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Microsoft Word Placesofthereformation Doc Places of the Reformation by John L. Hoh Jr. Copyediting by Barbara Bell Cover Design by Bert Markgraf © 2004 Suite101.com and Individual Authors All Rights Reserved ISBN: 1-894781-98-8 Published December 2004 by Suite101.com Table of Contents • Introduction • Eisenach • Wartburg Castle • Eisleben--Where Luther Entered and Exited This World • Wittenberg • Luther at the Diet of Worms • Augsburg: Where Lutherans Took a Stand • The Diet at Augsburg • Defenestration of Prague Introduction History happens in time and in places. What places were affected or had an effect on the Reformation? What was the geopolitical landscape like at the time of the Reformation? This book will feature articles looking at the places of note in the Reformation. Not only do they look at the role the place had in Reformation history but the place’s history as well, and sometimes its effect on modern times. Come along with me on a journey to Germany as we explore "Lutherland" and maybe— just maybe—we can hear history whisper to us about distant events and giant people long gone. And maybe you might just want to take a pilgrimage to these sites yourself. Unless otherwise noted, information for these articles was gleaned from Luther and His Times: The Reformation from a New Perspective by Ernest G. Schwiebert (Concordia Publishing House; May 1, 1950; ISBN: 0570032466). Eisenach Nestling between the gently rolling hills of the Thuringian Forest Eisenach is located in Thüringen (Thuringia), the German state bordering Sachsen-Anhalt. Its history includes religious, political, and musical figures. The town is probably best known for the Wartburg Castle. The castle was the stomping grounds for feudal knights, the home of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, and a hideout for Martin Luther after his excommunication. Martin Luther went to school in Eisenach during part of his childhood. In an even earlier irony, Luther’s mother, Margarethe, nee Ziegler, was born and raised in Eisenach. No doubt the presence of relatives weighed heavily in Hans and Margarethe Luther’s decision to send their son to the school in 1498. The other factor may have been that ten percent of the population of 4000 belonged to the clergy. Here Luther learned advanced grammar, rhetoric (public speaking), and poetry for three years. Although this curriculum was to prepare Luther for the legal profession, it would serve him well in the ministry. It was in Eisenach that Luther stayed at the famed Frau Cotta home. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach. The house where he was born is marked, and there is a memorial to him near the Fischmarkt. The birthplace of Johann Sebastian Bach at the foot of the Wartburg is not just a charming place to visit, but was also the home of the Bach family for many years. The famous Wartburg Castle overlooks Eisenach from the top of the mountain (Luther translated the New Testament into German here). Bach visited the same Eisenacher Georgenschule (also called Eisenach's Lateinschule) as Luther did about 190 years before. Johan Sebastian's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach (1645-1695), twin brother of Johann Christoph, lived here since 1671 as string player, town piper and court trumpeter, that is as a higher ranking city musician. In 1668, he married Elisabeth Lämmerhirt (1644-1694) from Erfurt, who also grew up in a musical family. Johann Sebastian was born as their eighth child on 21 March 1685. His two godfathers, who gave their name to the child, were Sebastian Nagel, town piper of Gotha, and Johann Georg Koch, a ducal forrester in Eisenach. Johann Sebastian was baptized in the Georgenkirche (St. George's church). The baptismal entry is dated 23 March 1685. The official Bachhaus at Frauenplan 21, now a museum, is no longer believed to be Johann Sebastian's birthplace. A more likely candidate is a place at Lutherstrasse, where most of the house from Bach's time disappeared. The Bach family was one of several traditional families of musicians, who were often organized along guilde lines and who earned their living as town musicians, organists, and cantors. The family had produced musicians for several generations. Some of them, in particular Johann Ambrosius's cousins Johann Michael and Johann Christoph (the family had somewhat monotonous naming habits), had become composers of fame. Johann Sebastian's mother died in 1694 and his father in 1695, so, as a 9 year old child he lost both parents in one year. Of the five surviving children, Johann Sebastian and his brother Johann Jacob went to live with their eldest brother, another Johann Christoph, who was organist in Ohrdruf. Other sources used: http://odur.let.rug.nl/Linguistics/diversen/bach/eisenach.html Wartburg Castle Often, our sense of geography is somewhat