The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500-1648 Bridget Heal Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87103-7 - The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500-1648 Bridget Heal Index More information

Index

Albrecht V, duke of Bavaria (1550–79), 78, Marian confraternities in, 161–2 189, 196, 199, 241 Marian images in, 10, 118–24, 162–88 Altötting(Bavaria), 36, 134, 155, 160, 187, Marian liturgy in, 32, 125–6, 151–5 188, 189, 190, 194, 203, 206, 272, 277 Marian pilgrimage in, 137, 155–61 Amberg (Upper Palatinate), 146, 201 Protestant Reformation in, 117–18, 130–2 Amberger, Christoph, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, renewal of Marian piety in after 1548, 168, 170, 183, 206 149–62 Anne, mother of Mary, 24, 28, 31, 32, 55, 65, SS Ulrich and Afra, 15, 118, 152, 154, 163, 70, 82, 161, 185, 264–5, 301 166, 168, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 179, antiphons, Marian, 39, 86–7, 158. See also 180, 186, 187, 206 Salve Regina, Regina Caeli St Anna, 2, 83, 120–2, 132, 298 anti-Semitism and Marian devotion, 40–5, Augsburg Confession (1530), 17, 53, 60, 131, 135–6 141, 143, 147, 197, 210, 284, 292 art collections and Marian imagery, 77–80, Ave Maria, 40, 191, 230, 241, 254 122–4, 186–8, 234–6 Erasmus’ translation of, 52 Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 20, 24, 33, 90, Luther’s translation of, 62–3 184, 200, 201, 256, 270 Protestant teaching on, 55, 62, 87, 134 feast day of, 1, 25, 26, 27, 33, 60, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 126, 137, 138, 153, 206, 227, 290, Bavaria, 7, 12, 15, 19, 98, 118, 149, 155, 157, 291 160, 171, 188, 197, 199, 204, 206, 207, images of, 2, 103, 121, 177, 180, 183, 193, 213, 215, 245, 276 197, 236, 237, 239, 240 Marian devotion in, 2, 20, 36, 134, 156, Protestant teaching on, 56, 59 189–94, 236, 251, 272, 277, 304 Augsburg, 2, 11, 20, 31, 40, 45, 77, 79, 83, 88, Baxandall, Michael, 10 116–41, 146, 148, 149–88, 199, 202, 203, Beham, Barthel, 97, 98 206, 212, 216, 237, 250, 256, 260, 265, Belting, Hans, 107, 108, 109 271, 281, 283, 288, 291, 294, 303, 304–6 blasphemy against the Virgin, 87–8, 126–8, baptism records in, 139–40 134–9, 221–3 bishops of, 15. See also Christoph von Brandenburg, electorate of, 81–2, 85, 143, Stadion, Heinrich V von Knöringen,Otto 144, 146, 305 Truchseß von Waldburg Brenz, Johannes, 59, 61 confessional conflict in, 132–41 Breslau (Silesia), 104, 105 history of, 14–18 Breu, Jörg, 118 iconoclasm in, 117–19 Bruyn, Bartholomäusthe Elder, 229 Loreto Chapel (Kobel), 156–8, 162, 203, Bucer, Martin, 16, 119, 126, 128, 129, 130, 305 194, 209 Maria Hilf (Lechfeld), 137, 158–61, 203, Bugenhagen, Johannes, 80, 84 305 Bullinger, Heinrich, 4, 24, 53, 59, 128 Marian blasphemy in, 126–8, 134–9 Bushart, Bruno, 168

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87103-7 - The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500-1648 Bridget Heal Index More information

