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H. C. Andersens Mottagande I Danmark Från 1830 Till 1870 En Läsarorienterad Studie Av Det Litterära Fältet

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H. C. Andersens Mottagande I Danmark Från 1830 Till 1870 En Läsarorienterad Studie Av Det Litterära Fältet H. C. ANDERSENS MOTTAGANDE I DANMARK FRÅN 1830 TILL 1870 EN LÄSARORIENTERAD STUDIE AV DET LITTERÄRA FÄLTET Aantal woorden: 20.323 Marthe Vandenbussche Studentennummer: 01401342 Promotor: Prof. dr. Sophie Wennerscheid Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de taal- en letterkunde, talencombinatie Engels-Scandinavistiek Academiejaar: 2017 - 2018 i Förord Masteruppsatsens ämne är inspirerad av min bacheloruppsats, ”Hans Christian Andersens ’Prindsessen paa Ærten’: utvalda engelska översättningar från 1846 till 2005” (2016-2017), som handlade om Hans Christian Andersens mottagande i den engelskspråkiga världen. I år valde jag att fokusera på Hans Christian Andersens mottagande i Danmark under hans livstid. Ämnet var utmanande men också intressant och lärorikt. Mitt största tack går till min handledare prof. dr. Sophie Wennerscheid som bistod mig med råd och dåd så att jag kunde komma fram till nya insikter om ämnet. Till slut vill jag också tacka prof. dr. Daan Vandenhaute som hjälpte mig att hitta en svensk översättning och sammanfattning av Pierre Bourdieus verk. Gent, maj 2018 iii Innehållsförteckning FÖRORD ............................................................................................................................... i KAPITEL 1. INLEDNING ................................................................................................ 1 1. SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNING ............................................................................................... 1 2. TIDIGARE FORSKNING ........................................................................................................... 3 3. DISPOSITION .......................................................................................................................... 5 KAPITEL 2. TEORI .......................................................................................................... 9 1. HANS ROBERT JAUSS’ RECEPTIONSESTETIK ......................................................................... 9 2. PIERRE BOURDIEUS KULTURELLA FÄLT .............................................................................. 12 KAPITEL 3. MATERIAL OCH METOD ..................................................................... 15 1. MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................... 15 2. METOD ................................................................................................................................. 17 KAPITEL 4. ANALYS .................................................................................................... 19 1. H. C. ANDERSENS DEBUT PÅ DET LITTERÄRA FÄLTET ........................................................ 19 2. JOHAN L. HEIBERG OCH KRITIKEN MOT H. C. ANDERSENS PJÄSER .................................... 22 2.1. Johan L. Heiberg som makthavare på teaterns fält ..................................................... 22 2.2. Johan L. Heiberg som kritiker i den kungliga teatern................................................. 24 2.2.1. Kritik mot Maurerpigen (1840) ........................................................................................... 24 2.2.2. Kritik mot Hr. Rasmussen (1846) ........................................................................................ 25 2.3. Förväntningar och strategier ....................................................................................... 27 iv 3. CHRISTIAN MOLBECH OCH KRITIKEN MOT H. C. ANDERSENS SAGOR ................................ 28 3.1. Christian Molbechs ställning på det litterära fältet ..................................................... 28 3.2. Christian Molbech som kritiker .................................................................................. 30 3.2.1. Kritik mot Digte (1830) ....................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2. Kritik mot Aarets tolv Maaneder (1832) och Samlede Digte (1833) .................................. 32 3.3. Demoraliserande och skadliga sagor .......................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Kritik mot Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Første Hefte (maj 1835) ................ 33 3.3.2. Kritik mot Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Andet Hefte (dec. 1835) ................ 34 3.4. Andersens reaktion och försvar .................................................................................. 35 3.4.1. ”Grantræet” (1845) ............................................................................................................ 36 3.4.2. Carl Baggers recension av Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Første Hefte ........ 