lacking. In looking at information about the Wartburg Castle, I discovered it was near Eisenach—where Luther attended school as a child and where Johann Sebastian Bach was born. Thus, starting with this article, this forum will look at the area of Thüringen (Thuringia), the German state bordering Sachsen-Anhalt. We begin with the Wartburg Castle, which looks out over the town of Eisenach. The Wartburg Castle has existed since 1067. It is now a national monument, but for centuries it was full of life, history, and fascinating stories in the making. When Luther penned his famous hymn, "A mighty fortress is our God" surely he had the Wartburg in mind. The Wartburg castle was begun about 1067 by Ludwig the Leaper. Generations later when Ludwig IV died in 1227 on his way to a crusade, his young widow, Elisabeth, left the castle to engage in charity work in the tradition of St Francis of Assisi. Even though she died only four years later at the age of 24, her work was so widely praised that she was soon declared Saint Elisabeth by the pope. Nearly three centuries later Martin Luther, condemned as a heretic in 1521, was hidden in the Wartburg. Here as a fugitive with a price on his head Luther translated the New Testament. Dr. Zickler of Jenakolleg called Luther "a brilliant linguist": Five hundred years ago there was no language recognized as German. Luther knew the germanic dialects spoken by the farmers of his home town, the miners in his father's copper mines, and the aristocrats at court where he studied law. As a monk, he also knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He translated the Greek New Testament without a dictionary in just eleven weeks into his own synthesis of "German", and his New Testament came to define the language we know today. The Wartburg crests a mountain at 1300 feet high. The castle was built after 1170, but the site was active prior to that time under the control of Count Ludwig der Springer. This castle is probably most known for giving refuge to Martin Luther in 1521-1522 while he translated the New Testament into German. His room remains a prime focus of tours of the castle. It is considered by many to be one of the finest Romanesque structures in Germany. The Wartburg Castle blends superbly into its forest surroundings and is in many ways "the ideal castle." Although it contains some original sections from the feudal period, the outline it acquired in the course of a 19th-century reconstitution is a splendid evocation of what this fortress might have been at the peak of its military and seigneurial power. The architecture and decoration is largely Romanesque and Gothic, except for some of the rooms that have been renovated. The chapel is an interesting combination of the Romanesque and Gothic styles, and the castle walls are partly stone and brick and partly wood and covered-brick fachwerk. Inside are warming rooms where knights and ladies rested during work or festivals. The knights' room is the oldest room in the castle. The ladies' warming room is decorated with a floor-to-ceiling Byzantine style mosaic. Artwork enhances the sense of history. The story of St. Elizabeth is told through a series of frescoes, and the saga of German political history is portrayed in murals around the ladies' warming room. Paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder and other Reformation artists depict events and people of the Reformation. Many of Cranach's famous portraits of Luther are here. The cellar houses medieval pottery, tapestry, and stone carvings, as well as handwriting samples and authentic medieval clothing. Martin Luther may be the most famous inhabitant of the Wartburg, and the rooms where he worked and stayed were a destination of pilgrimages for hundreds of years. In fact, the names of many pilgrims are carved into the walls. Some of them date back to the 1600s. Luther's room also contains the whale vertebra he used as a footstool. Luther wasn’t a willing tenant at the Wartburg. And, while the Elector wanted Luther spirited away after the Diet of Worms, he wanted to know of no details. Politically, this was wise--Frederick the Wise could in good conscience claim not to know the whereabouts of the "heretic," and also criminal, Luther. On April 25, 1521, Luther was spirited away to the Castle. Luther stayed at the Wartburg for ten months under the alias Junker George (Knight George). He was seen as another knight by the other knights, very few knowing the true identity of the now-bearded reformer. Letters were sent under surreptitious cover so as not to betray Luther’s true identity. He also used terms such as "island of Patmos" (in reference to the Apostle John’s exile when he received the Revelation) and "region of the birds" to hide the origin of such letters from eyes unauthorized to read correspondence from the reformer.
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