schizophora, depicting Syrphoi- Many syrphines live on plants, attacking colonial dea as paraphyletic. insects such as sternorrhynchous Hemiptera. Giv- The family Syrphidae has traditionally been en this diversity, we have included in the synopsis divided into three subfamilies: Microdontinae, Eri- below more specific information on the biology of stalinae and Syrphinae (Vockeroth & Thompson 502 THOMPSON, F.C., MENGUAL, X., YOUNG, A.D. & SKEVINGSTON, J.H.: Flower flies of Philippines, Solomon Islands, Wallacea ... (Plates 167-172) 1987). Nevertheless, the pipizines, a tribe of histor- mostly on adult morphological characters and lar- ically uncertain placement (Vujić et al. 2013), has val biology (Vockeroth 1969, 1992; Thompson recently been elevated to subfamilial level (Men- 1972a; Thompson & Rotheray 1998). However, gual et al. 2015). Current tribal classification, with character evidence from the immature stages sup- 15 recognized tribes, has not been generally ac- ports a slightly different view (Rotheray & Gilbert cepted or fully supported by molecular characters 1999; Katzourakis et al. 2001), and new data from (Mengual et al. 2008, 2015; Young et al. 2016). molecular sequences when used in a total evidence Microdontinae is resolved as sister to the rest analysis strongly suggest that neither immature of the family in most phylogenetic analyses (Thomp- nor adult characters provide a complete picture of son 1969; Skevington & Yeates 2000; Ståhls