334 Index

Bynum, Caroline Walker, 266, 270, 273, 276, Marian blasphemy in, 221–3, 283 277, 278, 293 Marian confraternities in, 26, 39, 220, 225, 226, 227, 246–7, 250–60, 270, 290 Calvin, Jean, 4, 5, 24, 53, 58, 140, 144, 194, Marian images in, 10, 32, 34, 216–21, 306 223–40, 241–3, 251–2, 258, 269, 271, Calvinist Reformations within the Holy 272 Roman Empire, 141–6 Marian liturgy in, 32 Candid, Peter, 173, 174, 183, 186, 193 Milan Madonna, 36, 244, 245, 248 Candlemas. See Purification of the Virgin patron saints of, 216–19 Mary, feast day of printing in, 240–3 Canisius, Peter, 149, 150, 241, 254 processions in, 226–8 De Maria Virgine incomparabili (1577), Protestantism and, 208–10 148, 150, 157, 189, 271, 304 St Laurenz, 1, 37, 44, 223–5, 227, 278 exorcism at Altötting, 134, 155–6, 188, 189, St Maria im Kapitol, 26, 38, 39, 219–21, 206, 272 226, 227, 228, 229, 250, 251, 252, 255, in Augsburg, 17, 133, 149, 150, 151, 157, 260 185, 188, 199 Cologne War (1583–6), 204, 210 in Cologne, 214 confessionalization, 7–8, 20, 207, 212 Marian devotion of, 150, 157, 202, 268, confraternities, Marian, 39–40, 161–2, 220, 271, 304, 306 244, 250–60, 279–81. See also Jesuits, Chaix, Gérald, 212, 236 Marian sodalities Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56), Conrad, Anne, 281 12, 14, 16, 38, 104, 105, 117, 121, 126, Copper, Francis, 253, 254 131, 166, 170, 221, 240, 304 Coreth, Anna, 3 Marian devotion of, 194 Coster, Franz, 248, 253, 254 Châtellier, Louis, 161, 251, 255 Council of Trent, 148, 151, 152, 162, 163, 212, Chemnitz, Martin, 285 213, 225 childbirth, 268, 272, 275, 276, 287, 291 Cranach, Lucas, 9, 78, 79, 81, 83, 94, 95, 99, Christ blessing the children, 301 122, 158, 187, 266, 268, 298, 301 Christ replacing Mary in Protestant piety, 292–301 Danzig (Gdańsk), 145, 146, 147, 305, 306 Christoph von Stadion, bishop of Augsburg devotio moderna, 46–7, 236 (1517–43), 52, 130, 149 Dietrich, Veit, 62, 85, 86, 110, 293 churching of new mothers, 268, 275, 287. Dillingen a. d. Donau, 15, 16, 150, 152, 153, See also Purification of the Virgin 163, 170, 200, 212 Mary Dixon, Scott, 6, 89 Clairvaux, Bernard of, 25, 277 Dombild Meister Cologne, 2, 11, 19, 21, 27, 31, 39, 45, 162, Adoration of the Magi (altarpiece of the 207–61, 273, 275, 278, 279, 280, 281, Cologne city patrons), 44, 219 302, 303, 306 Dominicans, 39, 40, 41, 161, 177, 179, 188, anti-Semitism and Marian devotion in, 44 214, 252, 258, 273, 279 archbishop-electors of, 18–19, 211, 213. See Donauwörth, 128, 193 also Ferdinand von Bayern, Gebhard Düfel, Hans, 3, 4 Truchseß von Waldburg, Hermann von Dürer, Albrecht, 10, 32, 78, 79, 92, 98, 109, Wied 264 archbishopric of, 7 Catholic reform in, 211–15 Ebner, Margaretha von, 273 civic devotion to the Virgin in, 216–21 Edict of Restitution (1629), 14, 17, 139, 152, confraternities, 26, 38, 39–40 179, 196, 243, 294 Gottestracht, 37, 38, 216, 221, 226 Einsiedeln, 55, 156, 222 Hausmadonnen in, 230–4 Eisengrein, Martin, 155, 156 history of, 18–20, 208–15 Erasmus, Desiderius, 23, 24, 46, 47–53, 54, Immaculate Conception in, 243–4 61, 63, 306, 307 MariäHimmelfahrt (Jesuit church), 197, Apologies, 49, 51–2, 275 201, 236, 237, 239–40 Colloquies, 23, 49, 51