36 3.4.3. Orla Lehmanns recension av Eventyr, fortalte for Børn ..................................................... 37 3.4.4. Peder Ludvig Møllers ”Til min lille Broder (Med Andersens Æventyr)” ........................... 38 4. GEORG BRANDES’ ”H. C. ANDERSEN SOM EVENTYRDIGTER” (1869) ................................ 39 4.1. Andersens väg till framgång ....................................................................................... 39 4.2. Det moderna genombrottet ......................................................................................... 41 4.2.1. Der skal Mod til at have Talent .......................................................................................... 43 4.3. Georg Brandes som kritiker ........................................................................................ 45 KAPITEL 5. SLUTSATS ................................................................................................. 49 1. SAMMANFATTNING ............................................................................................................. 49 2. UPPSATSENS BEGRÄNSNINGAR OCH FÖRSLAG TILL VIDARE FORSKNING ........................... 52 LITTERATURLISTA ....................................................................................................... 55 PRIMÄRA KÄLLOR ........................................................................................................................ 55 H. C. Andersens danska verk................................................................................................... 55 Recensioner ............................................................................................................................. 55 SEKUNDÄRA KÄLLOR ................................................................................................................... 55 1 Kapitel 1. Inledning 1. Syfte och frågeställning Författaren Hans Christian Andersen (2 april 1805 – 4 augusti 1875) föddes i Odense, Danmark, som en fattig pojke men mot slutet av sitt liv var han och hans litterära verk känd i nästan hela Europa och i en del av Förenta staterna. Hur han etablerade sig i den litterära världen var en lång och komplicerad process som jag kommer att analysera. I dag känner vi Andersen framför allt för hans sagor men han skrev också många dikter, pjäser, reseskildringar, självbiografier och romaner. Det var Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851), fysiker och kemist men också en fadersfigur för den berömda författaren, som sammanfattade Andersens litterära karriär på ett bra sätt. Jag citerar ur ett brev från mars 1835 där Andersen redogör för sin väninna, Henriette Wulff, hur Ørsted upphöjde hans verk. Enligt Jens Andersens biografi, Andersen: en biografi (2003), hade den danska författaren vid denna tidpunkt precis publicerat sin roman Improvisatoren och hans första sagosamling var på gång.1 Hans Christian Andersen berättar: ”Dernæst skrevet nogle Eventyr for Børn, om hvilke Ørsted siger, at naar Improvisatoren gjør mig berømt, gjør Eventyrene mig udødelig.”2 Ørsteds förutsägelse gick i uppfyllelse: romanen gjorde Andersen berömd men hans sagor gjorde honom odödlig. Men så fort och direkt som Andersen här framställer det gick det ändå inte. Olika danska kritiker och författare bedömde Andersens verk negativa och det tog tid innan han etablerade sig som vedertagen författare i Danmark. Uppsatsens syfte är därför att analysera Andersens mottagande och etablering i den danska litterära världen från 1830 till 1870 med särskilt hänsyn till de danska kritikerna som bedömde hans verk. Med andra ord kommer jag att fokusera på olika viktiga recensioner och personer som bidrog till Andersens mottagande och framgång. Andersens mottagande som författare har varit ett populärt forskningsämne fram till i dag. Först och främst vill jag framhäva vikten av de många biografierna som skrevs över Andersens liv eftersom de är oumbärliga i forskningen om Andersens mottagande i den litterära världen. En av de första biografiförfattare som skrev om Andersen var Helge Topsøe-Jensen. Denna viktiga Andersenforskare publicerade bland annat Mit eget Eventyr uden Digtning. En Studie over H. C. Andersen som Selvbiograf (1940) och denna bok har 1 J. Andersen, 2005, 417. Jens Andersen är en dansk författare och biograf som skrev boken Andersen: en biografi (2003). Jag hänvisar i min forskning till Tiina Nunnallys engelska översättning Hans Christian Andersen: A New Life (2005). 2 Brev, från H. C. Andersen till Henriette Wulff, 16 mars 1835. Alla brev som jag anför i min masteruppsats hämtade jag från H. C. Andersen Centrets brevsamling: http://andersen.sdu.dk/brevbase/ 2 varit viktigt för all vidare forskning kring Andersen. Även den namnkunniga forskaren Elias Bredsdorff, som framför allt forskade om Andersens mottagande i England och Amerika, skrev i förordet
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