Index 335

Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1504), Charles V, Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III, 51, 52 Maximilian I Liturgy of the Virgin Mother Venerated at Haller, Martin, 136, 137, 140 Loreto (1523/1525), 49, 51 Hauer, Georg, 262, 263, 268, 271, 282, 289, Paean in Honour of the Virgin Mother 302, 306 (1503), 47, 48, 285 Heinrich V von Kn¨oringen,bishop of A Pilgrimage for Religion’s Sake (1526), Augsburg, 133, 152, 158 49, 50, 52 Hermann von Wied, archbishop-elector of Prayer of Supplication to Mary (1503), 47, Cologne (1515–47), 19, 209, 212, 214, 48 225 The Shipwreck (1523), 49, 51 Hohndorff, Andreas, 6, 287 Eve, 236, 262, 268, 272, 283 Holbein, Hans the Elder, 119, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 269 fatherhood, 269–70, 277–8, 292–4 Holy Family, 97, 239, 264, 266, 271, 272, feast days, Marian, 6, 25–6, 37, 83–6, 89–90, 290 151–4. See also Assumption, Immaculate Holy Kindred, 31, 82, 94, 120, 151, 264–8, Conception, Puriﬁcation 284, 290, 301 Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Huberinus, Caspar, 286 (1619–37), 3, 17, 136, 152, 193, 196, Hulsman, Johann, 237, 239 200, 204, 213, 243 humanism and Marian devotion, 47–52 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor hymns, Marian, 90–1, 283, 286, 294–7 (1637–57), 3, 194 Marian devotion of, 196 iconoclasm, 8, 11, 49, 70, 92, 97, 99, 102, 130, Ferdinand von Bayern, archbishop-elector of 142, 143, 144, 146, 160, 193, 201, 307 Cologne (1612–50), 20, 213, 214, 215, in Augsburg, 117–19, 128–31, 162, 163, 217, 239, 243, 244, 245, 255, 258 168, 183, 305 festivals, Marian. See feast days, Marian in Cologne, 221 Fisher, Alexander, 154, 183 in Nuremberg, 102, 103 Forster, Johannes, 130 idolatry, 5, 54, 56, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 110, Forster, Marc, 6, 7, 21, 76, 131, 140, 168 115, 117, 118, 119, 129, 143, 144, 145, Franciscans, 15, 25, 130, 177, 214, 241, 243, 146, 147, 228 244, 277 Marian devotion as, 3, 5, 9, 53, 54, 59, 60, Fran¸cois,Etienne, 20 63, 64, 71, 94, 102, 110–14, 225, 245, Fugger, house of, 2, 15, 16, 121, 149, 155, 298, 304 184, 186, 188, 272 women’s, 274, 275 Marian devotion of, 123, 133, 151, 157, Imhof, Regina, 158 162, 172–9, 185, 188, 189, 305 Imhoff, Willibald, 78, 109 support for Jesuits, 17, 157, 189, 199, 215 Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Fugger, Octavian Secundus, 123, 172, 186–8, 25–6, 184, 190, 196, 200, 236, 243–4, 199 248, 256, 261, 271, 272, 304 Erasmus on, 48 Gebhard Truchseß von Waldburg, feast day of, 152–3, 191, 196, 206, 243 archbishop-elector of Cologne images of, 31, 172, 177, 186, 187, 196, 206, (1577–83), 19, 210, 213, 254 241, 272 Gedicke, Simon, 144, 146 Protestant teaching on, 56, 58, 59, 130 Goldtwurm, Caspar, 59, 60, 284 Interim of Augsburg (1548), 14, 16, 131, Grumbach, Argula von, 288, 289 133 Gumppenberg, Wilhelm von, 157 Isaac, Stephan, 37, 225, 228, 245, 275, 276 Atlas Marianus, 157, 200, 203 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden Jesuits , 7, 8, 21, 22, 123, 134, 142, 147, 148, (1611–32), 14, 18, 133 150, 152, 157, 172, 186, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 241, 260, 271, 277, 281, Habermas, Rebekka, 277, 278 304, 306. See also Canisius, Peter, Habsburg, house of, 3–4, 18, 104, 133, 194, Gumppenberg, Wilhelm von 196, 202, 207, 246, 260, 272. See also drama, 200–2, 239, 248

336 Index

Jesuits (cont.) on images, 10, 83, 91–3, 97, 142–3, 298 in Augsburg, 17, 20, 117, 121, 122, 132, on Marian feast days, 83–4, 86, 91, 290 133, 153, 155, 157, 172, 185, 189, 199, on Marian images, 55–6, 93–4, 103 213, 303, 305, 306 on proper Marian veneration, 60–3, 291 in Austria, 200 on traditional Marian doctrines, 56–7, 58–9, in Bavaria, 190, 194, 196, 199–200 63, 283 in Cologne, 20, 207, 212, 213, 214–15, 226, on women and Mary, 282–90, 303 228, 236, 239–40, 241, 243, 245, 306 Personal Prayer Book (1522), 62 in Pfalz-Neuburg, 197 Lutheran defences of Marian imagery, 145–6 Marian sodalities, 2, 3, 150, 155, 161, 251, Lynnerie, Margareta, 273, 281, 302 253–5, 271, 280–1, 303 Joachim, father of Mary, 24, 28, 31, 65, 151, MacCulloch, Diarmaid, 5, 6, 49, 58, 145 265 Mack, Phyllis, 269 Joseph, husband of Mary, 24, 31, 32, 79, 151, Magnificat, 24, 62, 87, 91, 283 152, 187, 222, 271 Mallinckrodt, Rebekka von, 209, 250, 251, Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, bishop of 255, 256, 260 Würzburg (1573–1617), 199 Mariazell (Styria), 196, 202 Master of the Holy Kindred, 34 Kager, Matthias, 177, 183, 184, 191, 206 Matheson, Peter, 289 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 92, 97, Maximilian I, duke and elector of Bavaria 102, 103 (1598–1651), 3, 14, 20, 153, 189, 196, Keller, Michael, 16, 118, 119, 130, 131 201–2, 204, 213, 239, 240, 304 Kempis, Thomas à, 46–7, 53 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Imitatio Christi, 46, 47 (1493–1519), 34, 36, 41, 164, 166, 170, Keysersberg, Johann Geiler von, 33 221 Koepplin, Dieter, 301 Mayr, Paulus, 163, 168, 170, 183, 206 Koerner, Joseph Leo, 108, 143 Medici, Marie de’, 245, 248 Kolb, Robert, 6, 9, 109, 284, 292 Meisterlin, Sigmund, 43, 52 Kraft, Adam, 73, 264 Melanchthon, Philip, 53, 54, 56, 60, 89, 94, Krauss, Ulrich 209, 225, 284, 285, 292 1685 engraving of Nuremberg’s men’s relationship with the Virgin Mary, 262, Lorenzkirche, 72 269–70, 271, 273, 276–8 1696 engraving of Nuremberg’s Merici, Angela, 281 Frauenkirche, 27, 64–70 Militzer, Klaus, 219, 252 Kreitzer, Beth, 5, 6, 59, 285, 288 Molitor, Hansgeorg, 212 Mollen, Christoff, 134 Lanfranco, Giovanni, 177, 183, 184, 206, 237 More, Thomas, 274 Lansemann, Robert, 6, 84 motherhood, 264–76, 277–8, 287, 292–4 Lepanto, Battle of (1571), 158, 201, 202, 206, Munich, 172, 188, 189, 190, 193, 196, 199, 258, 272, 304 203, 204, 219, 239, 251, 262, 271 litanies, Marian, 38, 150, 155, 156, 157, 158, Musculus, Wolfgang, 16, 130, 131 162, 189, 190, 197, 239, 271, 272 Lochner, Stefan. See Dombild Meister Nischan, Bodo, 143, 144, 147 Loetz, Francisca, 134, 292 Nuremberg, 2, 11, 26, 37, 38, 45, 60, 62, 64, Loreto, 2, 49, 150, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 82, 90, 98, 109, 110, 114, 140, 146, 188, 162, 187, 188, 189, 196, 200, 239 215, 250, 270, 273, 289, 293, 294, 295, Loyola, Ignatius, 47, 200, 226, 271 303, 305 Lübeck, 80, 83, 141, 147, 305 1533 church order, 13–14, 85 Luther, Martin, 4, 5, 14, 31, 48, 53–63, 89, 90, 1560/61 church visitation, 102, 111–14, 275 95, 108, 115, 121, 128, 132, 262, 291, anti-Semitism and Marian devotion in, 43 292, 293, 294, 298, 301, 305, 306, Frauenkirche, 27, 31, 32, 37, 43, 45, 64, 65, 307 70, 71, 72, 99, 106, 107, 110, 265 Commentary on the Magnificat (1521), 4, Hausmadonnen in, 76 54, 62, 93, 283, 284 history of, 12–14 criticism of Mary’s cult, 3, 52, 54–5, 86, 298 iconoclasm in, 102–3

Index 337

Lorenzkirche, 13, 38, 72, 74, 86, 90, 103, Raiffinger, Abraham, 137, 138, 139, 140 106, 264, 278, 297 Rasmussen, Jörg, 119, 129, 168 Marian blasphemy in, 87–8 Regensburg, 5, 36, 41, 43, 45, 133, 157, 194, Marian feast days in, 27, 85–6, 89–90, 290 277, 304 Marian images in, 23, 64–80, 99, 141, 264 Regina Caeli, 39, 55, 86, 155 persistence of Marian piety in rural territory, Reinhard, Wolfgang, 7, 20, 207 9, 111–14, 302 Roeck, Bernd, 139, 140 preservation of Marian liturgy in, 85–7, Roper, Lyndal, 263, 288 106–7 rosary confraternity, 40, 161, 252, 253, 256, preservation of religious art in, 64–80, 92, 258, 279–80 93, 103–9, 130 rosary devotion, 1, 23, 25, 36, 40, 46, 70, 82, relationship with Holy Roman Emperor, 83, 188, 194, 203, 241, 246, 256, 261, 104–7 276, 279 Sebalduskirche, 13, 38, 72, 90, 91, 106, in Augsburg, 123, 124–5, 135, 136, 188 297 in Bavaria, 3, 191 in Cologne, 254, 256–8 Oberman, Heiko, 5 in Nuremberg, 66, 70, 74, 78, 104, 110 Oecolampadius, Johannes, 58, 103, 128 Protestant criticism of, 55, 304 Oettinger, Rebecca Wagner, 90, 294, 295 Rottenhammer, Hans, 177, 180, 183, 184 Opitz, Claudia, 269, 276 Rubens, Peter Paul, 177, 183, 184, 206, 237, Osiander, Andreas, 13, 14, 60, 72, 74, 93, 103 240 Otto Truchseß von Waldburg, bishop of Rublack, Ulinka, 269 Augsburg (1543–73), 16, 131, 133, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 157, 171, 210, 212, Sachs, Hans, 90, 294 213, 215, 304 Salve Regina, 38, 39, 55, 86, 90, 91, 106, 107, 220, 227, 251, 252, 260, 262, 282, 294, Passau (Maria Hilf), 158–60 297 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 14, 17, 120, 131, Schaffner, Martin, 34, 269, 298 132, 210, 300 Scherpenheuvel (southern Netherlands), 245–8 Peters, Christine, 21, 270, 275, 276, 277, 282, Schilling, Heinz, 20, 132, 208, 212 289 Schimmelpfennig, Reintraud, 4 Peutinger, Conrad, 16, 123, 186, 188 Schnabels, Ida, 281 Pfalz-Neuburg, duchy of, 82, 197, 200 Schön,Erhard, 40, 67, 92 pilgrimage, Marian, 36, 137, 155–61, 187, 199, Schreiner, Klaus, 268, 276 203–6, 244–50, 274–6, 277–8. See also Schuler, Johannes, 52, 96 Altötting, Augsburg (Marian pilgrimage Schutzmantelchristus, 297–8 in), Einsiedeln, Loreto, Mariazell, Passau, Schwarz, Christoph, 172, 173, 174, 183, 187, Regensburg, Scherpenheuvel 271 humanist criticism of, 50–1 Scribner, R. W., 9, 10, 19, 26, 76, 210, 211 in Lutheran territories, 111–14 Smith, Jeffrey Chipps, 170 Lutheran criticism of, 55 Soergel, Philip, 204, 206 Pirckheimer, Caritas, 289 Spanish Netherlands, Marian devotion in, Plenck, Jakob, 256, 258 246–50 Plickner, Marx, 88 Spengler, Lazarus, 13, 78 Porta, Conrad, 286 Sprenger, Jakob, 39, 40, 252, 258, 280 processions, Marian, 26, 37–8, 99–100, 154–5, St Ursula, 19, 157, 189, 216, 217, 219, 225, 226–8 275, 281, 282 Protoevangelium of James, 24 Stoß, Veit, 73, 103, 106, 109 providence, 291–2 Angelic Salutation, 74–6 purgatory, 40, 137, 253, 256, 291, 292 Strasbourg, 11, 16, 32, 105, 110, 116, 120, Purification of the Virgin Mary, 268–9. See 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 134, 214, 283, also churching 284, 288 feast day of, 1, 25, 26, 27, 60, 84, 85, 89, 90, Strauss, Gerald, 89, 105, 110 126, 153, 226, 268, 276, 287 Strecker, Freya, 164, 170 Protestant teaching on, 61, 287 Surius, Laurentius, 216, 241

338 Index

Tappolet, Walter, 4 suffering of, 32, 270. See also Mater Thirty Years War, 2, 3, 14, 17, 20, 21, 117, dolorosa, pieta`, sorrows of 120, 133, 136, 147, 149, 157, 158, 160, Virgin of Mercy (Schutzmantelmadonna), 189, 191, 193–4, 196, 203, 219, 243, 245, 34, 36, 56, 65–6, 103, 229, 258, 265, 269, 247, 254, 255 298 Augsburg during, 17–18, 157–8 Vischer, Christoph, 289, 291 Cologne during, 20 Voragine, Jacobus de, 25, 31, 47 Nuremberg during, 14 Thomas, Keith, 291 Ward, Mary, 281 Toussyn, Johann, 240, 247 Warner, Marina, 263 Tuntenhausen (Bavaria), 36, 190, 204 Welser family, 15, 16, 27–31, 65, 123, 157, 186, 188, 265 Ursulines . See Merici, Angela White Mountain, Battle of (1620), 3, 141, 193, 194, 196, 202, 206, 272, 304 Virgin Mary. See also Assumption, Wiesner, Merry, 263, 288 Immaculate Conception, Purification Wilhelm V, duke of Bavaria (1579–98), 172, as a housemother, 22, 282, 284–90, 189, 190, 197, 199, 213 306 Wittelsbach, house of, 3–4, 19, 20, 134, 171, as an example of grace and faith, 60–3 184, 189, 191, 194, 199, 207, 210, 213, as the Woman of the Apocalypse, 28–31, 215, 236, 239, 243, 251, 260. See also 65, 172, 187, 191, 224, 241, 243, 272 Albrecht V, Ferdinand von Bayern, clothing and crowning images of, 36–7, 71, Maximilian I (duke), Wilhelm V 99, 102, 160, 223–6, 278–9 Wolfart, Bonifacius, 16, 130 coronation of, 33, 65, 70, 82, 103, 145, 177, Wolfgang Wilhelm, count of Pfalz-Neuburg 180, 183, 184, 185, 193, 240 (1614–53), 197, 200 images of, 27–37, 55–6, 64–83, 93–102, women’s devotion to the Virgin Mary, 21–2, 162–88, 264–71 113, 245, 262–90 imitating the virtues of, 51, 60, 273–4, Würzburg, 199 284–7 intercession of, 32–40, 50, 53–5, 56, 160, Zeeden, Ernst Walter, 20 203–6, 269–72, 290–1 Zeindelweber, Georg, 124, 135, 136, 139, 140 life of, 24–5 Zell, Katharina Schütz, 288, 289, 293 Mater dolorosa, 32 Ziegler, Walter, 7 motherhood of, 32–4, 264–71, 283–4 Zitzlsperger, Ulrike, 288 pagan gods and, 48, 50, 53 Zurich, 86, 104, 116, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, perpetual virginity of, 32, 43, 48, 56, 57, 131, 134, 292 58, 63, 91, 128, 144, 145, 223, 268, Zwingli, Huldrych, 4, 16, 17, 54, 103, 129, 269 131, 286, 292, 293 pieta` (Vesperbild), 32, 36, 123, 221, on images, 11, 129 270 on the Immaculate Conception, 59 sorrows of, 32, 70, 151, 246, 248, 255, on Marian devotion, 5, 55, 57–8, 60, 61, 62, 270 63, 128 standing on sickle moon, 28 on Marian feast days, 125